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Digestive system I. (oral cavity)
Digestive system functions:
• food intake
• mechanical and chemical
processes
• absorption of substances
• excretion of the wasting products
and useless remains
Digestive system strucrture:
Digestive tube:
• oral cavity
• pharynx
• oesophagus
• stomach
• small intestine
• great intestine
Glands:
• liver
• pancreas
TUNICA MUCOSA
TUNICA SUBMUCOSA
TUNICA MUSCULARIS
TUNICA ADVENTITIA (TUNICA SEROSA)
Digestive system ultrastrucrture:
Folds (plicae)
papillae villi intestinales
TUNICA MUCOSA
• lamina epithelialis
• lamina propria
(foliculi lymphatici solitarii et
aggregati)
• lamina muscularis
TUNICA SUBMUCOSA – vascular and neural plexus (plexus submucosus Meisneri)
TUNICA MUSCULARIS – striated muscles
(oral cavity until upper third of esophagus,
m. sphincter ani externus)
smooth muscles - stratum circulare et longitudinale
(plexus myentericus Auerbachi)
TUNICA EXTERNA – tunica adventitia or tunica serosa
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Glands of the digestive system (gladulae, adenos)
glandular cells
glands (separate organs)
intramural extramural
Oral cavity – cavitas oris Borders:
Rima oris
Isthmus faucium
Lips, buccae
Palatum
Diaphragma oris
Content:
Tongue
Teeth
CAVITAS ORIS
cavum oris propriumvestibulum oris
Vestibulum oris
Fornix vestibuli sup. (frenulum labii sup.)
Fornix vestibuli inf. (frenulum labii inf.)
Tremata
Trigonum retromolare
Papilla parotidea
Plica pterygomandibulare
Lips (labia oris) and cheek (bucca, mala)
Sulcus nasolabialis et mentolabialis
Philtrum, tuberculum labii sup.
Corpus adiposum buccae
Frenulum labii superioris
Frenulum labii inferioris
Glandulae labiales at buccales
Papilla parotidea
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Proper oral cavity Borders:
Teeth
Isthmus faucium
Palatum
Diaphragma oris
Palate (palatum)
Hard palate
Soft palate
Palatum durum
Papilla incisiva (dustus incisivi, nervus nasopalatinus)
Plicae palatinae transversae
Glandulae palatinae
Soft palate
m. tensor veli palatini
m. levator veli palatini
Diaphragma oris
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The bottom of oral cavity Tongue (lingua, glossa)
