BASES OF ANATOMY Marek Joukal, M.D., Ph.D. mjoukal@med.muni.cz Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Recommended literature • LECTURES • Gray´s Basic Anatomy, Churchill Livingstone, 2013 • Instant Anatomy, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010 • Anatomy atlases: Netter, Sobotta, Pocket atlas etc. • http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/ INTRODUCTION INTO ANATOMY History, surface planes and directions on human body, tissues Anatomy • Science of form, organisation, structure and posture of human body and its parts • Macroscopic anatomy (systemic, general anatomy, special, topographical) • Comparative anatomy, experimental anatomy, applied anatomy • „Anatemnein“= to cut, dissection Egypt – mummification Greece – Hippocrates (460 B.C.) and his disciples – „Corpus Hippocraticum“ Aristoteles (384 B.C.) – tendons, nerves, joints Hérofilos (335 B.C.) – dissection of human body (several terms, e.g. duodenum) Galen of Pergamon (2nd century) – anatomy is a basic, dissection of animals History Middle Ages – stagnation, dissection is prohibited, Galen´s medicine Rennaisance – letterpress, dissections in faculties of medicine Leonardo da Vinci (1452) – dissection, locomotor system, cardiovascular system „De humanis corporis fabrica libri septem“ - The first public dissection „Tabulae anatomicae sex“ Andreas Vesalius (1514 – 1564) Ján Jesenský (1655 – 1621) 1600 the first public dissection in Prague William Harvey (1578) – Blood circulation Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787) – Purkyně´s fibres, cells Anatomical orientation Surface planesAnatomical position Longitudinal axis: • Cranial (superior) • Caudal (inferior) Transverse axis: • Medial • Lateral • Medius • Medianus • Dexter • Sinister Sagittal axis: • Ventral (anterior) • Dorsal (posterior) • Internus (profundus) • Externus (superficial) Directions: http://www.emsjunkie.com/anatomy-physiology/anatomical-position-directions-planes/ Upper limb: Radial (lateral) Ulnar (medial) Palmar Dorsal Lower limb: Tibial (medial) Fibular (lateral) Plantar Dorsal Extremities Proximal Distal Čihák, 2001 Čihák, 2001 Parts of body head – caput neck – collum (cervix) trunk – truncus thorax abdomen back – dorsum pelvis Upper extremity – membrum superius arm – brachium forearm – antebrachium hand – manus Lower extremity – membrum inferius thigh – femur crus Foot - pes http://www.paradoja7.com/human-body-parts-back-side/human-body-parts-back-side/ Tissue 1. Epithelial tissue 2. Connective tissue 3. Muscular tissue 4. Nervous tissue A part of an organism consisting of a large number of cells having a similar structure and function. Epithelial tissue Covers the body, lines the cavities of the body and composes the glands Simple epithelium: single layer of cells • Simple squamous: thin squamous cells, lining of cavities (the mouth, blood vessels and lungs) • Simple cuboidal: cuboidal cells, found in glands, duct and portions of the kidney tubules. • Simple columnar: A single layer of tall, skinny cells (column shaped), found in places like the lining of the intestine and gallbladder http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/tissues.html Stratified epithelium: the tissue is two or more cells thick • Pseudostratified columnar: appears to be composed of layers of cells, but is in fact composed of just a single layer of cells, as each cell touches the basement membrane, line the nasal cavity, bronchi and trachea. • Stratified squamous: Many layers of cells are present, the topmost layer is made up of squamous cells, makes up the skin surface and lining of the mouth, through and esophagus. • Stratified columnar: Many layers of cells, the topmost layer is made up of columnar cells, found in the mammary ducts and epididymis. http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=anatomy-histology-lab-1 • Transitional: Multiple layers of cells, but surface cells change from rounded to flat to permit expansion when needed, found in the urinary bladder, renal pelvis and ureters. • Glandular: Columnar and cuboidal cells often become specialized as gland cells which are capable of secreting substances such as enzymes, hormones, mucus, sweat and saliva; e.g. salivary, sweat and adrenal glands. http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/tissues.html http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-i/tissues/epithelial-tissue.php Connective tissue Connects and supports the structures of the body, providing structural support and binding organs together. Loose connective tissue – fibrocytes, skin Dense connective tissue – regular (tendons), irregular (dermis) Cartilage – chondrocytes, extracellular matrix, collagen and elastic fibres 1. hyaline cartilage – the most common type of cartilage, contains many collagen fibers; joints 2. elastic cartilage - many elastic fibers in the matrix; auricular cartilage 3. fibrocartilage - tough and contains many collagen fibers; intervertebral disc Bone Bone 1. Osteocytes 2. Bone matrix – organic substances (osein), 20-40% anorganic substances (Ca, P, F…), 60-75% Lamellar organization – Havers canals Spongy bone – trajectories, arcitecture Compact bone http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/lab-ex-7-bone--cartilage/deck/10093140 Muscle tissue Muscle tissue is characterized by the ability to contract when stimulated. 