Neocortex II Brain Cortex Association cortices Primary sensory and motor areas Parietal lobe Primary areas ^Somathotopic organization Asociation areas . ^No somathotopic organization gj^* Copyright® Paarson Education. Inc., publishing as EaijamIn Cummmg: Primary somatosensory cortex http://www.emunix.emich.edu Brain Functions Frontal Lobe Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving, emotions and behavioural control, personality Motor cortex Movement Sensory cortex Sensations Parietal lobe Perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, spelling Occipital lobe Vision Temporal lobe Memory, understand language http://www.modernfamilyideas.com Brain Functions Frontal Lobe Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving, emotions and behavioural control, personality Motor cortex Movement Sensory cortex Sensations Parietal lobe Perception, making ci Id Ming Temporal lobe Memory, understanding, language Occipital lobe Vision http://www.modernfamilyideas.com Brain Functions Frontal Lobe Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and pro/^^LSolving. Motor cortex Movement Sensory cortex Sensations 'A/a Parietal lobe Perception, making sense of the rorld. Hing nj0 tital lobe Oq/ Of Temporal lobe Memory, understanding, language http://www.modernfamilyideas.com Communication Signal exchange S Smel S Visual S Acoustic Encoding S Simple - body size S Complex-dance of the honey bee Between individuals of S Same species S Different species á https://www.mindtoolsxom/media/Diagrams/CommunicationsProcess.jpg i out c e Ln-codin-ü Communication in human society • Non-verbal - Hard to control - Influence of limbic syst • Verbal - Fully controllable - Neocortex Language The most sophisticated tool of communication Language is characteristic that defines the human species - No human society without language - No other species that have a language Language was a precondition for development of complex society and development of culture r cm 00 o LD Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so • Complex hierarchic code > Syllable - Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds > Word - Symbol with a meaning http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg > Sentence - A group of words organized according to the rules of syntax Learning to speak number of words 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 _l_I_I_l_ 6 12 18 24 30 36 months Native 3^7 S-10 11-16 17-39 speakers Agt of arrival (years) Learning to speak takes a long time period • Understanding - „sensoric" • Speaking -„motor action'' 7.-12. month - baby begins to understand simple orders 1. year - baby uses a couple of words 2. -5. years - baby maters syntax rules 6. years - child uses around 2500 words Adult vocabulary • Active: 3000 -10 000 words • Passive: 3-6x higher than active v. Language areas Arcuate fasciculus Broca's area There are two main language areas • Broca's area (motor) s Close to motor cortex • Wernicke's area (sensor) s Close to auditory cortex • Fasciculus arcuatus Angular gyrus Wernicke's area Conduction aphasia s Damage of fasc. arcuatus s Speech fluent, comprehension preserved s Problem with repeating words and sentences Dysarthria s Problem with articulation s For example, damage of vocal cord ... Broca's area Area 45 s Semantic processing ^selection and manipulation with appropriate words" Area 44 s Phonological processing and language production ^selection and activation of particular motor centers" Wernicke's area Area 22 s Three subdivisions 1. The first responds to spoken words (including the individual's own) and other sounds 2. The second responds only to words spoken by someone else but is also activated when the individual recalls a list of words. 3. The third sub-area seems more closely associated with producing speech than with perceiving it Algorithm of sound processing area Broca's speech area Q. T3 CD [ lAuditory i{fj > interpretative J ■ V I Wernicke's area S Wernicke's area S Broca's area S P-O-T association cortex Visual nterpretative areas W Primary visual Sound Human voice Yes No Real word meaningful Pseudo-word - No meaning Lobulus parietalis inferior Gyrus supramarginalis s Phonological and articulatory processing of words Gyrus angularis s Semantic processing Rich communication with Broca's and Wernicke's areas (triangular communication) Integration of auditory, visual and somatosensory information Integration of auditory, visual and somatosensory information Interpretation of sound Interpretation of visual signal Interpretation of somatosensation Interpretation of spoken/read word ^ Categorization Lobulus parietalis inferior • Late evolutionary as well as ontogenic development • Fully developed at the age of 5 - 6 years - Children usually cannot „activelly" read before this age (understand the meaning of the text which he/she reads) • The language functions are also involved in complex „inner" categorization • The language („both spoken and inner") enabled development of complex (abstract) thinking and development of culture • The human society development is linked to information technology development S Spoken language S A system of writing S Printing S Internet Language functions lateralization Broca's and Wernicke's area is localized in the left hemisphere in 97% of people Localization of B-W areas is not fully linked to left/right hand lateralization S 90% of people are right handed S 95% of right handed people have B-W area in the left hemisphere S The majority of left handed people has B-W areas also in left hemisphere Some scientists suggest that the left hemisphere dominance for language evolved from this hemisphere's better control over the right hand The language specialization develops in the left hemisphere, which matures slightly earlier Right hemisphere language functions Non-verbal aspect of language s Prosody -intonation, stress... Non-literal language aspects s Irony s Metaphors Understanding to discourse / complex speech s Lecture, discussion Left and Right Brain Functions Left-Brain Functions Analytic thought Logic Language Science and math Right-Brain Functions Holistic thought Intuition Creativity l Art and \ music http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Women and language • Females' speech is more fluid - they can pronounce more words or sentences in a given amount of time • Women have the reputation of being able to talk and listen while doing all sorts of things at the same time • Women language is more widespread in both hemispheres while in men more left lateralized - more nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of their brains, which also suggests that more information is exchanged between them. • The males' higher levels of testosterone, which delays the development of the left hemisphere - 4 times more boys than girls suffer from stuttering, dyslexia Functional diagnostic methods • Detection of electrical activity - Higher neuronal activity - higher electrical activity - Electroencephalography (EEG) • Detection of regional blood flow - Higher neuronal activity - increased blod flw - Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) - Positron emission tomography (PET) - Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) EEG Detection of neuronal electrical activity monopolar arrangement: - active electrode - indifferent electrode = referential recording bipolar recording lead (channel) ground electrode EEG voltage in microvolts (vs. in mV in neurons) 10 % http://www.mdpi.com/sensors/sensors-12- 01211/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-12-01211fl- 1024.png Scalp Skull Dura mater Arachnoid Subarachnoid space Pia mater Afferent axons Efferent axons EEG Beta (p) 13-30 Hz ^^j-^j^^ Frontally and pahetally Alpha (a) 8-13 Hi Occipitally Theta (©) 4-3 Hz Children, sleeping adults Delta (5) 0.5-4 Hz Infants, sleeping adults Spikes 3 Hz Epilepsy- 200-petitmal v [[aV] 100 H http://www.slideshare.net/akashbhoil2/eeg-53489764 http://tidsskriftet.no/2013/05/evoked-potential-tests-clinical-diagnosis Functional regions of te brain http://www.chroniclebooks.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/brain-scan.png fMRI • Different atoms (nuclei) have various magnetic properties when exposed to strong magnetic field • Hydrogen • fMRI uses different magnetic properties of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin • reduced haemoglobin becomes paramagnetic, change the signal emitted by blood, we can measure the amount of oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin as an indicator of the blood flow • High resolution (up tolmm) • No radiation XX I -o -o x> o -o- o--o -o- https://www.cs.sfu.ca/~stella/papers/blairthesis/main/nodell.html f M RI A Early bilingual B Late bilingual Kim, K. H. S., Relkin, N. R., Lee, K.-M. & Hirsch, J. Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages. Nature 388,171-174 (1997).