passive passive forms The bask formation is be + past participle. All tenses and simple or continuous forms are possible, but some are much more common than others. be + past participle present simple passive present continuous passive will passive past simple passive past continuous passive present perfect passive The machines are controlled by computer. The crime is being investigated The building will be completed next year. The new school was opened by the Mayor. The man died while he was being taken to hospital. A thousand new books have been published this month. Only transitive verbs (verbs with an object) can be made passive. Some transitive verbs cannot be made passive: become, fit, get, have, lack, let, like, resemble, suit why use passive? • to move important information to the beginning of the sentence The new swimming pool has just been opened. • to be impersonal in a scientific or technical process The plastic casings are produced in China. • when the performer of the action is general (eg people) or obvious from the context, or unimportant, or is intentionally not named All pupils are taught computer skills. The match has been cancelled. The workers have been told that the factory will close next week. We can Irlso use it + passive decide to show an impersonal decision. It has been decided to close the factory. • Use of the passive is partly a matter of choice, though some verbs may be used more often in passive than active. agent and instrument • We can mention who or what performed the action using by and a word or phrase. The new swimming pool has just been opened by the Mayor The parked car was hit by a lorry • The agent is not mentioned if it is unknown, general, obvious or unimportant etc, but is mentioned if the speaker wants to draw attention to it. / was told I wouldn't need a visa. I was told by the Embassy that I wouldn't need a visa. • We use with when something is used deliberately for a purpose. During the robbery, the manager was hit with a baseball bat. Compare: Two passengers were hit by flying glass. By shows that the action was accidental, not deliberate. verbs with two objects Verbs such as bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, sell, send, show, tell can be made passive in two ways: They gave Sarah a prize. They sent me a letter Sarah was given a prize. I was sent a letter A prize was given to Sarah A letter was sent to me. verbs with object and complement Some verbs have an adjective or noun phrase as a complement. When they are made passive, the complement still follows the verb. people consider her attractive. They elected Jim class representative. She is considered attractive. Jim was elected class representative. verbs and prepositions When a prepositional verb is made passive, the preposition goes at the end of the sentence and has no object. Someone is looking after the children. The children are being looked after. Someone shot at them. They were shot at . make The passive forms of make are followed by to-infinitive. They made Helen write the test again. Helen was made to write the test again. Helen was made to write the test again. see, hear, feel Verbs see, hear, feel, watch, notice etc have different meanings when followed by bare infinitive, or -ing. I saw him leave, (completed) / saw him leaving (incomplete) When see and hear + bare infinitive are changed to a passive, the verb is followed by to-infinitive. He was seen to leave, (complete) He was seen leaving, (incomplete) tu > 1 Rewrite the sentence using a passive form so that it does not contain the words underlined, a They are collecting the rubbish on Tuesday this week. The, othbish .i^..b.UK^co\\tct€,d on li&sAaq &ki&..Hl&£k.,............................................................................. b The police have already arrested both of the suspects. c We have decided that your contract will not be renewed. d Someone stole my bike last week, e The chef cooked the fish perfectly, f We'll reach a decision next week. 9 The builders completed the building at the end of last month. 11 People deliver all our products to your door, i Wc have asked Pauline to take over the job until the end of June, j While they were making the film, the money ran out. 2 Complete the text with a passive or active form of the verb in brackets, in a suitable tense according to the context. Local che-eses Traditional cheeses a (produce) produc&d.............in many regions of the UK and b (name) ..................................................................after the area in which they c (first develop)..................................................................Cheddar, a hard cheese with a strong, nutty taste, is the most popular and d (now make).................................................................all over the world. A 'true' Cheddar must come from the counties of Somerset, Dorset or Devon in southwest England or specifically from the Somerset village Irom which it e (take).................................................................its name. Wensleydale f (come)................................................................from the Yorkshire Dales (valleys) in northern England. Originally made from sheep's milk, it g (base) ^^^^.