AUTUMN 2015 Basic medical terminology Study materials —Prucklová, R. – Severová, M.: Introduction to Latin and Greek Terminology in Medicine. Praha: KLP, 2012 (Unit 1-7) —Teachers’ own materials (e.g. hand-outs, presentations, activity cards) which are going to be periodically uploaded on the IS in Study materials of your subject. —"Drill" on the IS (https://is.muni.cz/auth/dril/?lang=en ) — Testing —Two partial exams ¡each successfully written partial test (over 70 %) means that you get bonus 5 % for your final exam) —Credit test ¡70% required if you were not successful in any of the partial tests ¡65% required if you were successful in ONE of the partial tests ¡60% required if you were successful in BOTH partial tests ¡ ¡ ÷ Testing —All students are sitting all their tests in his/her group only. —During the “Dissections week” (November 21-25, 2016), there is NO Latin lesson —Students can sit the credit test in the 14th week (December 19-23, 2016) or during the 15th week of the semester (January 2-6, 2017), there are no exceptions to this whatsoever. —Resits of the credit test will take place only during the exam period, i. e. January, 9 – February 17, 2017. —The number of possible credit test resits is two. —The dates and number of resits set by the teacher before the exam period is final, it means no other dates will be added during the exam period or later. — Testing —Results of the tests will be available to students in the Notebook on the IS. —The student’s results will be given in percentage together with the pass mark. —The student will have the access to his/her tests during his/her teacher’s office hours or by prior e-mail arrangement. — Attendance —Absences are going to be electronically registered in the IS. In order to be sure you have been registered as present in the class, be punctual, the attendance is always checked immediately after the beginning of the class. —We can tolerate ONE unexcused absence only; all further absences have to be properly excused by the Study Department. —Unexcused absences are regularly recorded in the Notebook on the IS, and students having these records cannot sit the credit test. —The student may substitute a class in another group two times per semester; the substitution is possible only in the same week when he/she missed a class in his/her own group. —The substitution is not possible in the week for which a partial test or the credit test has been planned. —The teacher at whom the student substitutes a class notes the information about the student’s substitution in the Notebook on the IS. Course objectives •To familiarize with basic medical terminology •To understand rules of creating Latin terms and to understand meaning of particular terms based on: –Morphological analysis –Syntactical analysis •To create correct Latin terms (both from anatomical and clinical terminology) •To understand basics of pharmacological Latin •To master the vocabulary in a systematic way — Latin in medical terminology •Definite set of terms that name the parts and structures of the human body •First worldwide official standard terminology appeared 1895 (Basiliensia Nomina Anatomica) since then it was periodically updated and changed to implement new findings and/or understanding of the anatomical structures •Current terminology is approved by FCAT (Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology) and published in 1998 as TERMINOLOGIA ANATOMICA — (cf. http://www.unifr.ch) — Anatomical structures TELO SVALY.png Musculus quadriceps femoris Musculus flexor carpi Musculus biceps brachii Musculus pectoralis major Musculus deltoideus Musculi adductores m. adductor longus m. adductor brevis Musculus rectus abdominis Musculi obliqui abdominis Latin in the clinical terminology —Non-definite set of terms that names diseases, health conditions or causes of death —First authoritative list of diseases and causes of death 1868 (Nomenclature of diseases), 1893 Bertillon's classification of diseases —Current terminology ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases) is approved by WHO and published every ± 10 years (www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/) —Widely used in medical documentation e.g. medical reports, surgical and hospital reports, pathological reports (central Europe, Russia and former republics of USSR, partly Western Europe - Germany, Austria) — Diagnose 