GRAMMAR A) Comparison of adjectives Adjectives are compared in Latin in the same manner as in English. There are three degrees of comparison a. POSITIVE expresses quality of one person or thing on its own. b. COMPARATIVE compares one person or thing with another and enable us to say whether a person or thing has more or less of a particular quality. a. All comparative forms are declined according to paradigms: DOLOR (M., F.) and CORPUS (N.) b. All three genders share the same Genitive ending – IORIS and Ablative ending –ORE c. Neuters have a special ending -IUS in Nominative (=Accusative) Sg. and –ORA in Pl. singular plural nominative brevior brevius breviores breviora genitive brevioris breviorum accusative breviorem brevius breviores breviora ablative breviore brevioribus c. SUPERLATIVE describes one person or thing as having the most of a quality of all other people or things in a group. a. All superlative forms end in –US, -A, -UM and are declined like adjectives of 1^st and 2^nd declension d. Irregular and incomplete forms: magnus, a, um > maior, maius > maximus a, um (big, bigger, the biggest) parvus, a, um > minor, minus > minimus, a, um (small smaller, the smallest) ante > anterior, ius > ø post > posterior, ius > postremus a, um supra > superior, ius > supremus, a, um infra > inferior, ius > infimus/imus, a, um intra > interior, ius > intimus, a, um EXERCISES Task 1: Form comparatives and superlatives from given adjectives: parvus, a, um ........................................ ........................................ brevis, e ........................................ ........................................ fortis, e ........................................ ........................................ acutus, a, um ........................................ ........................................ magnus, a, um ........................................ ........................................ longus, a, um ........................................ ........................................ gravis, e ........................................ ........................................ profundus, a, um ........................................ ........................................ latus, a, um ........................................ ........................................ Task 2: Fill in comparatives and superlatives in correct forms: minimus, a, um musculus abductor digiti ........................................ minor,minus cornu ........................................ossis hyoidei superior, ius defectus arcus dentalis ........................................ intimus,a,um musculi intercostales ........................................ inferior,ius amputatio membri ........................................ imus, a,um arteriae lumbales ........................................ anterior, ius peritoneum parietale ........................................ latissimus,a,um ruptura musculi ........................................dorsi posterior, ius arteria temporalis profunda ........................................ Task 3: Form comparatives and superlatives from the given forms of adjectives: in foraminibus parvis ........................................ ........................................ post traumata gravia ........................................ ........................................ laesio partis mollis ........................................ ........................................ ulcus frequens ........................................ ........................................ in tunica interna ........................................ ........................................ cum dolore acuto ........................................ ........................................ fractura cornuum magnorum ........................................ ........................................ propter infarctum recentem ........................................ ........................................ medicamenta fortia ........................................ ........................................ Task 4: Give the opposites: lobus inferior / ........................................ facies externa / ........................................ossis frontalis circulatio sanguinis minor / ........................................ foramen ischiadicum majus / ........................................ musculus adductor brevis / ........................................ pars posterior / ........................................linguae tunica interna / ........................................vasorum segmentum anterius / ........................................lobi superioris pulmonis dextri. meatus nasi superior / ........................................ Task 5: Create meaningful diagnoses: a) pro / dosis / infantibus / maxima ___________________________________________________________________________ b) oris / chronicum / superioris / ulcus / labii ___________________________________________________________________________ c) sepsim / propter / lateris / amputatio / membri / sinistri / inferioris ___________________________________________________________________________ d) gastritidis / minoris / suspicio / gradus ___________________________________________________________________________ e) inferioris / dextri / rami / et / ossis / fractura / superioris / pubis / lateris ___________________________________________________________________________ Task 6: Translate: shorter bone more severe injury bigger danger bigger sublingual duct in the upper hollow vein the longest muscle of the upper limb lesser curvature of ventricle of heart posterior deep temporal artery fracture of the middle phalanx of the smallest finger the most recent infarction the most frequent disease the innermost layer of oesophagus amputation of the lower limb due to gangraena caused by diabetes mellitus Task 7: Put the correct Latin anatomical terms: .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ................................................. Task 8: Decide whether the following sentences are true/false: TRUE FALSE 1. Pelvis feminina levior est. 2. Pelvis masculina latior est. 3. Apertura superior pelvis femininae major est. 4. Cavitas pelvis femininae angustior est. 5. Os sacrum pelvis masculinae brevius est. 6. Os sacrum pelvis femininae latius est. 7. Foramina obturatoria pelvis femininae majora sunt. 8. Acetabula feminina majora sunt. 9. Coccyx feminina brevior est. 10. Angulus alarum ossis ilii masculini minor est. 11. Promontorium femininum minus est. 12. Symphysis pubica feminina longior est.