^ ..................................................................on a recipe introduced by the Cistercian monks in the 11th century and has a mild refreshing flavour. I Traditional Lancashire, from northwest England, has a light, salty I flavour. During the Industrial Revolution (around 1760-1830), Lancashire cheese h (become)..................................................................the staple ■ food of the mill workers. Caerphilly, a crumbly cheese, i (first produce).................................................................in the Welsh town of that name in about 1831. The cheese j (soak)..............................................................H overnight in salt water to seal in the moisture. It was popular with Ilhe local coalminers who k (lose)..................................................................a lot of salt during their work underground. Blue Stilton, made only irt the Counties of Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, I I (prize)...................................................as the 'king' of British cheeses. 3 Complete the text with a suitable passive form of the verb in brackets. Blocked drains shut gallery link A multi-million pound underground tunnel connecting two of Edinburgh's art galleries a (close) r'.aS •'.><*.irt c.\<*;c.A..............for two weeks so that blocked drains which have dogged the building from the outset can be fixed. The repair work b (estimate)................................................................... to cost around £100,000 but it is unclear who will foot the bill. Major losses c (expect)......................................................................at the museum and at the gallery restaurant, which d (house)...........................................................................in the link and e (force)........................................................................... to shut whilst the work f (carry out).......................................................................... The head of buildings said it was likely that the fault had occurred while the tunnel g (construct).................................................................. 'It probably happened while it h (build) ....................................because we have had blockage problems since it opened. We i (tell)............................................................................it will cost around £100,000 - who will pay for it will be the issue.' A spokeswoman for the National Galleries said: 'Everything j (do)............................................................................to ensure minimal disruption to visitors. Many of the educational workshops and events k (accommodate)....................................................................... elsewhere in the galleries. The National Gallery of Scotland and the Royal Scottish Academy Building I (not affect).........................................................................by the work, and will open as normal throughout.' The work to the faulty drainage system at the Weston Link, which m (only complete) ...........................................................................in August 2004, will take eight weeks from mid-February until the start of March. 4 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains a passive verb and by + an agent or with + an instrument. a A number of Irainec doctors examined Dora. .....Dow eMi\t».iAe.A bti a nuiv,be.r c( ■frrajn.e.e..dgcA-grs................................................................... b The extent of the flood-damage has surprised everyone. c Someone used a counterfeit key to open the security door. d The freezing conditions put off many would-be shoppers. e Someone used a brick to smash the window. f The high cost of gas and electricity is hitting some families hard. n The force of the explosion blew in the windows on nearby buildings. i: The high winds damaged several buildings. Somebody used a blunt instrument to hit the security guard on the head, j The unusually high tide completely washed away the sea wall. > Q 5 Complete the text with a suitable passive form of the verb in brackets. Wangari Maathai the Wangari Maathai a (award) aitardej Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. She b (praise).............................................. .................... by the Nobel committee as 'a source of inspiration for everyone in Africa fighting for sustainable development, democracy and peace'. When she started her Green Belt movement in 1977, Kenya was suffering from deforestation and desertification. Thousands of trees c (cut down) ...................................................................and many families d (leave) ............................................................in poverty as a result. Since then, her successful campaign to mobilize women to plant some 30 million trees e (copy)...................................................................by other countries. During that time the movement f (transform) ....................................................................into a campaign on education, nutrition and other issues. Her campaign has not always been popular. Mrs Maathai g (arrest)................................................................... several times for campaigning against deforestation in Africa, and once she h (beat) ..............................................................unconscious by heavy handed police. But in elections in 2002, she i (elect)....................................................................as an MP as part of an opposition coalition which swept to power, and she j (appoint) .................................................... as a deputy environment minister in 2003. 6 Complete the sentence using a passive, so that it means the same as the first sentence. a The managing direclor promised me a pay-rise. ....................'