Skeleton of the lower limb (ossa membri inferioris) RNDr. Michaela Račanská, Ph.D. Lecture 3 – DENTISTRY – Autumn 2017 Skeleton of the lower limb • support the weight of the body and transfers that support to the axial skeleton across the hip and sacro-iliac joints •stability and balance thanks to the hip and knee joints lock, long standing in anatomical position • less mobility but more stability than the pectoral girdle of the upper limb thanks to anchoring to the axial skeleton by the pelvic girdle • More robust Skeleton of the pelvic (hip) girdle: the hip bone – os coxae (the ilium – os ilium, the ischium – os ischii, the pubis – os pubis) Skeleton of the free part of the lower limb: The thigh bone – femur The knee cap –patella The shinbone – tibia Fibula The tarsus – ossa tarsi The metatarsus – ossa metatarsi Bones of digits (ossa digitorum pedis – phalanges) Bones of the pelvic girdle –Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton –Transmits the weight of the upper body to the lower limbs –Supports the visceral organs of the pelvis –Formed by a pair of “hip” bones called coxal bones, and the sacrum facies lunata fossa acetabuli incisura acetabuli foramen obturatum (os ilium, os pubis, os ischii) Os coxae Each os coxae has an: •Ilium: The large upper portion, often called your “hip bone”. os ilium – corpus, ala •Ishium: The posterior/inferior bone, often called your “seat bone”. os ischii – corpus, ramus •Pubis: The anterior/inferior bone, which connects in front at the pubic symphysis. os pubis – corpus, ramus sup. et inf. •Acetabulum: point of fusion of all three, also called your “hip socket”. Iliac bone– os ilium corpus ala • medial surface fossa iliaca facies auricularis tuberositas iliaca linea arcuata crista iliaca spina iliaca anterior superior spina iliaca anterior inferior spina iliaca posterior superior spina iliaca posterior inferior lateral surface linea glutea posterior linea glutea anterior linea glutea inferior Sciatic bone– os ischii corpus ramus tuber ischiadicum spina ischiadica incisura ischiadica major incisura ischiadica minor Pubic bone – os pubis ramus inferior facies symphysialis crista phallica ramus superior eminentia iliopubica pecten ossis pubis tuberculum pubicum sulcus obturatorius corpus LATERAL VIEW MEDIAL VIEW Femur – the tigh bone Proximal end caput femoris fovea capitis femoris Neck of the femur (collum femoris) Proximal end head corpus (body) Distal end corpus femoris trochanter major et minor linea intertrochanterica crista intertrochanterica fossa trochanterica linea aspera labium mediale (linea pectinea) labium laterale (tuberositas glutaea) Trochanter tertius Femur Distal end condylus medialis condylus lateralis epicondylus medialis epicondylus lateralis facies patellaris fossa intercondylaris linea intercondylaris facies poplitea (planum popliteum) PATELLA (knee cap) sesamoid bone encased in the patellar tendon Basis Apex Facies posterior (smooth articular surface) facies art. medialis (smaller) et lateralis (larger) Facies anterior (the rounded, convex anterior surface) Tibia (shin bone) Proximal end, body, distal end Proximal end condylus medialis et lateralis facies articularis superior medialis, lateralis eminentia intercondylaris tuberculum intercondylare mediale tuberculum intercondylare laterale area intercondylaris anterior et posterior facies articularis fibularis Corpus (body) tuberositas tibiae linea musculi solei margo medialis margo anterior margo interosseus Tibia (shin bone) Distal end malleolus medialis facies articularis malleoli medialis incisura fibularis tibiae facies articularis inferior tibiae sulcus malleolaris Tibia (shin bone) Fibula Proximal end caput fibulae facies articularis capitis fibulae apex capitis fibulae Corpus (body, shaft) margo anterior et posterior margo medialis et interosseus Distal end malleolus lateralis facies articularis malleoli lateralis sulcus malleolaris (mm.fibulares) fossa malleoli lateralis (lig. talofibulare post.) Fibula FOOT Ossa pedis 14 5 7 Ossa digitorum pedis Ossa metatarsi Ossa tarsi Caput tali (facies articularis navicularis) Collum tali Corpus tali Trochlea tali - facies articularis superior Facies articularis malleolaris lateralis et medialis Facies articularis calcanea posterior, media, anterior Sulcus tali (sinus tarsi lig. talocalcaneare interosseum) Processus lateralis tali Processus posterior tali (tuberculum laterale, mediale) Sulcus tendinis musculi flexoris hallucis longi Talus (ankle bone) dx Calcaneus (heel bone) tuber calcanei (processus medialis et lateralis) facies articularis talaris posterior, media et anterior sulcus calcanei (sulcus calcanei + sulcus tali = sinus tarsi) sustentaculum tali (medial) (sulcus tendinis musculi flexoris hallucis longi) trochlea fibularis (lateral) (sulcus tendinis musculi fibularis longi) facies articularis cuboidea Os naviculare (navicular) tuberositas ossis navicularis Os cuboideum (cuboid) sulcus tendinis musculi fibularis longi Ossa cuneiformia (cuneiforms) mediale, intermedium et laterale Source: Netter´s clinical anatomy basis (base) (tuberositas ossis metatarsi I. et V.) corpus (body) caput (head) Ossa metatarsi I. – V. (metatarsals) I. V. Hallux (big toe) – phalanx proximalis et distalis II. – V. digit – phalanx proximalis, media et distalis basis phalangis (base) corpus phalangis (body) caput/trochlea (head, trochlea) tuberositas phalangis distalis Ossa sesamoidea Ossa digitorum pedis, phalanges X-rays Pelvis sagittal projektion os sacrum art. sacroiliaca symphysis foramen obturatum crista iliaca acetabulum spina iliaca post. inf. os pubis spina iliaca post. sup. fossa iliaca foramina sacralia spina iliaca ant. sup. tuber ischiadicum linea arcuata femur os coxae X-ray of the pelvis af an child caput femoris acetabulum fossa acetabuli femur trochanter major trochanter minor fossa trochanterica crista intertrochanterica foramen obturatum collum femoris Hip joint sagital projection os coxae Knee Sagittal projection fossa intercondylaris condylus medialis tibiae femur patella tibia fibula condylus lat. tibiae condylus med. femoriscondylus lat. femoris tuberculum intercondylare mediale tuberculum intercondylare lat. Knee Lateral projection condylus lateralis condylus medialis base apex eminentia intercondylaris tibia fibulatuberositas tibiae apex capitis fibulae caput fibulae femur patella FOOT dorsoplantar projection phalanges metatarsals tarsals tibia fibula talus calcaneus navicular 1. 2. 3. 1 2 3 4 5 corpus caput base base corpus trochlea sesamoids 1., 2., 3. = ossa cuneiformia mediale, intermedia et laterale calcaneus ossa cuneiformia Foot Lateral projection talussinus tarsi The pictures used in this lectures were taken from following sources (if it was not written under the picture else): • Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/Sobotta. Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20. Auflage. München:Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993 • Netter: Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. • John T. Hansen Netter´s clinical anatomy, Elsevier, 2014 • Drake et al: Gray´s Anatomy for Students. 2010 • Naňka, Elišková: Přehled anatomie. Galén, Praha 2009. • Čihák: Anatomie I, II, III. • Own archiv of the lecturer, archiv of Department of Anatomy, LF MU BRNO Thank you for your attention