•Introduction to osteology GENERAL OSTEOLOGY •skeleton – firm support of the body, protection for organs •deposit of minerals •haematogenesis BONE TYPES Dlouhé kosti Krátké kosti Ploché lpsti •Long bones -diaphysis -epiphysis proximal and distal -metaphysis -cavitas medullaris -substantia compacta (corticalis) -substantia spongiosa •Short bones •(various shapes) 1) On the surface - corticalis 2) Inside - substantia spongiosa •Flat bones 1)Compact bone has two layers: lamina externa and interna and between them, there is spongy bone – diploe •Sesamoidal bones •In some muscle ligaments •Pneumatized bones •STRUCTURE OF BONES •1 – periosteum •2 – Sharpey fibres •3 – vessels •4 – endosteum •a) Fibrous layer(external) •b) Cambious layer (internal) – rich sensory innervation •PERIOSTEUM We know two forms of bone tissue a)Compact bone (substantia compacta) • •b) Spongy bone (substantia spongiosa) •1 – Haversian lamellas •2 – intersected lamellas •3 – superficial lamellas •4 – spongy bone •Compact bone •The spongy bone •Substantia spongiosa •Substantia compacta •Skull - diploe • • • Spongiosa kompakta BONE MARROW •Medulla ossium rubra – red bone marrow •(active hematopoetic tissue) •Medulla ossium flava – yellow bone marrow •(source of energy for organism) •Medulla ossium gelatinosa – grey bone marrow BONE VESSELS •The most important bone vessels come through periosteum via Volkmann´s channels • • •aa. epiphysariae •aa. metaphysariae •a. nutricia •Periostal vessels •Blood supply of the long bone X-RAY PICTURES •14 years •11 years •7 years •4,5 years • • • • 4,5 roku 7 let 11 let 14 let SPECIAL OSTEOLOGY SKELETON OF THORAX COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS - SPINE •During development: 33-34 vertebrae •After fusion: 24 vertebrae •Vertebrae •7 cervical •12 thoracic •5 lumbar •4-5 sacral- os sacrum •4-5 coccygeal- os coccygis VERTEBRA •corpus vertebrae •facies terminalis superior et inferior •arcus vertebrae •pediculus arcus vertebrae •lamina arcus vertebrae •foramen vertebrale •incisura vertebralis •processus •processus articulares •processus transversi •processus spinosus •Costa •Processus transversus •Corpus vertebrae •Processus articulares •Processus spinosus •Arcus vertebrae •DEVELOPMENT OF THE VERTEBRAE Základ žebra Základ processus transversus VÝVOJ OBRATLŮ CERVICAL VERTEBRAE •uncus corporis vertebrae •processus transversus -tubercula anteriora et posteriora, foramina processus transversi •oval body •Triangular foramen vertebrale •cleft processus spinosus •processus articulares – in oblique plane •Corpus vertebrae •Processus articulares •Processus spinosus •Arcus vertebrae •Processus transversus •Costa ATLAS - C1 •arcus anterior • tuberculum anterius • fovea dentis •arcus posterior tuberculum posterius sulcus a. vertebralis •massae laterales processus transversi foramina pr. transversi •Corpus vertebrae •Processus articulares •Processus spinosus •Arcus vertebrae •Processus transversus •Costa AXIS - C2 •dens axis (original body of atlas)- apex dentis •facies articularis anterior et posterior •os odontoideum •Corpus vertebrae •Processus articulares •Processus spinosus •Arcus vertebrae •Processus transversus •Costa •C6- TUBERCULUM CAROTICUM •VERTEBRA PROMINENS- C7 VERTEBRAE THORACICAE •corpus: foveae costales - superiores, inferiores •processus transversus 1.-10.Th: fovea costalis pr. transversi •processus articulares: in frontal plane •Th4 – 9: impressio aortica • •Costa •Corpus vertebrae •Processus articulares •Processus spinosus •Arcus vertebrae •Processus transversus VERTEBRAE LUMBALES •processus costarii •processus accesorius- more caudally •processus mamillaris- more cranially •processus articulares- in sagital plane •processus spinosi- flat plate •Sacralization of last lumbar vertebra • •Costa •Corpus vertebrae •Processus articulares •Processus spinosus •Arcus vertebrae •Processus transversus OS SACRUM •facies dorsalis- crista- mediana, medialis, lateralis •facies auricularis- partes laterales ossis sacri •facies pelvina- lineae transversae •foramina sacralia- dorsalia, pelvina •canalis sacralis- hiatus sacralis- cornua sacralia •basis ossis sacri •apex ossis sacri • •Costa •Corpus vertebrae •Processus articulares •Processus spinosus •Arcus vertebrae •Processus transversus OS COCCYGIS •cornua ossis coccygis= processus transversi Co1 •apex coccygis •Corpus vertebrae •Processus articulares •Processus transversus COSTAE - RIBS •12 pairs of ribs: •costae verae: 7 pairs, true ribs •costae spuriae: 8th-10th pair, false ribs •costae fluctuantes (liberae) : 11th and 12th pair- free ribs •length- from 1st to 8th increases, the smallest: 1st and 12th, the largest 6th – 9th • RIB •os costae + cartilago: •caput costae, crista •collum costae •tuberculum costae •corpus costae •crista costae •sulcus costae •angulus costae • •Facies articularis capitis costae •Facies articularis tuberculi costae COSTA PRIMA/the first rib -sulcus arterie subclaviae -(sulcus venae subclaviae) -tuberculum m. scaleni anterioris -insertion of m. scalenus medius - begining of m. subclavius COSTA SECUNDA/the second rib - tuberculum m. scaleni posterioris - tuberositas m. serrati anterioris STERNUM •manubrium sterni- incisura- jugularis, clavicularis and places for connection with cartilages of the first pair of ribs •angulus sterni •corpus- incisurae costales •processus xiphoideus • X-RAY of cervical spine X-RAY of thoracic spine X-RAY of lumbar spine Thank you for your attention! •Pictures: •Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/Sobotta. Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20. Auflage. München:Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993 •Netter: Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. •Naňka, Elišková: Přehled anatomie. Galén, Praha 2009. •Čihák: Anatomie I, II, III. •Drake et al: Gray´s Anatomy for Students. 2010