Neocortex II Brain Cortex Primary sensory and motor areas Frontal lobe Primary areas SSomathotopic organization Asociation areas /No somathotopic organization _ / Parietal lobe Toes Primary motor cortex Jaw Pharynx Intraabdominal I CopyrlghlS Pearson Education. Inc.. publishing as Benjamin Cumming Primary somatosensory cortex fr http://www.emunix.emich.edu Brain Functions Frontal lobe Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving, emotions and behavioural control, personality Motor cortex Movement Sensory cortex Sensations Parietal lobe Perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, spelling Occipital lobe Vision Temporal lobe Memory, understanding, language http://www.modernfamilyideas.com Brain Functions Frontal lobe Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving, emotions and behavioural control. Sensory cortex Sensations Parietal lobe Perception, making orld. ing Occipital lobe Vision http://www.modernfamilyideas.com Brain Functions Frontal lobe Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and pro^^^isolving, la. Motor cortex Movement Sensory cortex Sensations Parietal lobe Perception, making sense of the^vorld. ling ts tf>t nt0 so 13 on cat Lital lobe to o/ of Temporal lobe Memory, understanding, language http://www.modernfamilyideas.com Communication Signal exchange • Encoding S Smell V Simple - body size S Visual V Complex-dance of S Acoustic the honey bee Between individuals of S Same species S Different species https://www.mindtoolsxom/media/Diagrams/CommunicationsProcess.jpg Source Encoding Msg Channel Msg Decoding Feedback Communication in human society Non-verbal - Hard to control - Influence of limbic system Verbal - Fully controllable - Neocortex Nonverbal Language The most sophisticated tool of communication Language is characteristic that defines the human species - No human society without language - No other species that have a language Language was a precondition for development of complex society and development of culture Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so Complex hierarchic code http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so • Complex hierarchic code > Syllable - Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so • Complex hierarchic code > Syllable - Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds > Word - Symbol with a meaning http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so • Complex hierarchic code > Syllable - Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds > Word - Symbol with a meaning http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg > Sentence - A group of words organized according to the rules of syntax number of words 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Learning to speak Learning to speak takes a long time • Understanding -„sensoric" • Speaking -„motor action'' 6 12 18 24 30 36 months Native 3^7 S-10 11-16 17-39 speakers Agt of arrival (years) number of words 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 _l_I_l_ 6 12 18 24 30 36 months Learning to speak • Learning to speak takes a long time period • Understanding -„sensoric" • Speaking -„motor action'' • 7.-12. month - baby begins to understand simple orders • 1. year-baby uses a couple of words • 2.-5. years - baby maters syntax rules 6. years - child uses around 2500 words Native 3^7 S-10 11-16 17-39 speakers Agt of arrival (years) Learning to speak number of words 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 _l_I_l_ 6 12 18 24 30 36 months Native 3^7 S-10 11-16 17-39 speakers Agt of arrival (years) Learning to speak takes a long time period • Understanding -„sensoric" • Speaking-„motor action" 7.-12. month - baby begins to understand simple orders 1. year - baby uses a couple of words 2. -5. years - baby maters syntax rules 6. years - child uses around 2500 words Adult vocabulary • Active: 3000 -10 000 words • Passive: 3-6x higher than active v. Language areas Arcuate fasciculus Angular gyrus Broca's area Wernicke's area Broca's aphasia S Motor, expressive S Comprehension preserved, speach unarticulated Wernicke's aphasia S perceptive, sensor S Comprehension damaged, speech fluent, but not meaningful There are two main language areas • Broca's area (motor) S Close to motor cortex • Wernicke's area (sensor) S Close to auditory cortex • Fasciculus arcuatus Conduction aphasia S Damage of fasc. arcuatus S Speech fluent, comprehension preserved S Problem with repeating words and sentences Dysarthria S Problem with articulation S For example, damage of vocal cord ... Broca's area Area 45 S Semantic processing ^selection and manipulation with appropriate words" Area 44 S Phonological processing and language production ^selection and activation of particular motor centers" Wernicke's area Area 22 S Three subdivisions 1. The first responds to spoken words (including the individual's own) and other sounds 2. The second responds only to words spoken by someone else but is also activated when the individual recalls a list of words. 3. The third sub-area seems more closely associated with producing speech than with perceiving it Algorithm of sound processing Prefrontal area Broca's speech area Motor Primary *X Somatic Interpretative Somatic [ lAuditory > interpretative J ■ V I Wernicke's area S Wernicke's area S Broca's area S P-O-T association cortex Visual nterpretative areas Prima visual c o c Ol T3 OJ C VI OJ T3 ry Sound Human voice Yes No Real word meaningful Pseudo-word - No meaning Lobulus parietalis inferior Q. Gyrus supramarginalis S Phonological and articulatory processing of words Gyrus angularis S Semantic processing Rich communication with Broca's and Wernicke's areas (triangular communication) Integration of auditory, visual and somatosensory information Integration of auditory, visual and somatosensory information Motor P - O - T association cortex Primary \ Somatic Broca's speech pr^arV Auditory erpretative Somatic Interpretative \ areas >-Visual interpretative areas Lobulus parietalis inferior Interpretation