• ;.;;<.mrV.,^ a paq rise.....................................................................................by thc lnanaging direclor b They sent rne the contract by courier the next day. The contract................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ c A mulli-national company is taking over our firm. Our firm........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... d Several people noticed the man trying to climb in the window. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................by several people e They awarded David a medal for bravery. David........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... f They made Sylvia take the exam again. Sylvia............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ g An elderly aunt gave Paul the paintings. Paul.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. h Thc police are going to look into the case. .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................by the police i They considered any further rescue attempts pointless. Any further...................................................................................................................................................„..................................................................................... j They elected George president for a second term. George....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Rewrite each sentence about the James Bond film stage, using a passive form where possible. a Pinewood Studios will rebuild the James Bond stage which fire destroyed at the weekend, according to a statement from the studios. AccorAmq +o a ■aJca^e,ne.^Jc £rom. ?ine,iAoocI S+u<£ibs,+kt .d«w^s.ppRd.s+^g^ i&icA «>«s A?.Mc;>iy.A (wj (i'Y. M' -IV. ule.eiLe.nt1., «!('! ht. ■r.hui'.j;.................................................................... b Nobody has yet confirmed the cause of thc blaze at Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire, which left the celebrated stage completely gutted. They had completed shooting of the latest production and were removing the film sets, a spokesperson explained. d 'We have not yet assessed the full effects of this incident, but it won't affect thc financial performance of the company.' e Someone called Buckinghamshire Fire Brigade at 1118 RST on Sunday. f Eight fire engines tackled the blaze, and the smoke was visible from ten miles away. g The roof covering the stage caved in through fire damage and they required special equipment to reach it. h It is the second time fire has destroyed the stage, originally built for thc 1977 Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me. i They previously rebuilt the building following a fire in 1984 after which they treated six people for burns, smoke inhalation, and shock. j Since its reopening, when they christened it The Albert R Broccoli 007 Stage after the long-time producer of the series, they have used it in five James Bond films. EXTENSION ACTIVITY A Choose a page from a book or magazine, and count the number of passive tenses. Do this with several different kinds of texts. Do some have more passives than others? B Translate the answers to Exercises 2 and 4 into your language. How is the passive used differently in your language? CD > hearsay reporting Hearsay reports describe what people say, report, believe, think, consider, know, etc, and are often used in news reporting. They are introduced by a passive form of the report verb, either in present simple or past simple form with a to-infinitive. The report can refer to the present, or past, or a time before the time of reporting. present verb, present reference We use a present reporting verb and refer to a state or action in the present, passive present infinitive The patient is said to be as well as can be expected. (That's what people say now about the present situation.) present verb, past reference We use a present reporting verb and refer to a state or action in the past, passive past infinitive The robbers are thought to have stolen more than £3 million. (That's what people say now about the past situation.) past verb, reference to time of reporting We use a past reporting verb and refer to a state or action at the time the report was made. v past simple passive present infinitive H—11—1—i Last week, the Prime Minister was said to be undecided. (That's what people said then about the situation then.) past verb, reference before time of reporting We use a past reporting verb and refer to a state or action at the time before the report was made. past simple passive past infinitive i ii-n Mi Smith was believed to have taken the car by mistake. (That's what people said then about something that had happened earlier.) continuous forms Continuous infinitive forms are also possible. The escaped men are believed to be wearing prison clothes. The injured man is thought to have been trying to climb the cliff. present continuous infinitive past continuous infinitive wear wear to be wearing to have been wearing passive infinitives Hearsay report expressions can also be followed by passive infinitives. There are a number of diseases which are known to be caused by poor hygiene. The men are said to have been recaptured. At the time of the wreck, the diamonds were thought to have been lost. present passive infinitive eat past passive infinitive ear to be eaten to have been eaten passive participles • These can be used with report verbs like appreciate, deny enjoy remember etc. / appreciated being met at the airport. Mr Archwood denied having