09_Dg_padak.pdf ICD http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10 S20.2 = Contusion of thorax Latin in the pharmacologic terminology •Definite set of terms used in European Pharmacopoea (current version is 8th ed.) to name: –essential medicines (acidum phosphoricum) –classes of medicines (antipyretica, spasmolytica) –forms of medicines (solutio, injectio, tabuletta) –drugs (calendula officinalis) •Prescriptions –main part of the prescription including name and quantity of the medicine as well as the way of its administration is usually written in Latin, using system of routine abbreviations — JS 2013 P4.pdf At the end of the course, you will be able to: Øunderstand the system in the terminology of anatomical structures ( = easier memorizing of the terms) Øunderstand the principles of forming more complex terms Øunderstand a clinical diagnose Øwrite your own clinical diagnose Øwrite a medical prescription — — Latin medical terminology —Many ancient terms are based — on metaphors and similes, — i.e. they are formed from words — of nonmedical origin: —Animals , Letters of alphabet, —Musical instruments, Household utensils, —Military objects, Agricultural tools/products.... —Eg.: bifurcatio = bifurcation — 1. a division into two — branches. ¢ 2. the point at which ¢ division into two ¢ branches occurs. ¡ ¡ Furca = a two-pronged fork bifurcatio tracheae — Latin pronunciation Vowels — A Ā B C D E Ē F G H I Ī K L M N O Ō P Q R S T U Ū V X Y Y Z •Vowels •Long Short •Ā (father) frāctūra A (cut) lingua •Ē (sad) artēria E (met) vertebra •Ī (intrigue) spīna I (intrigue) digitus • I (yes) > J •Ō (door) sensōrius O (on) skeleton •Ū (boom) ruptūra U (put) uterus •Y (analysis) hypophysis Y (lady) tympanum • • •Diphtongs • •AE=Ē (care) anaemia •OE=Ē (care) lagoena •Greek words •OE (o-e) dyspnoe •EU (e-u) euthanasia • Read aloud •hypnosis •ala •olla •eupnoe •ileus •mucus •haematoma •iliacus • • • • • •ossa •diploe •cubitus •venae •diameter •sacralis •ulcus •iris • • • •sutura •sigmoideus •depressor •area •oesophagus •melior •meatus •leucocytus • • • • • Consonants A Ā B C D E Ē F G H I Ī K L M N O Ō P Q R S T U Ū V X Y Ŷ Z Consonant/group of consonants Pronunciation Example 1: c + a, o, u, consonants c + ae, oe, e, i, y [k] medical [ts] tsar camera, costa, cultivatio, cranium caecus, coeliacia, centrum, circulatio, cynismus 2: ch [x] loch chirurgia, cholera Consonants II — 4: h [h] house herba, haematologia 5: j + vowel [y] yes iniectio/injectio, maior/major 6: p p + h [p] present [f] physiology pneumonia, pulmo phantasia, pharmacia 7: qu+ vowel [kv] aqua, quadriceps 8: r r+h [r] rupture [r] vertebra, ruptura rheuma, rhinitis Consonant/group of consonants Pronunciation Example 3: g gu + vowel [g] ground [gv] gramma, gastritis lingua, sanguis Consonants III Read aloud — Grammatical categories What will you find in the dictionary? —English words are presented in one single form —!!!Latin words are presented in three forms!!! —E.g.: — MUSCULUS, I, M. = MUSCLE — — — — — OS, OSSIS, N. = BONE English translation Genitive ending/or even full Genitive form Main form (full nominative) Gender abbreviation !CAUTION! ALL THREE FORMS are EQUALLY important for the future ability to use the noun in the context. Gender —There are three genders in Latin ¡Masculine (e.g. nervus) ¡Feminine (e.g. vena) ¡Neutral (e. g. cerebrum) ¡ —There is nothing, which could indicate the gender to you — YOU HAVE TO LEARN IT BY HEART Genitive ending => Declension —Declensions are groups of nouns (or adjectives) using the same set of suffixes (=endings) —There are 5 declensions in Latin ENDINGS PHOTO.png Genitive ending = stem of a word —A stem is a form to which affixes (endings) can be attached —In some declensions (1st, 4th, 5th, and in majority of cases also 2nd) the nominative and genitive forms of the word have identical stem —In some declensions (3rd, partially 2nd) word’s stem can greatly different —In Latin we need to remove the genitive ending in order to gain the genitive stem •ven-a •ven-ae •humer-us •humer-i • •diamet-er •diametr-i •dol-or •dolor-is •corp-us •corpor-is •de-ns •dent-is •arc-us •arc-us • •gen-u •gen-us •faci-es •faci-ei Decide what is the stem of the noun Read and write down the number of declension •3 •3 •3 •2 •5 •3 •1 • •2 •1 •2 •2 •2 • •2 •3 •1 •2 • •2 •3 •3 •4 •3 • •2 •2 •3 •1 •2 •3 •3 •3 •2 •2 •4 •3 •2 •2 •3 •3