Questions of medical microbiology – actual, valid for autumn semester 2015/16 Practical tasks are not published for students, it is necessary to learn the topics of both semesters (including understanding the principles of tasks). General microbiology 1. Morphology of bacteria, composition of a bacterial cell 2. Bacterial metabolism 3. Microorganisms and environment, growth and multiplication of bacteria, cultivation of bacteria 4. Bacterial genetics 5. Course, form and outcome of an infection 6. Forms and mechanisms of transmission and spreading of infections 7. Pathogenicity and virulence 8. Invasivity factors 9. Ability of microorganisms to break through host defence mechanisms 10. Microbial toxicity 11. Damage as result of host defence reactions 12. Antiinfective immunity – survey, microbial antigens 13. Principles and mechanisms of specific (acquired) antimicrobial immunity – cell mediated 14. Principles and mechanisms of specific (acquired) antimicrobial immunity – humoral (antibodies and their production and importance) 15. Principles and mechanisms of non-specific (innate) antimicrobial immunity – humoral components, barriers against colonisation and invasion of microbes 16. Principles and mechanisms of non-specific (innate) antimicrobial immunity – cell components, phagocytosis 17. Serology reactions – principles, interpretation of results 18. Normal human microbial flora – composition and importance (resident and transient flora) 19. Nature and classification of viruses, virion structure, viral genetics 20. Multiplication of viruses. Influence of viral infection on a cell 21. Course, forms and pathogenesis of viral infections 22. Viruses and environment, inactivation of viruses 23. Host protection against viral infections 24. General properties of fungi and their pathogenicity 25. Basic terms of parasitology, differences from other branches of microbiology Antimicrobial therapy 1. Survey and practical use of disinfection, multi-step disinfection and higher step disinfection 2. Survey and practical use of sterilization, use of bioindicators 3. Effects of antimicrobial drugs on microbes 4. Undesirable effects of antibiotics 5. Resistance of microbes to antimicrobial drugs and antimicrobial susceptibility testing 6. Clinically important resistances (MRSA, MLS, VRE, betalactamases and karbapenemases) and their detection 7. Antibiotic and non-antibiotic treatment of biofilm infections, control of effectivity of such a treatment 8. Basic principles of antimicrobial therapy – choice of antibiotics 9. Antibiotic centre, rational antibiotic therapy and prophylaxis 10. Penicillins 11. Cephalosporins 12. Monobactams and karbapenems 13. Tetracyclines, glycylcyclines and chloramphenicole 14. Aminoglykosides 15. Macrolids and azalids 16. Linkosamides, streptogramins, oxazolidinons 17. Glykopeptides, (lipoglykopeptids), polypeptides and ansamycins 18. Quinolones and fluoroquinolones 19. Other antibacterial chemoterapeutics – antagonists of folic acid, nitrofurans, nitroimidazoles 20. Antituberculotics, basic principles of therapy of mycobacterial infections 21. Antimycotics for both topical and general therapy 22. Prevention, prophylaxis of viral infections 23. Antivirotics 24. Antiparasital drugs 25. Artificial active immunisation – principle, types of vaccines, practical use (regular and other vaccines) 26. Regular vaccination compulsory and voluntary, vaccination and chemoprophylaxis when travelling abroad 27. Artificial passive immunisation Aetiology 1. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of sepsis 2. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of infectious endocarditis 3. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of infections related to the presence of implants and biofilm formation (including catheter sepsis) 4. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of rhinitis, sinusitis and middle ear infections 5. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of tonsillitis, pharyngitis and tonsilopharyngitis 6. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of respiratory infections – laryngitis, epiglottitis, tracheitis 7. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of eye infections 8. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of lower respiratory tract infections and lungs – bronchitis, community acquired pneumonia 9. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of lower respiratory tract infections and lungs – nosocomial pneumonia and subacute or chronic lung infections 10. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of infections of oral cavity and oesophagus infections and gastric diseases with partially microbial aetiology 11. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of intestinal infections 12. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of enterotoxicoses 13. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of bile ways and liver infections 14. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of purulent meningitis 15. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of CNS infections and otitis interna (except purulent meningitis) 16. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of UTI 17. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of classical sexually transmitted infections 18. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of infections of reproductive organs other than classical STIs 19. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of infections of wounds and soft tissues 20. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of infections of bones and joints 21. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of bacterial skin and external ear infections 22. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of skin mycoses 23. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of viral and parasital infections with skin symptoms 24. Aetiology and laboratory diagnostics of congenital and neonatal infections and infections of mother and child after delivery 25. Aetiology of infection of immunocompromised patients 26. Aetiology of nosocomial infections Special bacteriology (biology, pathogenesis, clinical description of infection, prevention, diagnostics, therapy) 1. Genus Pseudomonas 2. Other Gram-negative non-fermenters (especially genera Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter) 3. Genus Bordetella 4. Genera Brucella and Francisella 5. Genus Legionella 6. Genus Campylobacter 7. Genus Helicobacter 8. Characteristics, medical importance and laboratory diagnostics of infections of family Entrobacteriaceae 9. Genus Yersinia 10. Genus Salmonella 11. Genus Shigella 12. Genus Escherichia 13. Conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria other than Escherichia 14. Genus Vibrio 15. Genera Pasteurella, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas 16. Genus Haemophilus 17. Neisseria gonorrhoeae 18. Neisseria meningitidis 19. Oral neisseriae, genera Moraxella, Actinobacillus, Eikenella, Kingella 20. Staphylococcus aureus 21. Coagulase-negative staphylococci 22. Streptococcus pyogenes, late (sterile) sequels of streptococcal infections 23. Streptococcus agalactiae and other beta-haemolytic streptococci 24. Streptococcus pneumoniae 25. Viridans streptococci (except S. pneumoniae) 26. Genus Enterococcus 27. Genus Bacillus 28. Genera Listeria and Erysipelothrix 29. Genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium 30. Genus Corynebacterium and Arcanobacterium 31. Genera Nocardia, Rhodococcus and Rothia 32. Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani 33. Clostridium difficile 34. Anaerobic traumatose clostridia 35. Spore non-forming gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobes 36. Genera Actinomyces, Propionibacterium 37. Mykobacteria causing tuberculosis 38. Mycobacterium leprae and so called atypical mycobacteria 39. Genera Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma 40. Genera Chlamydia and Chlamydophila 41. Genera Rickettsia and Orientia 42. Genera Anaplasma and Ehrlichia 43. Genus Bartonella and Coxiella burnetii 44. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato 45. Genus Borrelia – causative agents of relapsing fevers and other borrelias (other than B. burgdorferi sensu lato) 46. Genus Treponema 47. Genus Leptospira Special mycology 1. Mycotoxins 2. Genus Candida 3. Genus Cryptococcus and other yeast genera except Candida 4. Genera Pneumocystis and Microsporidium 5. Dimorph micromycets (especially Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Paracoccidioides, Blastomyces, Penicillium marneffei) 6. Filamentous micromycets – hyaline and pigmented (except zygomycets and dermatophytes), aspergillosis 7. Zygomycets 8. Dermatophytes 9. Pathogenous algae and cyanobacteria Special virology 1. Genus Enterovirus (except polioviruses) 2. Polioviruses 3. Viruses of hepatis A and E 4. Reoviruses (especially genus Rotavirus), kaliciviruses and astroviruses 5. Genus Rhinovirus and Coronavirus 6. Genus Alphavirus. Arboviruses 7. Genus Rubivirus 8. Genus Flavivirus (except viruses of tick-borne encephalitis) 9. Viruses of tick-borne encephalitis (including louping ill and russian spring-summer encephalitis) 10. Genus Hepacivirus – HCV 11. Retroviruses and virus of human immunodeficiency 12. Orthomyxoviruses 13. Genera Respirovirus and Pneumovirus 14. Genus Rubulavirus 15. Genus Morbillivirus 16. Genus Lyssavirus 17. Bynyaviruses, arenaviruses and filoviruses 18. Genus Erythrovirus 19. Human papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses 20. Adenoviruses 21. Genus Simplexvirus 22. Genus Varicellovirus 23. Genus Cytomegalovirus and other herpetic viruses (HHV 6, 7, 8) 24. Genus L ymphocryptovirus 25. Genus Orthohepadnavirus and hepatitis D virus 26. Poxviruses 27. Prionic agents 28. Importance of bacteriophages in medicine Parasitology 1. Genus Trypanosoma 2. Genus Leishmania 3. Medically important amoebae 4. Gairdia (Lamblia) intestinalis; Trichomonas vaginalis 5. Intestinal coccidias. Balantidium coli 6. Toxoplasma gondii 7. Genera Plasmodium and Babesia 8. Medically important flukes 9. Taenia saginata, Taenia solium 10. Medically important tapeworms other than Teaenia (both intestinal and tissue tapeworms) 11. Enterobius vermicularis 12. Ascaris lumbricoides, Genus Toxocara 13. Other intestinal nematodes (Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) 14. Trichinella spiralis, Dracunculus medinensis, survey of filariae 15. Medically important acarids 16. Medically important insects and annelidans In Brno, 13^th November 2015 Assoc. prof. Filip Růžička, M. D., Ph.D., Head of Institute for Microbiology MF of MU and St. Ann FH in Brno