been convicted of any crimp. • Note that there may be no difference between using past and present participles. He denied being there. He denied having been there. present passive continuous past passive continuous eat eat being eaten having been eaten 1 Rewrite each sentence about ancient beliefs so that it does not contain the words underlined, a In Irish mythology, people said a meteor was a soul passing from purgatory to heaven. .....In Insl". iv.qlholoqq, am&i&arjtas said +q be. a squ\ p(t§sin,q rfoaru....................................... psr^fcqlo kuva,..................................................................................................................................................................................... b In Greek mythology, people believed the beech tree was able to carry messages from a worshipper to Zeus, the father of the gods. c In ancient Egypt people thought bats' blood cured blindness. d In Aztec mythology, people believed the Sun was the home of the god Quetzalcoatl. e In Norse mythology, people thought the bravest warriors lived after death in the hall ol Valhalla. f In ancient Egypt, people believed the scarab, or beetle, carried the Sun across the sky. 2 Rewrite each sentence so that it begins with the words underlined. a People say that the company's European division is having a good year, The company's European division. fc SaiA -fro be, havnq a apoA (par......................... b In contrast, they say th'at the Ear East division has been suffering from rising costs, c People believe that the company has been talking to a competitor about a possible merger. d People know some directors have been thinking on these lines lor some time. e People believe the CEO, Carl Graham, is making an attempt to focus the business more sharply in some areas. f People say he is also looking at the possibility of job cuts. g People think the company is holding a top-level meeting about these matters next week. 3 Complete the sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence. a Oak Island in Canada is one of many places in the world which people think is the site of buried treasure. Oak Island i n Canada is one of many places in the world which is.....frpwfrAc, -fo bp, Sfe.dr....................... buri&d irpa&ure. b People say that the treasure is in a place called 'the money pit'. The treasure is............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... c People think that pirates buried the treasure centuries ago Pirates are........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ d The money pit story dates back to 1795, when people report that a local youth fell into a hole at the foot of a large tree. The money pit story dates back to 1795, when a local youth is.................................................................................................................................. e People believe that he and a friend discovered traces of treasure in the hole. He and a friend are............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ f People say that the two men found a treasure chest in later excavations. The two men are........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ g However, before they could open the chest, people say that water flooded in. However, before they could open the chest, water is................................................................................................................................................................. h Since then, people believe that more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters have searched for the treasure. Since then, more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters are..................................................................................................................................... i People think that some explorers found old pieces of metal in the hole. Some explorers are................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ j However, people now report that the pit is a natural phenomenon, or the remains of old colonial fortifications. However, the pit is now.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Rewrite each sentence using appreciate, deny, enjoy, like or remember and the word in capitals. TAKEN a Thanks for taking me to the station. ', upMVc.Ue. fcv.'Vuj ■rnke.k +o -Ike. vAuVu-a. b I was shown around the school, and I enjoyed it. c I don't remember when they arrested me! d He said he liked it when people took him seriously. <■ Tina said she hadn't been paid to appear in the play, f I don't remember when they gave me the anaesthetic, g Thanks for giving me another chance. BEING BEING TAKEN HAVING BEING GIVEN Ol c '■E o Q. CD L* >, rc CO 5 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals. a People say that the hal sold yesterday at the auction was worn by Napoleon during the invasion of Russia in 1812. SAID TWc Wat sgtd...^s+erda/j ťt+ aucfiQ*-. ,!> s«/4 7 Read the information about the life of Shakespeare and the example hearsay sentence. Then write seven more hearsay sentences about events in his life, beginning 'he is believed' or 'he is thought'. The life of Shakespeare We know some definite fads about Shakespeare's life, but we can only make informed guesses about many other details. • His actual birthday is unknown but is celebrated.today on 23 April, just three days before his baptism was recorded in the paiish register of the Holy Trinity Church on 26 April. 