2 Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system 1 Evolutionary approach Evolution is not revolution 2 The role of nervous system Input Integration Output REGULATIONREGULATION Potential input Potential output ANTICIPATIONANTICIPATION Sensor Effector Cortex Cortex 3 Evolution of the nervous system Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Input Integration Output 4 Evolution of the nervous system Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Input Integration Output 5 Evolution of the nervous system Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Input Integration Output 6 Evolution of the nervous system Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Input Integration Output 7 Evolution of the nervous system Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Input Integration Output 8 • Polyp – Reticular NS – Nonspecific reaction on irritation Evolution of the nervous system http://xavierinterestingscience.weebly.com/cnidaria.html 9 • Jellyfish – Around propulsion part is nervous system into the ring – Coordinated contraction – coordinated movement Evolution of the nervous system http://xavierinterestingscience.weebly.com/cnidaria.html 10 • Jellyfish – Around propulsion part is nervous systém into the ring – Coordinated contraction – coordinated movement Evolution of the nervous system http://xavierinterestingscience.weebly.com/cnidaria.html 11 Evolution of the nervous system • Worms – Segmented nervous system – Left – right coordination – Ganglia – „Brain“ ganglion – head – forward locomotion – food intake https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm 12 Evolution of the nervous system • Insect – „Sophisticated“ NS – Coordinated movement – „Developed“ senses – Communication skills (bee) http://bilingualbiology10.blogspot.cz/2013/08/topic-11b-arthropods-izeltlabuak.html 13 14 http://www.rupestreweb.info/mimesis.htmlhttp://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2013/12/27/frugal-to-the-point-of-vacuity/ Evolution of the nervous system • Mammalians and humans – Peak of NS development Basics of behavior enabling survival • Multipurpose movements – The most basic actions of individual organisms ➢Locomotion: to approach or to avoid something ➢Orienting: towards or away from something ➢Exploring/foraging/seeking (includes the first two plus motivation) • Background (maintenance) activity – respiration, temperature regulation, postural reflexes • Motivation 15 Basics of behavior enabling survival • Multipurpose movements – The most basic actions of individual organisms ➢Locomotion: to approach or to avoid something ➢Orienting: towards or away from something ➢Exploring/foraging/seeking (includes the first two plus motivation) • Background (maintenance) activity – respiration, temperature regulation, postural reflexes • Motivation 16 Basics of behavior enabling survival • Multipurpose movements – The most basic actions of individual organisms ➢Locomotion: to approach or to avoid something ➢Orienting: towards or away from something ➢Exploring/foraging/seeking (includes the first two plus motivation) • Background (maintenance) activity – respiration, temperature regulation, postural reflexes • Motivation 17 Head receptors and forward locomotion - sophisticated sensorimotor abilities • Sensory analyzing mechanisms – Connected to inputs from cranial nerves • Associated motor apparatus – For directing the receptors (orienting movements) – For controlling alterations in posture and locomotion under guidance from these receptors • Crucial background: maintenance of homeostasis 18 Head receptors and forward locomotion - sophisticated sensorimotor abilities • Sensory analyzing mechanisms – Connected to inputs from cranial nerves • Associated motor apparatus – For directing the receptors (orienting movements) – For controlling alterations in posture and locomotion under guidance from these receptors • Crucial background: maintenance of homeostasis 19 Evolution of the brain • Neural tube • Locomotion • Rostral receptors Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 20 Evolution of the brain • Expansion of hindbrain (Rhombencefalon - Medula oblongata, pons Varoli, cerebellum) • Input – Information form head sensors • Output – Motor system (Fixed action pattern reflex/instinct behavior) Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 21 Evolution of the brain • Expansoin of forebrain 1 (Prosencephalon - diencephalon, telencephalon) (simultaneously with hindbrain) • Input – Olfaction (Approach/avoidance) • Output – Motor system (via corpus striatum) Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 22 Evolution of the brain • Expansoin of forebrain 1 (Prosencephalon - diencephalon, telencephalon) (simultaneously with hindbrain) • Input – Olfaction (Approach/avoidance) • Output – Motor system (via corpus striatum) Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 23 Evolution of the brain • Expansion of midbrain • Input – Vision, sense of hearing (distant senses) • Output – Motor system (Approach – contralateral m.) (Avoidance – ipsilateral m.) • Advantage – Speed – Acuity Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 24 Evolution of the brain • Expansoin of forebrain 2 (Prosencephalon - diencephalon, telencephalon) • Input – Nonolfactory systems connected to forebrain – Mainly vision and hearing • Advantage – Plastic connections of forebrain • Thalamus – Gating (Corpus striatum and cortex) Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 25 Evolution of the brain • Expansoin of forebrain 3 • Neocortica expansion • Simultaneous expansion of – Neostiratum – Neocerebellum • Advantage – „High resolution“ information processing – Anticipation Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 26 Thalmus and neocortex • Thalamic nuclei – Nonspecific – Specific • Reciprocal connections between thalamus and neocortex http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-thalamus-and-cerebral-cortex-integrative-systems-part-2/ Gating 27 Cerebellum http://www.slideshare.net/HarshshaH103/cerebellum-its-function-and-releveance-in-psychiatry Coordination 28 Hierarchy of central nervous system http://www.indiana.edu/~p1013447/dictionary/cns.htm 29 Hierarchy of central nervous system https://rajugurusamy.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/memories1.gif?w=497 30 Hierarchy of central nervous system https://userscontent2.emaze.com/images/be175f0a-afae-4d7c-944c-f6376cf09fba/60c3e8a3-a6b9-4a3d-943d-1841136a9ccf.png 31