Brain Cortex Primary sensory Association cortices arid motor areas Brain Functions Frontal lobe Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving, emotions and behavioural control, personality Motor cortex Movement Sensory cortex Sensations Parietal lobe Perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic spelling Occipital lobe Vision Temporal lobe Memory, understanding language http://www.modernfamilyideas.com Brain Functions Frontal lobe Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving, emotions and behavioural control, personality Motor cortex Movement Sensory cortex Sensations Parietal lobe Perception, making oild ng Occipital lobe Vision http://www.modernfamilyideas.com Brain Functions Frontal lobe Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and pro/^^cusolving, Motor cortex Movement Sensory cortex Sensations Parietal lobe Perception, making sense of the^vorld. Temporal lobe Memory, understanding, language http://www.modernfamilyideas.com Communication Signal exchange S Smell S Visual S Acoustic Encoding S Simple - body size S Complex-dance of the honey bee Between individuals of S Same species S Different species á https://www.mindtoolsxom/media/Diagrams/CommunicationsProcess.jpg source Encoding Communication in human society • Non-verbal - Hard to control Language The most sophisticated tool of communication Language is characteristic that defines the human species - No human society without language - No other species that have a language Language was a precondition for development of complex society and development of culture cm 00 o LD >- 1 5 8 Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so 9 Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so • Complex hierarchic code > Syllable - Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg 10 Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so • Complex hierarchic code > Syllable - Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds > Word - Symbol with a meaning http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg 11 Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so • Complex hierarchic code > Syllable - Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds > Word - Symbol with a meaning http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg > Sentence - A group of words organized according to the rules of syntax 12 number of words 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Learning to speak Learning to speak takes a long time • Understanding - „sensoric" • Speaking -„motor action'' 6 12 18 24 30 36 months Native 3^7 S-10 11-16 17-39 of arrival (yeare) Learning to speak number of words 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 _l_I_I_l_ 6 12 18 24 30 36 months Native 3^7 S-10 11-16 17-39 of arrival (yeare) Learning to speak takes a long time period • Understanding - „sensoric" • Speaking -„motor action'' 7.-12. month - baby begins to understand simple orders 1. year - baby uses a couple of words 2. -5. years - baby maters syntax rules 6. years - child uses around 2500 words i Learning to speak number of words 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 _l_I_I_l_ 6 12 18 24 30 36 months Native 3^7 S-10 11-16 17-39 of arrival (yeare) Learning to speak takes a long time period • Understanding - „sensoric" • Speaking -„motor action'' 7.-12. month - baby begins to understand simple orders 1. year - baby uses a couple of words 2. -5. years - baby maters syntax rules 6. years - child uses around 2500 words Adult vocabulary • Active: 3000 -10 000 words • Passive: 3-6x higher than active v. i Language areas Arcuate fasciculus There are two main language areas • Broca's area (motor) S Close to motor cortex • Wernicke's area (sensor) S Close to auditory cortex • Fasciculus arcuatus Language areas Arcuate fasciculus Angular gyrus Broca's area Wernicke's area Broca's aphasia S Motor, expressive S Comprehension preserved, speach unarticulated Wernicke's aphasia S perceptive, sensor S Comprehension damaged, speech fluent, but not meaningful There are two main language areas • Broca's area (motor) S Close to motor cortex • Wernicke's area (sensor) S Close to auditory cortex • Fasciculus arcuatus Conduction aphasia ^ Damage of fasc. arcuatus S Speech fluent, comprehension preserved S Problem with repeating words and sentences Dysarthria S Problem with articulation S For example, damage of vocal cord ... Broca's area Area 45 S Semantic processing ^selection and manipulation with appropriate words" Area 44 S Phonological processing and language production ^selection and activation of particular motor centers" Wernicke's area Area 22 S Three subdivisions 1. The first responds to spoken words (including the individual's own) and other sounds 2. The second responds only to words spoken by someone else but is also activated when the individual recalls a list of words. 