1564. » He probably started his education at the age of seven in 1571. • In 1582. aged 18, he married Anne Hathaway, aged 26. • Twins. Judith and TTamnet, were born in 1585. • Between 1585 and 1 592 Shakespeare probably left his family in Stratford to join a company of actors. He was probably both a playwright and a performer. • hi 1589-1590 he may have written his first play. Henry VI, Part One. • By 1592 ho was well known in London as a writer. • In 1 592-9 3 Shakespeare may have written the poem Venus and Adonis while the London theatres were closed because of the plague. • In 1595 he may have written A Midsummer Night's Dream, probably for a wedding. Borneo and Juliet was probably also written in this year. He continued to write regularly. • In 1 597 lie bought an expensive house in Stratford on Avon. • 1600-1601 is when he probably wrote Uamlet. • In 1603 Queen Elizabeth was present at a performance of A Midsummer's Night's Dream, and after her death that year, the new king. James 1. watched a performance of As You Like It. • In 1616 William Shakespeare died on 23 April. He is buried in Stratford on Avon. He. ŕs JfcgudfA-Jco Wave. bee* born cm í'i A; •';!, ISbM. EXTENSION ACTIVITY Make some comments upon these topics, using hearsay reporting, aliens global warming historical situations Comment on situations in the news, using hearsay reporting. Weed more practice? Go to the Review on page 208. Ol C t 0 Q. 01 L. >, ro \s> k_ ro Ol -C have and get something done, other uses of get causative have • For a service someone does for us we use to have something done. There is a full range of tenses but the most common are present continuous, going to, present perfect and past simple. The infinitive is also used. We're having our flat decorated. have + object + past participle present continuous going to present perfect past simple infinitive We're having our flat decorated. She's going to have a tooth taken out. He has had his nose altered. I had my hair cut a week ago. We want to have our car repainted • We do not mention the agent (the person who performed the action) unless this is important. I'm going to have my photograph taken by a top fashion photographer. • We may also mention the place where we have things done. / have my hair cut at my local hairdresser's. • We also use causative have to describe unfortunate events that have happened to people. Maria had her car stolen last night. He had his nose broken while he was playing rugby. They had their house broken into recently. get something done In everyday speech we often use get instead of have for present continuous and past simple, but not for present perfect. We're getting our flat decorated He's getting his nose altered. He*s-§et-his nose altered, (not possible) He got his nose broken in a fight. Maria has got her car stolen, (not possible) get meaning manage We also use get something done to mean 'manage to do it', with a sense of achieving something. This does not mean that somebody else did the work. 1 got my work finished in the end. I got my work finished in the end. (= I managed to do it in the end.) Jack is difficult to work with, but he gets the job done. (= He manages to do the job.) Have you got the computer to work yet? (= Have you managed to make it work?) get with -ing Get is also used to mean 'start to do something', when we give someone an order. Get moving! (= start) get someone to do something / have someone do something This means that we make them do it. / got him to check the figures a second time just to make sure. We can also say: / had him check the figures a second time just to make sure. get married etc Get also forms expressions with married, arrested, accepted, chosen etc. He got arrested on the way out of the stadium. They're getting married in Paris next month. I got accepted for the job! Us 01 c o cn c o CD &) T5 C CD s -c Rewrite each sentence without the words underlined, using a causative have construction. Make any other necessary changes. a Some painters have painted the outside of our house. We- have, had -rhe. oa+S/de, o£ hi use oain.jreA. b A hairdresser cut Martin's hair yesterday. i Some plumhers are installing a new central heating system at our house tomorrow. d An optician is going to examine my eyes llii.s afternoon. e A surgeon altered Tom's nose last year. i The dry-cleaners cleaneci my leather coat specially. ■I An art specialist has valued our paintings. i i A mechanic looked at the car before Maria bought it. i A carpenler replaced the windows in our house Last year. j A dentist is going to take out two of Julia's leelh. Rewrite each sentence with a causative have construction, beginning as shown. Include the agent (the person who performed the action) if this is important, v i Katie's car was stolen by one of her friends. Katie .^i.hpr. car S+ol&n bij one. o-f her -friends b A photographer is going to lake a photo of us. We ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. i Can you come quickly? Someone has broken into my house. Can you come quickly? I..........................................................................................................................................;.............................................. d Tracey Emin, the well-known British artist, is going to paint Laura's portrait. I.aura............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ e A well-known architect designed their house. They ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ f A local tailor makes all my suits. I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. g Someone repaired Dave's bike at a shop in the High Street. Dave.