4
Hierarchy and evolution of nervous
system I
Evolutionary approach
Evolution is not revolution
The role of nervous system
Input
Integration
Output
REGULATIONREGULATION
Potential input Potential output
ANTICIPATIONANTICIPATION
Evolution of the nervous system
Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of
Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
Input Integration Output
Evolution of the nervous system
Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of
Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
Input Integration Output
Evolution of the nervous system
Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of
Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
Input Integration Output
Evolution of the nervous system
Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of
Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
Input Integration Output
Evolution of the nervous system
Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of
Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
Input
Integration
Output
The role of nervous system
Input
Integration
Output
REGULATIONREGULATION
Potential input Potential output
ANTICIPATIONANTICIPATION
Receptor Effector
• Polyp
– Reticular NS
– Nonspecific reaction on irritation
Evolution of the nervous system
http://xavierinterestingscience.weebly.com/cnidaria.html
• Jellyfish
– Around propulsion part is nervous system into the ring
– Coordinated contraction – coordinated movement
Evolution of the nervous system
http://xavierinterestingscience.weebly.com/cnidaria.html
• Jellyfish
– Around propulsion part is nervous systém into the ring
– Coordinated contraction – coordinated movement
Evolution of the nervous system
http://xavierinterestingscience.weebly.com/cnidaria.html
Evolution of the nervous system
• Worms
– Segmented nervous system
– Left – right coordination
– Ganglia
– „Brain“ ganglion – head – forward locomotion – food intake
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm
Evolution of the nervous system
• Insect
– „Sophisticated“ NS
– Coordinated movement
– „Developed“ senses
– Communication skills (bee)
http://bilingualbiology10.blogspot.cz/2013/08/topic-11b-arthropods-izeltlabuak.html
Basics of behavior enabling survival
• Multipurpose movements
– The most basic actions of individual organisms
Locomotion: to approach or to avoid something
Orienting: towards or away from something
Exploring/foraging/seeking (includes the first two plus
motivation)
• Background (maintenance) activity
– respiration, temperature regulation, postural reflexes
• Motivation
Basics of behavior enabling survival
• Multipurpose movements
– The most basic actions of individual organisms
Locomotion: to approach or to avoid something
Orienting: towards or away from something
Exploring/foraging/seeking (includes the first two plus
motivation)
• Background (maintenance) activity
– respiration, temperature regulation, postural reflexes
• Motivation
Basics of behavior enabling survival
• Multipurpose movements
– The most basic actions of individual organisms
Locomotion: to approach or to avoid something
Orienting: towards or away from something
Exploring/foraging/seeking (includes the first two plus
motivation)
• Background (maintenance) activity
– respiration, temperature regulation, postural reflexes
• Motivation
Head receptors and forward
locomotion - sophisticated
sensorimotor abilities
• Sensory analyzing mechanisms
– Connected to inputs from cranial nerves
• Associated motor apparatus
– For directing the receptors (orienting movements)
– For controlling alterations in posture and locomotion under guidance
from these receptors
• Crucial background: maintenance of homeostasis
Head receptors and forward
locomotion - sophisticated
sensorimotor abilities
• Sensory analyzing mechanisms
– Connected to inputs from cranial nerves
• Associated motor apparatus
– For directing the receptors (orienting movements)
– For controlling alterations in posture and locomotion under guidance
from these receptors
• Crucial background: maintenance of homeostasis
Evolution of the brain
• Neural tube
• Locomotion
• Rostral receptors
Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT
OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
Evolution of the brain
• Expansion of hindbrain
(Rhombencefalon - Medula
oblongata, pons Varoli,
cerebellum)
• Input
– Information form head
sensors
• Output
– Motor system
(Fixed action pattern reflex/instinct
behavior)
Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute
of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative
Commons BY-NC-SA
Evolution of the brain
• Expansoin of forebrain 1
(Prosencephalon - diencephalon,
telencephalon)
(simultaneously with hindbrain)
• Input
– Olfaction
(Approach/avoidance)
• Output
– Motor system
(via corpus striatum)
Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT
OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
Evolution of the brain
• Expansoin of forebrain 1
(Prosencephalon - diencephalon,
telencephalon)
(simultaneously with hindbrain)
• Input
– Olfaction
(Approach/avoidance)
• Output
– Motor system
(via corpus striatum)
Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT
OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
Evolution of the brain
• Expansion of midbrain
• Input
– Vision, sense of hearing
(distant senses)
• Output
– Motor system
(Approach – contralateral m.)
(Avoidance – ipsilateral m.)
• Advantage
– Speed
– Acuity Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts
Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed).
License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
Evolution of the brain
• Expansoin of forebrain 2
(Prosencephalon - diencephalon,
telencephalon)
• Input
– Nonolfactory systems
connected to forebrain
– Mainly vision and hearing
• Advantage
– Plastic connections of
forebrain
• Thalamus
– Gating
(Corpus striatum and cortex) Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts
Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed).
License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
Evolution of the brain
• Expansoin of forebrain 3
• Neocortica expansion
• Simultaneous expansion of
– Neostiratum
– Neocerebellum
• Advantage
– „High resolution“ information
processing
– Anticipation
Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts
Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed).
License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
The role of nervous system
Input
Integration
Output
REGULATIONREGULATION
Potential input Potential output
ANTICIPATIONANTICIPATION
Receptor Effector
Cortex Cortex
Thalmus and neocortex
• Thalamic nuclei
– Nonspecific
– Specific
• Reciprocal
connections
between thalamus
and neocortex
http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-thalamus-and-cerebral-cortex-integrative-systems-part-2/
Gating
Cerebellum
http://www.slideshare.net/HarshshaH103/cerebellum-its-function-and-releveance-in-psychiatry
Coordination
Hierarchy of central nervous system
http://www.indiana.edu/~p1013447/dictionary/cns.htm