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Nervous system
Nervous system
1) Sensory function – changes in the internal and external environment
2) Integrative function – analyse, store and compare informations
3) Motor function – responds to stimuli by initiating contraction and
glandular secretion
Receptor CNS
analyzing
Efector
Striated muscles
Smooth muscles
Myocardium
Glands
Sensor (afferent, centripetal neurons) Motor (efferent, centrifugal neurons)
Nervous system divisions
1) Centran Nervous System (CNS) – brain, spinal cord
2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – cranial nerves (I-XII), spinal nerves
(31 pairs), vegetative (visceral or autonomic) system
NEURON
Body (perikaryon)
Dendrits (denritic zone)
neurit (axon)
– inicial segment
Schwann´s covering
Myelin covering
Schwann cells with fat (PNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Ranvier nodes
internodal segments
GLIAL CELLS
Makroglia (astrocytes) – transport of substances between capillary and
neuron
Oligodendroglia – covering of axons in CNS
Schwann cells – covering of axons in PNS
Mikroglia – fagocytation activity
Ependym – cover ventricles
TYPES OF NEURONS (morfological division)
multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, unipolar
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1. SENSORIC (ascendent, aferent, centripetal)
Somatosensoric (proprioception, exteroception)
Viscerosensoric (interoception)
2. MOTOR
Somatomotor
(striated muscles)
Visceromotor
sympaticus, parasympaticus – vegetativ, autonomic
(smooth muscles, heart, glands)
3. INTERNEURONS
TYPES OF NEURONS (functional division) DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Central (CNS) – spinal cord, brain
Gray matter – bodies of neurons (cortex, nuclei)
White matter – myelinated nerve fibres
2. Peripheral – spinal, cranial and autonomic nerves
(sensoric, motor, mixed)
plexuses
Central nervous system
Spinal cord (medulla spinalis)
Brain (cerebrum, encephalon)
Medulla oblongata
Pons (pons Varoli)
Cerebellum
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (diencephalon)
Telencephalon
Spinal cord (medulla spinalis)
Decussatio pyramidum, spinal nerves C1
Saccus durae matris
L 1-2 adults, L 3-4 newborns
SEGMENTS
Cerical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
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ROOTS,
MENINGES
Dura mater
Arachnoidea
CAUDA EQUINA
SPINAL NERVE ROOTS SEGMENTS GANGLION SPINALE
Dorsal root
Ventral root
Dorsal root ganglion
Lumbar puncture
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BRAIN STEM
Medulla oblongata
Pons
(pons Varoli)
Midbrain
(mesencephalon)
Hindbrain
(diencephalon)
Medulla oblongata • spinal cord continuation (20–25mm)
(bulbus medullae spinalis)
•from 1. pair of spinal nervesu
(decussatio pyramidum) to pons Varoli
• sulcus bulbopontinus (VI., VII., VIII.)
• sulcus lateralis anterior (XII.)
• sulcus lateralis posterior (IX., X., XI.)
• pyramis medullae oblongatae
(Corticospinal tract)
Fossa rhomboidea
Bottom of the fourth ventricle
(dorsal side of brain stem)
1. pars superior (mesencephalon)
2. pars intermedia (pons Varoli)
3. pars inferior (medulla oblongata)
between pedunculi cerebellares inf.
sulcus medianus
sulci limitantes (eminentia medialis)
trigonum nervi hypogloossi
trigonum nervi vagi (fovea inferior)
Pons Varoli
sulcus basilaris (a. basilaris)
sulcus bulbopontinus
VI. – nervus abducens
VII. – nervus facialis
VIII. – nervus vestibulocochlearis
pedunculi cerebellares medii
V. – nervus trigeminus
Lateral side of pons Varoli
pedunculus cerebellaris medius
nervus trigeminus
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Dorsal side of pons Varoli
Middle portion of fossa rhomboidea
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Between pons Varoli and kem
(asi 30 mm)
crura (pedunculi) cerebri
fossa interpeduncularis
sulcus nervi oculomotorii
n. III. (nervus oculomotorius)
Dorsal side of midbrain
corpora quadrigemina (lamina tecti)
colliculi superiores
(optic-motor reflexes)
colliculi inferiores
(akustic–motor reflexes)
Connected with hindbrain (CGL, CGM)
pedunculi cerebellares superiores
velum medullare superius
frenulum veli medullaris superioris
n. IV. – nervus trochlearis
Pars superior fossae rhomboideae
Cerebellum
Posterior cranial fossa
(fossae cerebellares)
On the dorsal side of brain stem
Boundaires of the fourth ventricle
fissura transversa cerebri (tentorium
cerebelli) separates the cerebellum
from the occipital lobes
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Cerebellum 130-150 g
Vermis cerebelli
Hemispheria cerebelli
Margo anterior
(incisura cerebelli ant.)