3. The third sub-area seems more closely associated with producing speech than with perceiving it 19 Algorithm of sound processing rcedi worn Pseudo-word v P-O-T association COrtex - meaningful - No meaning Lobulus parietalis inferior Q. Gyrus supramarginalis (Area 40) S Phonological and articulatory processing of words Gyrus angularis (Area 39) S Semantic processing Rich communication with Broca's and Wernicke's areas (triangular communication) Integration of auditory, visual and somatosensory information Integration of auditory, visual and somatosensory information Interpretation of sound Interpretation of visual signal Interpretation of somatosensation Interpretation of spoken/read word ^ Categorization Lobulus parietalis inferior • Late evolutionary as well as ontogenic development • Fully developed at the age of 5 - 6 years - Children usually cannot „activelly" read before this age (understand the meaning of the text which he/she reads) 23 Lobulus parietalis inferior • Late evolutionary as well as ontogenic development • Fully developed at the age of 5 - 6 years - Children usually cannot „activelly" read before this age (understand the meaning of the text which he/she reads) • The language functions are also involved in complex „inner" categorization • The language („both spoken and inner") enabled development of complex (abstract) thinking and development of culture 24 Lobulus parietalis inferior • Late evolutionary as well as ontogenic development • Fully developed at the age of 5 - 6 years - Children usually cannot „activelly" read before this age (understand the meaning of the text which he/she reads) • The language functions are also involved in complex „inner" categorization • The language („both spoken and inner") enabled development of complex (abstract) thinking and development of culture • The human society development is linked to information technology development S Spoken language S A system of writing S Printing S Internet 25 Language functions lateralization Broca's and Wernicke's area is localized in the left hemisphere in 97% of people Localization of B-W areas is not fully linked to left/right hand lateralization S 90% of people are right handed S 95% of right handed people have B-W area in the left hemisphere S The majority of left handed people has B-W areas also in left hemisphere 26 Language functions lateralization Broca's and Wernicke's area is localized in the left hemisphere in 97% of people Localization of B-W areas is not fully linked to left/right hand lateralization S 90% of people are right handed S 95% of right handed people have B-W area in the left hemisphere S The majority of left handed people has B-W areas also in left hemisphere Some scientists suggest that the left hemisphere dominance for language evolved from this hemisphere's better motor control The language specialization develops in the left hemisphere, which matures slightly earlier 27 Right hemisphere language functions • Non-verbal aspect of language S Prosody -intonation, stress... • Non-literal language aspects S Irony S Metaphors • Understanding to discourse / complex speech S Lecture, discussion http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 28 Women and language • Females' speech is more fluent - they can pronounce more words or sentences in a given amount of time 29 Women and language • Females' speech is more fluid - they can pronounce more words or sentences in a given amount of time • Women have the reputation of being able to talk and listen while doing all sorts of things at the same time • Women language is more widespread in both hemispheres while in men more left lateralized - more nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of their brains, which also suggests that more information is exchanged between them. 30 Women and language Females' speech is more fluid - they can pronounce more words or sentences in a given amount of time Women have the reputation of being able to talk and listen while doing all sorts of things at the same time Women language is more widespread in both hemispheres while in men more left lateralized - more nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of their brains, which also suggests that more information is exchanged between them. The males' higher levels of testosterone, which delays the development of the left hemisphere - 4 times more boys than girls suffer from stuttering, dyslexia Functional diagnostic methods • Detection of electrical activity - Higher neuronal activity - higher electrical activity - Electroencephalography (EEG) • Detection of regional blood flow - Higher neuronal activity - increased blod flow - Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) - Positron emission tomography (PET) - Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 32 EEG Detection of neuronal electrical activity monopolar arrangement: EEG Beta(ß) 13-30 Hz ^^r^A^ Frontally and parietally Alpha (a) 3-13 Hz Occipitally Theta (©) 4-8 Hz Children, sleeping adults Delta (5) 0.5-4 Hz Infants, sleeping adults Spikes 3 Hz Epilepsy- 200 n petit mal v ^V] 100 0 -1 i-1- 0 1 http://www.slideshare.net/akashbhoil2/eeg-53489764 ~i 2 r~ 3 Time [s]4 En/ I 1 /Ä r£\ A ms/DV/O Lelt(A1-Cľ) Right {H-Ciŕ r^ť / V/\^d^^-^ 1 0,lu LeftťW-fř) Righl(AlCz) p*^%™^*!ŕŕ\>^^ 1 Diu I 2üj Right Click! http://tidsskriftet.no/2013/05/evoked-potential-tests-clinical-diagnosis ]100 u-v Gran tů u "> i_ aj aj cm c aj c o u aj aj aj cm in 00 o o in t/i