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... Ii A surgeon is replacing my hip next week. 1....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... i Someone broke one of Tony's fingers while he was playing cricket. Tony.....................................................................................................................................................,.............................. j A local firm is going to redecorate Maria's flat. Maria............................_..................................................................................................................„„.......................... 3 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals. Leave out any unnecessary agents. a Someone broke Ihe leg of one of the players. 0*4 (A Vm, players.apt his Icq broken.. b Andy wants a doctor to alter his nose. c The police arrested Anna as she was leaving the shop, d Doctors amputated the patient's leg after the accident, e The shop on the corner usually repairs my shoes. f 1 made sure that Tom checked all the windows before he left, g Jim says he'll be late because he is at the hairdresser's, h Have you managed to start your work yet? i Someone has stolen Sue's car. GOT HAVE GOT HAD HAVE GOT GETTING GOT HAD '!' Complete the text with one word in each gap. A few weeks ago, while we were out at the cinema, we a......h.&d..........our house broken into. We'd been meaning to b...........................locks fitted on the windows, but we hadn't c........................the work d............................, and so the burglars found it easy to get in. Luckily we e....................have many things taken. When the police arrived, they f us to go through the house and check what was missing. We were actually g .......................a new kitchen fitted at that time, and some power tools had been stolen. One of the burglars was seen acting suspiciously near another house a few days later, and h............... himself arrested. When he had i ............his fingerprints taken at the police station, the police were able to prove he was the one who had burgled us. Since then we j.................... had new locks fitted and a new alarm installed. Next week we're k............................bars put on the ground floor windows, so we're hoping not to I ......................burgled again. A. EXTENSION ACTIVITY A Make a list of things you have done, are having done, have had done, are going to have done, had done. B Some people use cosmetic surgery to have their appearance changed. Do some research in a library or on the Internet, and make a list of things people can have done. Weed more practice? Go to the Review on page 208. Ex 6 a Two suspects are thought to have been arrested, b The plane is believed to have crashed into the sea near a small island. c The minister is said to be considering changing the laws on smoking in public, d Yesterday the situation is reported to have improved, e Whales are said to have been seen in the area for the first time. f The fire is believed to have broken out at 3 am. g Last year the company is reported to have recorded rising profits. h The number of unemployed is thought to have fallen by 10%. Ex 7 Suggested answers: He is thought to have been born on 23 April, 1564. He is believed to have started his education at the age of seven / in 1571. .He is thought to have joined a company of actors between "1585 and 1592. He is thought to have been both a playwright and a performer. I le is believed to have written his first play in 1589-1590. He is thought to have written the poem Venus and Adonis while London theatres were closed because of the plague. He is believed to have written A Midsummer Might's Dream for a wedding in 1595. He is thought to have written Romeo and Juliet in the same . year. ; He is believed to have written Hamlet in 1600-1 601. Unit 9 Ex 1 a We have had the outside of our house painted, b Martin had his hair cut yesterday. c We are having a new central heating system installed at our house tomorrow, d I am going to have my eyes examined this afternoon, e Tom had his nose altered last year, f I had my leather coat dry-cleaned specially, g We have had our paintings valued, h Maria had the car looked at before she bought it. i We had the windows in our house replaced last year, j Julia is going to have two of her teeth taken out. Ex 2 a Katie had her car stolen by one of her friends. b We are going to have our photograph taken. c Can you come quickly? I have had my house broken into. d Laura is going to have her portrait painted by Tracey Emin, the well-known British artist, e They had their house designed by a well-known architect, f I have all my suits made by a local tailor, g Dave had his bike repaired at a shop in the High Street, h I am having my hip replaced next week, i Tony had one of his fingers broken while he was playing cricket. j Maria is going to have her flat redecorated by a local firm. Ex 3 a One of the players got his leg broken. b Andy wants to have his nose altered. c Anna got arrested as she was leaving the shop. d The patient had his leg amputated after the accident. e I usually have my shoes repaired in the shop on the corner. f I got Tom to check all the windows before he left. g Jim says he'll be late because he is getting his hair cut. h Have you got your work started yet? i Sue lias had her car stolen. Ex 4 a had b have c had d done e didn't f got g having h got i had (have k having I get Unit 10 Ex 1 a ... you press that button on the keyboard, you'll lose what you've written b ... lose your