1. Pars oralis (corpus, apex)
2. Pars pharyngea (radix)
Radix linguae
Corpus linguae
Apex linguae
Sulcus terminalis
Sulcus medianus
Foramen caecum
Margines linguae
Dorsum linguae
Papillae filiformes
Papillae fungiformes
Papillae foliatae
Papillae vallatae
Caliculi gustatorii Inferior surface of the tongue
Plica fimbriata
Plica sublingualis
Frenulum linguae
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M. genioglossus
Extraglossal muscles
Aponeurosis linguae
Musculus hyoglossus
Musculus styloglossus
Musculus palatoglossus
Intraglossal muscles
M. longitudinalis sup. et inf.
M. transversus linguae
M. verticalis linguae
Septum linguae
Gingiva
Alveolar mucous membrane
Gingiva marginalis et alveolaris (paramarginal line)
Papillae gingivales, gingivodental closure, sulcus gingivalis
Teeth (dentes) Fixation of the teeth:
Type:Gomphosis
Periodontium (fixative ligaments):
(apical, alveolar, transseptal, gingival)
Parodontium:
all of the fixative structures of the tooth
(periost, periodontium, cementum, gingiva)
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Decidous teeth Adult (permanent) teeth
Heterodont teeth:
• Dentes incisivi (incisors)
• Dentes canini (canines)
• Dentes praemolares (premolars)
•Dentes molares (molars)
Incisors
Canines Premolars
Molars
I1 I2 C P1 P2 M1 M2 M3
Adult teeth
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Dentes decidui
i1 i2 m2m1c
Arcus dentalis superior
(half of elips)
Arcus dentalis inferior
(parabola)
Occlusion
Psalidodont occlusion
Tooth eruption - primary teeth
Sequence:
First incisor (6 months)
Second incisor
First molar
Canin
Second molar (2-2,5 yrs)
Eruption – adult teeth
Sequence:
First incisor, first molar
Second incisor
First premolar
Canine
Second molar
Second premolar
Third molar
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Salivary glands
GLANDULAE SALIVARIAE MINORES
glandulae labiales
glandulae buccales
glandulae palatinae
glandulae linguales
GLANDULAE SALIVARIAE MAJORES
glandula parotidea
glandula submandibularis
glandula sublingualis
GLANDULA PAROTIDEA
GLANDULA SUBMANDIBULARIS
GLANDULA SUBLINGUALIS
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Sialolithiasis PHARYNX
Base of skull – C6
Pars nasalis
(choanae)
Pars oralis
(isthmus faucium)
Pars laryngea
(aditus laryngis)
cavum pharyngis
fornix pharyngis
RECESSUS PHARYNGEUS FASCIA PHARYNGOBASILARIS
(Luschke´s space)
CHOANAE
FORNIX PHARYNGIS
TONSILLA PHARYNGEA
HYPOPHYSIS PHARYNGIS
OSTIUM PHARYNGEUM TUBAE AUDITIVAE:
TORUS TUBARIUS (PLICA SALPINGOPHARYNGEA)
TORUS LEVATORIUS
PLICA SALPINGOPALATINA
TONSILLA TUBARIA
PARS NASALIS PHARYNGIS
nasopharynx, epipharynx
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Waldeyer´s lympho-epithelial ring
Tonsilla pharyngea
Tonsillae tubariae
Tonsilae palatinae
Tonsilla lingualis
PARS ORALIS PHARYNGIS (oropharynx)
Isthmus faucium:
palatum mole
arcus palatoglossus
arcus palatopharyngeus
tonsilla palatina
radix lingue
PARS LARYNGEA PHARYNGIS (laryngo- , hypopharynx)
Aditus laryngis:
epiglottis
plicae aryepiglotticae
tuberculum cuneiforme
tuberculum corniculatum
plica interarytaenoidea
(during respiration)
insisura interarytaenoidea
(during fonation)
Utrastructure of the pharingic wall
Mucous membrane
epithelium: pseudostratified columnar, ciliated (nasopharynx)
strtified squamous, non-keratinized (oro- a laryngopharynx)
gll. pharyngeae (mixed, mucinous)
lymphatic tissue
Submucosal tissue
fascia pharyngobasilaris
Muscles
mm. pharyngis (constrictores, levatores)
Adventitia
M. CONSTRICTOR
PHARYNGIS SUP.
M. CONSTRICTOR
PHARYNGIS MEDIUS
M. CONSTRICTOR
PHARYNGIS INF.
RAPHE PHARYNGIS
CONSTRICTORES PHARYNGIS CONSTRICTORES PHARYNGIS M. CONSTRICTOR PHAR. SUP.
PARS PTERYGOPHARYNGEA
BUCCOPHARYNGEA
MYLOPHARYNGEA
GLOSSOPHARYNGEA
M. CONSTRICTOR PHAR. MED.:
PARS CHONDROPHARYNGEA
CERATOPHARYNGEA
M. CONSTRICTOR PHAR. INF.:
PARS THYROPHARYNGEA
CRICOPHARYNGEA
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M. STYLOPHARYNGEUS
(proc. styloideus)
M. SALPINGOPHARYNGEUS
(tuba auditiva)
M. PALATOPHARYNGEUS
(aponeurosis palatina)
LEVATORES PHARYNGIS
RETROPHARYNGEAL SPACE
pharynx, praevertebral lyer of cervical fascia,
lig. retropharyngeum medianum, lat. septa
PARAPHARYNGEAL SPACE
styloid septum – praestylod space
retrostyloid space (neurovascular bundle)
SPATIUM RETROPHARYNGEUM ET PARAPHARYNGEUM
OESOPHAGUS
Ostium cardiacum:
adult 40 cm from inferior incisors
Newborn approx. 14 cm
(C6 - Th11)
pars abdominalis
C6
Th4
Th11
pars cervicalis
pars thoracica
pars retrotrachealis
et retropericardiaca
Mucous membrane
JUNCTION GASTROOESOPHAGEALIS
LONGITUDINAL FOLDS
Submucosal tissue
GL. OESOPHAGEAE
PLEXUS SUBMUCOSUS
Muscular tissue
upper 1/3 striated
lower 1/3 smooth
(circular, longitudinal)
External layer
ADVENTITIA
SEROSA – pars abd.
ESOPHAGOGRAPHY