15 Autonomic nervous system The role of nervous system Input Integration Output REGULATIONREGULATION Potential input Potential output ANTICIPATIONANTICIPATION Sensor Effector Cortex Cortex Feedback regulation http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MJ0CEYnSB4U/S99IJTUruOI/AAAAAAAAACs/NPzsh8ydzjQ/s1600/redistributionofbloodflow.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MJ0CEYnSB4U/S99IJTUruOI/AAAAAAAAACs/NPzsh8ydzjQ/s1600/redistributionofbloodflow.jpg Somatic a autonomic nervous system http://image.slidesharecdn.com/ans-130217134747-phpapp01/95/central-nervous-system-the-autonomic-nervous-system-7-638.jpg?cb=1361108947 „Voluntary“ Skeletal muscle Direct connection between CNS and effector „Involuntary“ Cardiomyocyte Visceral muscle Gland Autonomic ganglion inserted between CNS and effector Somatic a autonomic nervous system http://image.slidesharecdn.com/ans-130217134747-phpapp01/95/central-nervous-system-the-autonomic-nervous-system-7-638.jpg?cb=1361108947 „Voluntary“ Skeletal muscle Direct connection between CNS and effector „Involuntary“ Cardiomyocyte Visceral muscle Gland Autonomic ganglion inserted between CNS and effector Visceral reflex loop http://slideplayer.com/slide/2810792/ Visceral reflex loop http://slideplayer.com/slide/2810792/ Sympathetic nervous system Fight or flight response Energy/store consumption Preganglionic neuron – Spinal cord -Thoraco - lumbar system Ganglia Paravertebral -Truncus sympathicus - Majority Prevertebral -Plexus aorticus Mostly diffuse effect Parasympathetic nervous system Rest and digest response Energy conservation/en. store production Preganglionic neuron – Brain stem and spinal cord – cranio-sacral system Ganglia Close to target organs or intramurally Mostly local effect Sympatthetic nervous system Fight or flight response Energy/store consumption Preganglionic neuron – Spinal cord -Thoraco - lumbar system Ganglia Paravertebral -Truncus sympathicus - Majority Prevertebral -Plexus aorticus Mostly diffuse effect Parasympathetic nervous system Rest and digest response Energy conservation/energ y store production Preganglionic neuron – Brain stem and spinal cord – cranio-sacral system Ganglia Close to target organs or intramurally Mostly local effect Mediators of somatic and autonomic nervous system https://www.google.cz/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=imgres&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwjujdLGieLPAhVJOhQKHay0BnUQjBwIBA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fimg.docstoccdn.com%2Fth b%2Forig%2F105365259.png&psig=AFQjCNFxrUy63llCAlny-Vhlyse4FHDMaw&ust=1476801796194278 Acetylcholine Preganglionic fibers • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic  Nicotinic receptor – Ligand-gated ion channels – Na+, K+, Ca2+ – Neuronal (NN) and muscle (NM) type – Excitatory Postganglionic fibers • Parasympathetic  Muscarinic receptor – G-coupled – Excitatory • M1, M3, M5 – Inhibitory • M2, M4 http://www.mdpi.com/marinedrugs/marinedrugs-12- 02970/article_deploy/html/images/marinedrugs-12-02970-g013- 1024.png https://s-media-cache- ak0.pinimg.com/originals/ea/6c/3e/ea6c3e44afe638dca65fb4a3014bc095.jpg Acetylcholine Preganglionic fibers • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic  Nicotinic receptor – Ligand-gated ion channels – Na+, K+, Ca2+ – Neuronal (NN) and muscle (NM) type – Excitatory Postganglionic fibers • Parasympathetic  Muscarinic receptor – G-coupled – Excitatory • M1, M3, M5 – Inhibitory • M2, M4 http://www.mdpi.com/marinedrugs/marinedrugs-12- 02970/article_deploy/html/images/marinedrugs-12-02970-g013- 1024.png https://s-media-cache- ak0.pinimg.com/originals/ea/6c/3e/ea6c3e44afe638dca65fb4a3014bc095.jpg Norepinephrine • Postganglionic sympathetic fibers • Adrenergic receptor – G-coupled – α type– generally excitatory (contraction) – type – generally inhibitory (relaxation) with an exception of !!! heart !!! • Dřeň nadledvin – Modifikované sympatické ganglion – „Transmitery“ (stresové hormony) vylučuje do krve • Noradrenalin • Adrenalin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/the-adrenal-medulla-of- the-adrenal-gland-epinephrine-norepinephrine-splanchic-nerves.jpg Norepinephrine • Dřeň nadledvin – Modifikované sympatické ganglion – „Transmitery“ (stresové hormony) vylučuje do krve • Noradrenalin • Adrenalin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/the-adrenal-medulla-of- the-adrenal-gland-epinephrine-norepinephrine-splanchic-nerves.jpg • Adrenal medulla – Modified sympathetic ganglion – „Transmitters“ (stress hormones) secreted into the blood stream • Norepinephrine • Epinephrine http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/the-adrenal-medulla-of- the-adrenal-gland-epinephrine-norepinephrine-splanchic-nerves.jpg • Postganglionic sympathetic fibers • Adrenergic receptor – G-coupled – α type– generally excitatory (contraction) – type – generally inhibitory (relaxation) with an exception of !!! heart !!! Norepinephrine • Dřeň nadledvin – Modifikované sympatické ganglion – „Transmitery“ (stresové hormony) vylučuje do krve • Noradrenalin • Adrenalin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/the-adrenal-medulla-of- the-adrenal-gland-epinephrine-norepinephrine-splanchic-nerves.jpg • Adrenal medulla – Modified sympathetic ganglion – „Transmitters“ (stress hormones) secreted into the blood stream • Norepinephrine • Epinephrine http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/the-adrenal-medulla-of- the-adrenal-gland-epinephrine-norepinephrine-splanchic-nerves.jpg • Postganglionic sympathetic fibers • Adrenergic receptor – G-coupled – α type– generally excitatory (contraction) – type – generally inhibitory (relaxation) with an exception of !!! heart !!! Brain centers controling autonomic nervous system http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Brain centers controling autonomic nervous system • Most of the regulations are unconscious and originate from the hypothalamus • Strong emotional experiences or strong emotional memories can trigger autonomic response (usually sympathetic) http://slideplayer.com/slide/2810792/ Hypothalamus • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatom y/p/Hypothalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Hypothalamus • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatom y/p/Hypothalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Hypothalamus • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatom y/p/Hypothalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Hypothalamus • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatom y/p/Hypothalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Hypothalamus https://d26zfesik67yjk.cloudfront.net/361c35841d554b30a85962e9a342c8a9/c7af8f76e1dd465ba5b886ad34a65c20/e21bfc6faf2b4e4c82dd247369a7f260/40cbc004f494419eab4552fbc298e645.jpg?Policy=eyJTdGF0ZW1lbnQiOiBbeyJSZ XNvdXJjZSI6ICJodHRwczovL2QyNnpmZXNpazY3eWprLmNsb3VkZnJvbnQubmV0LzM2MWMzNTg0MWQ1NTRiMzBhODU5NjJlOWEzNDJjOGE5L2M3YWY4Zjc2ZTFkZDQ2NWJhNWI4ODZhZDM0YTY1YzIwLyoiLCAiQ29uZGl0aW9uIjog eyJEYXRlTGVzc1RoYW4iOiB7IkFXUzpFcG9jaFRpbWUiOiAxNTc3ODY1NjAwfX19XX0_&Signature=OOebw4KROVFSKJaiJxCjFmaoIrqY0gYGE--PMkJbJ5cdHF-twpl3a-1J~Ltufp4SQQI3~LyWEmkxqMhfq-WV-D3Z-y~yb- TDc~BWTFnf77cAbQdAm1CTrPbrHEqfB36ho4B5nZdKO4hit4WiR6kHloxXfZk69QrdJt5ulGuPrbbimAHLwGW-qRsx4bsW2nj41kxIN7Zd6MS8DIe7~- XMAPsuQ1UkmYlawBBEz~75vs4Q6cylCLePT3B2e8qBpVR8y54h9gY63Uw4iohFPk2mmoa~FAWmc6yfPZU9kK~u7cq~39~uJElYXKC8W5Vy2IsDGeBtJfkAg3qWYdV9N2bXiA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJY4Y3HIBJJ7SJ76A https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/5a/0a/78/5a0a78d64a682fcf9c5eb3b10d37a2a1.jpg Enteric nervous system http://www.slideshare.net/carmencrivii/central-nervous-system-the-autonomic- nervous-system?qid=d1502190-93fe-4b05-9d92- 6a42e3ca72fc&v=&b=&from_search=8 Furness JB (2006) The Enteric Nervous System. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 274 • aprox. 500 mil. neurons – (brain aprox. 100 bil.) – (spinal cord aprox. 100 mil.) • Plexus myentericus • Plexus submucosus • Sensory component • Executive component • Interneurons • High level of autonomy – „brain in the gut“ Enteric nervous system • Autonomy – Control of motility – Control of secretion – Control of blood flow • Autonomní nervový systém – Řízení GIT jako celku – Vzájemná koordinace činnosti všech orgánových systémů https://kin450- neurophysiology.wikispaces.com/file/view/gut.jpg/187924395/gut.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MJ0CEYnSB4U/S99IJTUruOI/AAAAAAA AACs/NPzsh8ydzjQ/s1600/redistributionofbloodflow.jpg Enteric nervous system • Autonomy – Control of motility – Control of secretion – Control of blood flow • Autonomic nervous system – Whole GIT regulation – Coordination of all organ systems activities https://kin450- neurophysiology.wikispaces.com/file/view/gut.jpg/187924395/gut.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MJ0CEYnSB4U/S99IJTUruOI/AAAAAAA AACs/NPzsh8ydzjQ/s1600/redistributionofbloodflow.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MJ0CEYnSB4U/S99IJTUruOI/AAAAAAAAACs/NPzsh8ydzjQ/s1600/redistributionofbloodflow.jpg ANS and cardiovascular system Cardiac output Blood redistribution • Local regulatory mechanisms play major role in vasoreactivity • Sympathetic regulation – Skin vessels contraction – Muscle vessels dilatation • Parasympathetic regulation – GIT vessels dilation Artery 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 1 Strong sympathetic tone Smooth muscle contraction Vasoconstriction Weaker sympathetic tone Smooth muscle relaxation Vasodilation Sympathetic nerve fiber Vasomotor tone (a) Vasoconstriction (b) Vasodilation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. http://www.slideshare.net/getyourcheaton/autonomic-nervous-system-and-visceral-reflexes ANS and cardiovascular system • Sympathetic regulation – Heart rate increase – Contractility increase – Conductivity increase • Parasympathetic regulation – Heart rate decrease – Contractility decrease – Conductivity decrease ANS and cardiovascular system Baroreceptors a chemoreceptors https://i.ytimg.com/vi/RAhqTAcdh_4/maxresdefault.jpg Baroreflex ANS and urinary bladder • Sympathetic regulation – Detrusor relaxation – Sphincter contraction • Parasympathetic regulation – Detrusor contraction – Sphincter relaxation ANS and male reproductive system • Parasympathetic reg. – Erection • Sympathetic reg. – Ejaculation ANS and female reproductive system