work if you make a back-up copy, c ... have virus protection you'll have problems with your computer. d ... back and arms will ache if you sit too long at the computer. e ... could have problems if you turn off the computer before closing all programs. f ... you don't save your work before closing the word-processing program, you'll lose it. g ... you learn the keyboard short cuts, you can save a lot of time. h ... probably crash if you run too many programs at the same lime. Ex 2 aA bB cA dA eB fC gB hC iC jA Ex 3 a C bB cA dA eB fc gC he; Ex 4 a disappeared b would begin c polluted d would soon become e were f would soon begin g would lake h competed i would benefit j caught k would eventually increase I vanished m would not necessarily recover n would have o took p poisoned q would go by r disappeared s ceased t would not absorb u landed v would find Ex 5 Suggested answers: a stopped, would always be b melt, will rise or melted, would rise c recycle, will be d fell, would happen e don't stop, will eventually grind f will happen, run out g finally start, will need or finally started, would need h wasn't, would the world be i don't stop, will become j jumped, would be Ex 6 a If Mrs Allen's neighbour hadn't searched his garden shed, he wouldn't have found the missing cat inside, b If one of them hadn't had her mobile phone with her, the hikers wouldn't have been rescued quickly, c If the hoy hadn't been wearing a life jacket, he wouldn't have survived. d If Mr Anderson hadn't woken up because he heard the smoke alarm, the family wouldn't have managed to escape the fire, e If rescue workers had searched the car properly they would have noticed the injured man. f If most of the staff hadn't left the room, more than one person would have been injured, g If the goalkeeper hadn't made a mistake, United would have won. h If a police officer hadn't stopped Pratt for drink-driving, and taken a DNA sample, Pratt would not have been charged with the previously unsolved murder of Mrs Jones. Ex 7 a would have happened b had missed C would have Continued d would probably not exist e would be f would not have been able g would have developed h would have grown i existed j would not have changed k would look I had not collided m would probably not be n would not have stood Unit 11 Ex 1 a provided b Supposing c but for d otherwise e were to f if you happen to be g even if h as long as i unless j If it hadn't been for Ex 2 a C bB cC dA eC f B gB he iA jH Ex 3 a We will only refund your hooking fee if you cancel 48 hours in advance. b If only you'd told me about the cheap flights to Italy. c If it hadn't been for the skill of the surgeon, the child would not have survived, d If you should have second thoughts, let us know*, e But for your help, I would have made a complete mess of this. f If I might take your coat? g Even if you offer me more money, I still won't sell the house to you! h Let me get a word in edgeways, and I'll tell you what I discovered. i If you were to change your mind about the job, we'd be interested in hearing from you. j Unless we are delayed, we'll be there by six. Ex 4 a unless b will c were d would e provided f even g otherwise h not i Supposing j would Unit 12 Ex 1 a had b had listened c would d would stop e didn't leave f had not bought g had spent h knew i paid j wish Ex 2 aC bA CA dA eB fR gC hB iC jC Ex 3 a ... if more and more young people will go into higher education in future, b ... their children studied a useful subject leading to a good job. c ... their parents would let them make their own choices, d ... they had chosen their courses more carefully, e ... not to choose a subject simply because they think they are good at it. f ... T were you, I'd think about what kind of work I want / wanted to do in the future, g ... if they were only interested in having a good time, h ... they had worked harder, i ... if they will never repay their student loans, j ... time that universities paid more attention to students' financial problems. Ex 4 a would b were c lime d it e made f were g drove h could i were j would k as I were Unit 13 Ex 1 a mustn't b did not have to read c we'd belter nol d I didn't need to have e shouldn't have told me f should not g shouldn't h should nol have attempted i mustn't j don't have to be Ex 2 a have b must c have d better e should f are g could h should i had j need Ex 3 a ... better take an umbrella, b ... have to go to school on Saturday morning in your country? c ... to hand in a typed copy of their first lab report, d ... needn't have changed ... e ... think you ought... . shouldn't have left the windows open while; it was raining. . didn't have to pay. . don't have to ... . able to stop the car before it crashed into a wall. . didn't have to connect it to a phone line. Ex 4 a should g should b have c able h have i been have n better o have d had e had f have j will k should I ought Unit 14 Ex 1 a A b B c C d A e C f C gC h B i C j A Ex 2 a3 b8 c7 dfO el f5 g6 h 2 i9 j4 Ex 3 a ... could / might have an accident, b ... can't he safe. c ... must have kicked a ball against it. d ... can be a dangerous place. e ... must be safe to touch these wires now. f ... might / could have told me that piece of metal was hot! g ... should have arrived by now. h ... can't have cleaned this bowl properly. Ex 4 a4 b5 clO d2 e7 f8 g6 h 9 il j 3 Unit 15 Ex 1 a couldn't b shall c shouldn't d needs e can't f could g could h I'll do it i might j couldn't Ex 2 Suggested answers: a can't be b shall we do c might just d might have known e could you f Could g needs h can't be