Margo posterior
(incisura cerebelli post.)
Pedunculus flocculi
Flocculus
Sulci cerebelli
Folia cerebelli
Connected with brain stem by
three peduncles:
1. Pedunculi cerebellares sup.
(midbrain)
velum medullare sup.
2. Pedunculi cerebellares med.
(pons Varoli)
3. Pedunculi cerebellares inf.
(medulla oblongata)
fastigium
velum medullare inf.
Functional division of
cerebellum:
1. vestibular (archicerebellum)
lingula, pars nodulofloccularis
2. spinal (palaeocerebellum)
medial and paramedial zone
lobus anterior and posterior
3. cerebral (neocerebellum)
lateral zone lobus anterior and
posterior
Archi - palleo – neo – CEREBELLUM
fylogenetic and functional division
1. balance
2. tonus
3. coordination
lenghth estimation
GRAY MATTER
cortex cerebelli on the surface of hemispheria and vermis
nuclei cerebelli (ncll. fastigii, ncl. globosi, ncl. emboliformis, ncl. dentatus)
WHITE MATTER
arbor vitae (tree of life)
Diencephalon (hindbrain)
Thalamencephalon
Thalamus
Epithalamus
Metathalamus
sulcus hypothalamicus
(„sulcus limitans“ )
Hypothalamus a
subthalamus
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ROSTRAL SIDE OF DIENCEPHALON
Lamina terminalis (between commisura anterior and chiasma opticum)
BASAL SIDE OF DIENCEPHALON
Chiasma opticum
Hypophysis cerebri
Corpora mamillaria
DORSAL SIDE OF DIENCEPHALON
Thalamus
Tuberculum thalami anterius
Pulvinar thalami
Stria terminalis
(vena thalamostriata)
Taenia choroidea
(tela choroidea ventriculi lateralis)
Stria medullaris thalami
(tela choroidea ventriculi tertii)
Epithalamus
Epithalamus
Corpus pineale (epiphysis)
CHANGING OF THE DAY AND NIGHT
Metathalamus
corpus geniculatum mediale
(auditory tract)
corpus geniculatum laterale
(optic tract)
MEDIAL SIDE OF DIENCEPHALON
lateral side of III. ventricle
sulcus hypothalamicus
(foramen interventriculare
- aquaductus cerebri)
adhesio interthalamica
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LATERAL SIDE OF DIENCEPHALON
Connected with structures
of telencephalon
(capsula interna,
nucleus caudatus)
TELENCEPHALON
Hemisphaeria cerebri
Fissura longitudinalis cerebri
Cortex cerebri
Sulci cerebri
Gyri cerebri
Polus frontalis
Polus occipitalis
Polus temporalis
Hemispheria cerebri
facies superolateralis (convexa)
facies medialis
facies inferior
margo superior
margo inferior
margo medialis
Lobus frontalis
Lobus parietalis
Lobus occipitalis
Lobus temporalis
Lobus insulae
Lobes of telencephalon:
Sulcus lateralis
ramus ant., ascen., post.
Sulcus centalis
Sulcus parietooccipitalis
Incisura praeoccipitalis
(impresio petrosa)
Facies superolateralis cerebri – gyruses Facies inferior cerebri – sulci et gyri
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Facies medialis cerebri – sulci et gyri
Lobus insulae
Operculum
frontale
parietale
temporale
Corpus callosum
Basal ganglia
Corpus amygdaloideum
Globus pallidus
Nucleus caudatus
Putamen
Claustrum
Gray matter with hemispheres
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Ventricles of the brain
Ventriculi laterales
foramen interventriculare
Ventriculus tercius
aqueductus mesencephali
Ventriculus quartus
canalis centralis
THE FOURTH VENTRICLE
Between the brain stem and cerebellum
Fossa rhomboidea
sulcus medianus
sulci limitantes
eminentia medialis
pars superior, intermedia, inferior
Tegmen ventriculi quarti
velum medullare superius
fastigium
velum medullare inferius
Pars superior
fovea superior (n. V.)
locus coeruleus
Pars intermedia
stria medullaris, recessus lat.
colliculus facialis (n. VI.)
area vestibularis
tuberculum acusticum
Pars inferior
trigonum nervi hypogloossi
trigonum nervi vagi (fovea inferior)
In the midline between both hemispheres
Lateral wall:
Thalamus
adhesio interthalamica
sulcus hypothalamicus
foramen interventriculare
Hypothalamus
Basal wall:
Hypothalamus
Recessus opticus
Recessus infundibularis
THE THIRD VENTRICLE
Anterior wall:
lamina terminalis
commisura ant.