1. Skeletal muscle: long, multinucleate cells with visible striations, voluntary muscle 2. Smooth muscle: short, cylindrical cells, involuntary muscle; e.g. digestive tract, walls of blood vessels 3. Cardiac (heart) muscle: short, branched, striated cells, with one nucleus at the center of each cell, joined to their neighbors by intercalated discs, involuntary muscle Čihák, 2001 Nervous tissue Highly specialized tissue, characterized by irritation, conduction and integration. Neuroglia - do not send or receive electrical impulses, but support neurons (physical support, providing nutrients, removing debris and providing electrical insulation) Neurons: carry electrical impulses. Three main types of neurons: 1. Sensory neurons - conduct impulses from the sensory organs (eyes, nose, ears, etc) to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). 2. Motor neurons - responsible for conducting impulses from the central nervous system to the effector organs (muscles and glands) 3. Interneurons are those neurons that connect sensory neurons to motor neurons. http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/types-of-neuroglial-ce Čihák, 2001 OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY Periost : nutrition innervation fractures healing Spongy bone Proximal epiphysis Hyaline cartilage Compact bone Nutrient artery Diaphysis Distal epiphysis STH – hypofýza – nanism – gigantism thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, calcium, sexual hormons etc. Ossification and bone growth Chondral ossification – long bones perichondral ossification enchondral ossification ossification centre Desmogenous ossification – bone of skull Growth plate – longitudinal growth Periosteum– width growth Čihák, 2001 X-ray picture of 4 year old children Ossification centres Adenohypophysis dysfunction (higher or lower hormon production or cell receptors miss) STH a) gigantism b) Nanism Bone connections A) Synarthroses (connective tissue, unmoveable) 1) Syndesmosis - suture Čihák, 2001 2) Synchondrosis: cartilage, symphysis pubica Sobotta, 2007 3) Synostosis – bone, e.g. sacral bone Sobotta, 2007 Joint capsule+ligaments Joint cavity, synovia Hyaline cartilage Joint head B) Diarthroses (joint connection with contact, moveable) Articular fovea 1. Simple joint – two bones 2. Composed joint – more than two bones or two bones + discus or meniscus Sobotta, 2007 Cruciate ligaments Meniscus lateralis Sobotta, 2007 Meniscus med. . Meniscus lat. Tendo m. quadricip. Lig. cruciata, cruciformia Sobotta, 2007 AXIAL SKELETON Lordosi s Kyfosis 33-34 originally, 24 free 7 vertebrae cervicales 12 vertebrae thoracicae 5 vertebrae lumbales 5 vertebrae sacrales – os sacrum 4–5 vertebrae coccygeae – os coccygis Columna vertebralis (vertebral column) Costae (ribs) Sternum Lordosis Kyfosis Sobotta, 2007 corpus processus articul. sup. Proc.spinosus Facies art. costalis ARCUS VERTEBRA Sobotta, 2007 processus spinosus Proc.transversus foramen corpus Costa Processus articul. Arcus Sobotta, 2007 Arcus post. - oblouk foramen transversarium + arteria vertebralis foramen ATLAS – C1 Sobotta, 2007 Dens axis Foramen transversarium + a. vertebralis AXIS – C2 Sobotta, 2007 Dens Sobotta, 2007 Sobotta, 2007 atlas dens Os occipitale Sobotta, 2007 Processus spinosus C 1 a. vertebralis Sobotta, 2007 C 1 – C 7 Cervical part of vertebral column Sobotta, 2007 C 1 - arcus C 2 -dens Os occipitale Os hyoideum vertebrae lumbales L 1 - 5 Sobotta, 2007 Promontorium ( L5 – S1 ) foramina sacralia pelvina basis os sacrum – S 1 – 5 Sobotta, 2007 facies auricularis canalis sacralis (spinal nerves) Sobotta, 2007 facies auricularis = S-I apex vertebrae coccygeae = Co 1-3 Sobotta, 2007 ligamentum longitudinale anterius Connections of the vertebrea Sobotta, 2007 Ligaments of vertebral column– spinal, transverse Sobotta, 2007 Disci intervertebrales Sobotta, 2007 anulus fibrosus nucleus pulposus Discus intervertebralis anuls fibrosus nucleus pulposus foramen vertebrale + spinal cord MRI + perimyelography Thorax Sobotta, 2007 RIBS: -real 1-7 -false 8-10 -improper 11,12 Sobotta, 2007 Costae (ribs): pars ossea cartilaginea Sobotta, 2007 rib vertebra Costovertebral connections (on the body and transverse processes) Sobotta, 2007 processus spinosus Proc. transversus foramen corpus costa processus articularis arcus, oblouk caput Sobotta, 2007 Artt. sternocostales Artt. interchondrales STERNUM Sternocostal connections (on the body and transverse processes) Sobotta, 2007