of sound Interpretation of visual signal Interpretation of somatosensation Interpretation of spoken/read word Primary visual Wernicke's area Categorization Lobulus parietalis inferior Late evolutionary as well as ontogenic development Fully developed at the age of 5 - 6 years - Children usually cannot „activelly" read before this age (understand the meaning of the text which he/she reads) Lobulus parietalis inferior • Late evolutionary as well as ontogenic development • Fully developed at the age of 5 - 6 years - Children usually cannot „activelly" read before this age (understand the meaning of the text which he/she reads) • The language functions are also involved in complex Jnner" categorization • The language („both spoken and inner") enabled development of complex (abstract) thinking and development of culture Lobulus parietalis inferior • Late evolutionary as well as ontogenic development • Fully developed at the age of 5 - 6 years - Children usually cannot „activelly" read before this age (understand the meaning of the text which he/she reads) • The language functions are also involved in complex Jnner" categorization • The language („both spoken and inner") enabled development of complex (abstract) thinking and development of culture • The human society development is linked to information technology development S Spoken language S A system of writing S Printing S Internet Language functions lateralization Broca's and Wernicke's area is localized in the left hemisphere in 97% of people Localization of B-W areas is not fully linked to left/right hand lateralization S 90% of people are right handed S 95% of right handed people have B-W area in the left hemisphere S The majority of left handed people has B-W areas also in left hemisphere Language functions lateralization Broca's and Wernicke's area is localized in the left hemisphere in 97% of people Localization of B-W areas is not fully linked to left/right hand lateralization S 90% of people are right handed S 95% of right handed people have B-W area in the left hemisphere S The majority of left handed people has B-W areas also in left hemisphere Some scientists suggest that the left hemisphere dominance for language evolved from this hemisphere's better motor control The language specialization develops in the left hemisphere, which matures slightly earlier Right hemisphere language functions • Non-verbal aspect of language S Prosody -intonation, stress... • Non-literal language aspects S Irony S Metaphors • Understanding to discourse / complex speech S Lecture, discussion http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Women and language • Females' speech is more fluid - they can pronounce more words or sentences in a given amount of time Women and language • Females' speech is more fluid - they can pronounce more words or sentences in a given amount of time • Women have the reputation of being able to talk and listen while doing all sorts of things at the same time • Women language is more widespread in both hemispheres while in men more left lateralized - more nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of their brains, which also suggests that more information is exchanged between them. Women and language • Females' speech is more fluid - they can pronounce more words or sentences in a given amount of time • Women have the reputation of being able to talk and listen while doing all sorts of things at the same time • Women language is more widespread in both hemispheres while in men more left lateralized - more nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of their brains, which also suggests that more information is exchanged between them. • The males' higher levels of testosterone, which delays the development of the left hemisphere - 4 times more boys than girls suffer from stuttering, dyslexia Functional diagnostic methods • Detection of electrical activity - Higher neuronal activity - higher electrical activity - Electroencephalography (EEG) • Detection of regional blood flow - Higher neuronal activity - increased blod flw - Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) - Positron emission tomography (PET) - Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) EEG • Detection of neuronal electrical activity • monopolar arrangement: - active electrode - indifferent electrode = referential recording • bipolar recording • lead (channel) • ground electrode • EEG voltage in microvolts (vs. in mV in Q. EEG Beta(ß) 13-30 Hz ^^fevV^^ Frontally and pahetally Alpha (a) 8-13 Hl Occipitally Theta (©) 4-3 Hz Children, sleeping adults Delta (5) 0.5-4 Hz Infants, sleeping adults Spikes 3 Hz Epilepsy- 200-petitrnal v [[aV] 100 H http://www.slideshare.net/akashbhoil2/eeg-53489764 http://tidsskriftet.no/2013/05/evoked-potential-tests-clinical-diagnosis PET a SPECT SPECT • Injection of radionuclide labeled substances • Short half live of radionuclide - Necessary to prepare shortly before application - Nuclear medicine department • SPECT - radionuclide is the source of gamma rays - Low resolution (around 1 cm) • PET - radionuclide is the source of positrons - Positron annihilation produces two gamma photons - higher resolution (around 2mm) Functional regions of te brain Hearing Words Seeing Words Speaking Words Thinking About Words http://www.chroniclebooksxom/blog/wp-content/uploads/brain-scan.png fMRI • Different atoms (nuclei) have various magnetic properties when exposed to strong magnetic field • Hydrogen • fMRI uses different magnetic properties of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin • reduced haemoglobin becomes paramagnetic, change the signal emitted by blood, we can measure the amount of oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin as an indicator of the blood flow • High resolution (up tolmm) • No radiation https://www.cs.sfu.ca/~stella/papers/blairthesis/main/nodell.html fMRI Kim, K. H. S., Relkin, N. R., Lee, K.-M. & Hirsch, J. Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages. Nature 388,171-174 (1997).