•The skull •(cranium) Head_skull_anterior_view I.Neurocranial skull bones (protection of the brain) II. Splanchnocranial skull bones (form the underlay of the face) border – from the roof of the orbit to the external auditory canal Neurocranium (Calvarium and basis cranii) os frontale – frontal bone ossa parietalia – parietal bones os occipitale –occipital bone os sphenoidale – sphenoid bone ossa temporalia – temporal bones os ethmoidale – ethmoidal bone •Norma lateralis •Norma frontalis •calvarium •Basis cranii interna •Basis cranii externa Basis interna cranii Os frontale •Os frontale •Squama frontalis •sutura coronalis •tubera frontalia •margo supraorbitalis •incisura frontalis •incisura supraorbitalis •arcus superciliaris •glabella •Pars nasalis •sinus frontalis •Partes orbitale •fossa glandulae lacrimalis •foramen ethmoidale anterius •et posterius • • Os parietale •Exocranial surface: • •tubera parietalia •linea temporalis superior •linea temporalis inferior •foramen parietale • •Endocranial surface: •sulcus sinus sag sup •sulci arteriae meningeae •mediae • • • •Ossa parietalia •sutura coronalis •sutura sagittalis •sutura lambdoidea •sutura squamosa •Angulus •frontalis, sphenoidalis, occipitalis, •mastoideus • Os sphenoidale •Os sphenoidale • •corpus •alae minores (lesser wings) •alae majores (greater wigs) •processus pterygoidei •Corpus ossis sphenoidalis • •sinus sphenoidalis •sulcus praechiasmaticus •sella turcica- fossa hypophysialis • - dorsum sellae •sulcus caroticus • • • • • •Alae minores •fissura orbitalis superior •canalis opticus •processus clinoidei •anteriores • • •Alae majores: -Have five surfaces - •foramen rotundum •foramen ovale •foramen spinosum • •fisura orbitalis superior •fisura orbitalis inferior •Processus pterygoidei •lamina lateralis •lamina medialis- hamulus •fossa pterygoidea •canalis pterygoideus Os occipitale •Os occipitale • •1. pars basilaris: •clivus •tuberculum pharyngeum •synchondrosis (synostosis) sphenooccipitalis • •2. partes laterales: •condyli occipitales •incisura jugularis •canalis (nervi) hypoglossi • • • • • • • • •Endocranial surface: •eminentia cruciformis •crista occipitalis interna •sulcus sinus sagitalis superioris •sulcus sinus transversi •protuberantia occipitalis interna • •sulcus sinus sigmoidei •fossae cerebrales •fossae cerebellares • •foramen magnum •3. squama: •Exocranial surface: •protuberantia occipitalis externa •crista occipitalis externa •linea nuchae suprema •linea nuche superior •linea nuchae inferior Os ethmoidale •Os ethmoidale •lamina cribrosa •crista galli •lamina perpendicularis- part of the nasal septum •labyrinthi ethmoidales (cellulae ethmoidales) •lamina orbitalis (foramen ethmoidale anterius et posterius) •concha nasalis media, superior • • Os temporale •Os temporale • •Pars squamosa •Pars petrosa (pyramis) •Pars mastoidea •Pars tympanica •Processus styloideus •Pars squamosa: •- processus zygomaticus- arcus zygomaticus •- fossa mandibularis •- tuberculum articulare • • •Pars petrosa (pyramis) • •facies anterior pyramidis •- apex pyramidis •- impressio trigeminalis • •- sulcus n. petrosi majoris et • minoris •Facies posterior -porus acusticus internus -meatus acusticus internus •- Entrance of n. facialis •incisura jugularis (foramen jugulare) •Facies inferior pyramidis: - apertura externa canalis carotici •- foramen jugulare •- canaliculus mastoideus • •Processus styloideus •- foramen stylomastoideum • • • • •Pars tympanica: •meatus acusticus externus •porus acusticus externus • • • •Pars mastoidea •processus mastoideus- pneumatizovaná kost- •cellulae mastoideae •incisura mastoidea, sulcus a. occipitalis • •Canals in os temporale • 1.Canalis caroticus 2.Canalis n. facialis • • • •Splanchnocranium •Maxilla •Os nasale •Os lacrimale •Os zygomaticum •Vomer •Os palatinum •Concha nasalis inferior •Mandibula •Os hyoideum • Maxilla •Maxilla • •Corpus maxillae •Sinus maxillaris • •Processus frontalis •Processus zygomaticus •Processus alveolaris •Processus palatinus •Corpus maxillae • •Facies orbitalis • margo infraorbitalis • sulcus infraorbitalis • canalis infraorbitalis •(canals for nerves and vesel for the upper teeth) • •Facies anterior • foramen infraorbitale • incisura nasalis • fossa canina • • •Facies nasalis •- hiatus sinus maxillaris •- sinus maxillaris • • • • • • • • • •Facies infratemporalis •- tuber maxillae • (canals for nerves and vesel for the • upper teeth) • • • •Processus frontalis maxillae • •incisura nasalis (apertura piriformis) • • • • •Processus alveolaris •alveoli dentales • • • •Processus zygomaticus • •Processus palatinus • Os nasale •Os nasale •Apertura piriformis • •Os lacrimale • Os zygomaticum •Os zygomaticum •Corpus: •Facies lateralis • •Facies orbitalis • •Facies temporalis • •foramen zygomaticoorbitale •foramen zygomaticofaciale •Processus: •temporalis- arcus zygomaticus •frontalis •maxillaris • Vomer Os palatinum •Os palatinum •Lamina horizontalis •sutura palatina transversa •crista nasalis •foramen palatinum majus • • •Lamina perpendicularis •crista ethmoidalis et conchalis •foramen sphenopalatinum •processus orbitalis et sphenoidalis •Processus pyramidalis •Concha nasalis inferior Mandibula •Mandibula •corpus •ramus mandibulae dx. et sin. •angulus mandibulae •Corpus mandibulae: •fossae digastricae •spina mentalis •linea mylohyoidea •protuberantia mentalis •foramen mentale •processus alveolaris • •fovea sublingualis •fovea submandibularis •Ramus mandibulae: •processus condylaris •(caput, collum s fovea pterygoidea) •processus coronoideus •foramen mandibulae •(canalis mandibulae) •tuberositas masseterica •tuberositas pterygoidea •Os hyoideum •Corpus ossis hyoidei •Cornua minora ossis hyoidei •Cornua majora ossis hyoidei SKULL AS A WHOLE •Basis cranii interna • •Fossa cranii anterior •Fossa cranii media •Fossa cranii posterior •Cavum oris •Orbita • pyramidal shape •entrance: aditus orbitae •top: canalis opticus •Orbita •Otvory: foramen ethmoidale anterius • foramen ethmoidale posterius • fissura orbitalis superior • fissura orbitalis inferior • •Cavitas nasi ossea: •entrance: apertura piriformis •exit: choanae • • • • •Septum nasi osseum Laterální vrstva Prostřední vrstva Mediální vrstva •Fossa pterygopalatina: •anterior wall: tuber maxillae •roof: greater wings of sphenoid bone •Posterior wall: processus pterygoideus •Medial wall: lamina perpendicularis •ossis palatini •Lateral wall: is free •Connections with: •Fossa cranii media– foramen rotundum •orbita–fissura orbitalis inferior •cavum oris–canalis palatinus major •fossa infratemporalis– lateral wall •Basis cranii externa-canalis pterygoideus •cavum nasi–foramen sphenopalatinum •Content: •ganglion pterygopalatinum •n. maxillaris and its branches •a. Maxillaris - its terminal branches •Fossa temporalis: • •Connections with: •orbita - fissura orbitalis inferior •fossa infratemporalis •Content: •m. temporalis •Fossa infratemporalis: •-continuation of the temporal fossa •Openings: foramen ovale • foramen spinosum • foramen mandibulare • fissura orbitalis inferior • •Content: mm. pterygoidei The newborn skull Typical features of the newborn skull: -neurocranium in comparison with splanchnocranium -fonticuli -lenght 11 cm, wide 9 cm, circumference 34 cm •8:1 •2:1 •synchrondrosis sphenooccipitalis •THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!