pars libera columnae fornicis
Posterior wall:
recessus suprapinealis
commisura habenularum
recessus pinealis
commisura posterior
aquaeductus cerebri
Roof:
tela choroidae ventriculi III. (stria medullaris thalami, trigonum
habenulae, commisura habenularum)
recessus suprapinealis
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Cornu anterius (lobus frontalis), pars centralis (lobus parietalis),
cornu posterius (lobus occipitalis), cornu inferius (lobus temporalis
LATERAL VENTRICLE Cornu anterius (frontal lobe):
Septum pellucidum
Corpus callosum
Ncl. caudatus
Pars centralis:
Corpus callosum
Ncl. caudatus
Stria terminalis
VENTRICULUS LATERALIS Cornu posterius (occipital lobe):
Corpus callosum
Trigonum collaterale
Calcar avis
Cornu inferius (temporal lobe):
Corpus callosum
Ncl. caudatus
Stria terminalis
(tela choroidea ventriculi lat.)
Fimbria hippocampi
Hippocampus (pes hippoc.)
Eminentia collateralis
MENINGES
Spatium epidurale (spinal cord !)
Dura mater
(encephali, spinalis)
Spatium subdurale
Arachnoidea
Spatium subachanoidale
(liquor cerebrospinalis)
Pia mater
DURA MATER ENCEPHALI
Falx cerebri
(fissura longit. cerebri)
Falx cerebelli
(incisura cerebelli post.)
Tentorium cerebelli
(fissura transv. cerebri)
incisura tentorii
Diaphragma sellae
Cavum trigeminale
Vagina nervi optici
Sinus durae matris
LEPTOMENINX ENCEPHALI
Arachnoidea
Granulationes arachnoidales
Spatium subarachnoidale
Liquor cerebrospinalis
Cisternae subarachnoidales
Pia mater encephali
Tela choroidea ventriculorum
Plexus choroidei
(liquor cerebrospinalis)
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MENINGES – MEDULLA SPINALIS
Endorhachis
Spatium epidurale
(plexus venosi vertebrales int.)
Saccus durae matris
(S2-3, filum durae matris)
Arachnoidea spinalis (S2)
Pia mater spinalis
(ligamentum denticulatum)
Spatium subarachnoidale
(cisterna lumbalis – cauda equina)
Cisternae subarachnoidales
cerebellomedullaris, fossae lateralis cerebri, interpeduncularis,
chiasmatis, ambiens, lumbalis
LIQUOR CEREBROSPINALIS 80-150 ml (500-800 per day)
Plexus choroideus
ventriculi lateralis
(ventriculi III., IV.)
foramen interventriculare
(ventriculus III.)
aqueductus cerebri
(ventriculus IV.)
canalis centralis
(medulla spinalis)
apertura mediana, later.
ventriculi IV.
(spatium subarachnoidale)
sinus sagittalis superior
vv. radiculares
ARTERIES OF THE BRAIN Arteria carotis interna
Arteria ophthalmica
Arteria choroidea ant.
Arteria communicans
posterior
(circulus arteriosus cerebri)
Arteria cerebri media
(circulus arteriosus cerebri)
Arteria cerebri anterior
(circulus arteriosus cerebri)
Arteria vertebralis
r. spinalis
a. basilaris
CIRCULUS ARTERIOSUS CEREBRI Arteriae cerebri anteriores
Arteria communicans anterior
Arteriae cerebri mediae
Arteria communicans posterior
Arteriae cerebri posteriores
Arteria cerebri anterior
Arteria cerebri media
Arteria cerebri posterior
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ARTERIES OF THE SPINAL CORD
rr. spinales (branches of the adjacent arteries)
aa. radiculares ant.
aa. radiculares post.
a. spinalis ant.
(fissura mediana ant.)
2 aa. spinales post.
(sulcus medianus post.)
SINUS DURAE MATRIS
Sinus sagittalis sup., inf.
Sinus occipitalis
Sinus transversus
Sinus rectus
Sinus sigmoideus
Sinus petrosus sup., inf.
Sinus cavernosus
(sinus intercavernosi)
Sinus sphenoparietalis
Plexus basilaris
DEEP VEINS OF THE BRAIN
Vena septi pellucidi
+
Vena choroidea
+
Vena thalamostriata
Vena cerebri interna
Vena cerebri magna
Sinus rectus
SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF THE BRAIN Vv. cerebri superiores
(sinus sagittalis superior)
V. cerebri media superficialis
(sinus sphenoparietalis nebo
sinus cavernosus)
Vena anastomatica sup.
Vena anastomatica inf.
V. cerebri media profunda
(vena basalis)
Vv. cerebri inferiores
(sinus transversus)
Vv. cerebri inferiores
form vena basilaris
(v. cerebri magna)
VENOUS PLEXUS OF THE SPINAL CANAL