ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY RECOMMENDED LITERATURE •Páč, L., Horáčková, L., Nechutová, H.: Anatomy of human locomotor system. Brno 2010 Atlases for example: •Netter, F. H.: Atlas of Human Anatomy •Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy The first word is name of described formation, next adjectives specificate it and in the end there is a name of formation where the described formation is located. Examples: Collum (neck) radii (of radius) Collum (a neck) anatomicum (anatomical) humeri (of humerus) Collum (a neck) chirurgicum (surgical) humeri (of humerus) Tuberculum (a tubercle, a bulge) majus (big) humeri (of humerus) Spina (a thorn) iliaca (iliac) anterior (fore) superior (upper) ossis coxae (of coxal bone) Epicondylus medialis humeri Epicondylus medialis femoris Anatomical nomenclature Anatomical position standard erect position Not a military position Orientation on the body PLANES – 3 anatomical planes or sections Sagittal plane Right and left Transversal plane (horizontal) Superior and inferior Frontal plane (coronal) Anterior and posterior Directions on the body cranialis caudalis superior inferior ventralis dorsalis anterior posterior medialis lateralis medianus medius (intermedius) dexter sinister superficilais profundus internus externus Directions at the limbs proximalis distalis radialis ulnaris tibialis fibularis palmaris plantaris dorsalis PARTS OF HUMAN BODY head – caput neck – collum (cervix) trunk – truncus chest – thorax belly – abdomen pelvis – pelvis back – dorsum Upper limb– membrum superius arm – brachium forearm – antebrachium hand – manus Lower extremity– membrum inferius thigh – femur leg – crus foot- pes Positive and negative relief • Sulcus – a groove • Incisura – a notch • Canalis – a canal • Fossa – a pit, hollow • Fovea – a pit, hollow • Processus – a projection, prominence • Spina – a thorn • Tuberculum – a tubercle • Tuber – a torus • Tuberositas – a tuberosity • Foramen – an opening, orifice, gap • Facies – a facet, surface • Articulatio – a joint • Os, ossis, ossa – a bone, bones Caput – a head Capitulum – a small head Collum, cervix – a neck X-ray´s anatomy Anatomy is essential for understanding radiology. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 1845-1923 1895 – discovery of x-ray 1901- awarded by Nobel price in physics) X-rays principle • A highly penetrating beam of x-rays „transluminates“ the patient, showing tissues of differing densities on x-ray film. • A tissue or organ that is relatively dense absorbs (stops) more x-rays than a less dense tissue. • Like a negative • Light structures –shadows • Dark structures -brightening NATIVE x-ray without using of contrast agent X-rays with contrast material (Contrast examination) Negative Gass, air Positive Barium sulfate Iodine-based molecules Introduction to osteologyINTRODUCTION TO OSTEOLOGY GENERAL OSTEOLOGY • skeleton – firm support of the body, protection for organs • deposit of minerals • haematogenesis BONE TYPES Long bones diaphysis distal end (epiphysis) Proximal end (epiphysis) -diaphysis -epiphysis proximal and distal -metaphysis -cavitas medullaris -substantia compacta (corticalis) -substantia spongiosa metafýza Short bones (various shapes) 1) On the surface - corticalis 2) Inside - substantia spongiosa Flat bones Lamina externa Lamina interna diploe 1)Compact bone has two layers: lamina externa and interna and between them, there is spongy bone – diploe Sesamoidal bones In some muscle tendons Pneumatized bones STRUCTURE OF BONES 1 – periosteum 2 – Sharpey fibres 3 – vessels 4 – endosteum a) Fibrous layer (external) b) Cambious layer (internal) – rich sensory innervation PERIOSTEUM We know two forms of bone tissue a) Compact bone (substantia compacta) b) Spongy bone (substantia spongiosa) 1 – Haversian lamellas 2 – intersected lamellas 3 – superficial lamellas 4 – spongy bone Compact bone The spongy bone • Substantia spongiosa • Substantia compacta • Skull - diploe BONE MARROW Medulla ossium rubra – red bone marrow (active hematopoetic tissue) Medulla ossium flava – yellow bone marrow (source of energy for organism) Medulla ossium gelatinosa – grey bone marrow BONE VESSELS •The most important bone vessels come through periosteum via Volkmann´s channels aa. epiphysariae aa. metaphysariae a. nutricia Periostal vessels Blood supply of the long bone X-RAY PICTURES 14 years11 years7 years4,5 years SPECIAL OSTEOLOGY SKELETON OF THORAX COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS - SPINE • During development: 33- 34 vertebrae • After fusion: 24 vertebrae Vertebrae 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 4-5 sacral- os sacrum 4-5 coccygeal- os coccygis VERTEBRA corpus vertebrae facies terminalis superior et inferior arcus vertebrae pediculus arcus vertebrae lamina arcus vertebrae foramen vertebrale incisura vertebralis processus processus articulares processus transversi processus spinosus Costa Processus transversus Corpus vertebrae Processus articulares Processus spinosus Arcus vertebrae DEVELOPMENT OF THE VERTEBRAE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE •uncus corporis vertebrae •processus transversus tubercula anteriora et posteriora, foramina processus transversi •oval body •Triangular foramen vertebrale •cleft processus spinosus •processus articulares – in oblique plane ATLAS - C1 • arcus anterior tuberculum anterius fovea dentis • arcus posterior tuberculum posterius sulcus a. vertebralis • massae laterales processus transversi foramina pr. transversi AXIS - C2 • dens axis (original body of atlas)- apex dentis • facies articularis anterior et posterior C6- TUBERCULUM CAROTICUM VERTEBRA PROMINENS- C7 VERTEBRAE THORACICAE • corpus: foveae costales - superiores, inferiores • processus transversus 1.-10.Th: fovea costalis pr. transversi • processus articulares: in frontal plane • Th4 – 9: impressio aortica VERTEBRAE LUMBALES • processus costarii • processus accesorius- more caudally • processus mamillaris- more cranially • processus articulares- in sagital plane • processus spinosi- flat plate OS SACRUM • facies dorsalis- crista- mediana, medialis, lateralis • facies auricularis- partes laterales ossis sacri • facies pelvina- lineae transversae • foramina sacralia- dorsalia, pelvina • canalis sacralis- hiatus sacralis- cornua sacralia • basis ossis sacri • apex ossis sacri OS COCCYGIS • cornua ossis coccygis= processus transversi Co1 • apex coccygis COSTAE - RIBS • 12 pairs of ribs: • costae verae: 7 pairs, true ribs • costae spuriae: 8th-10th pair, false ribs • costae fluctuantes (liberae) : 11th and 12th pair- free ribs • length- from 1st to 8th increases, the smallest: 1st and 12th, the largest 6th – 9th RIB os costae + cartilago: • caput costae, crista • collum costae • tuberculum costae • corpus costae • crista costae • sulcus costae • angulus costae Facies articularis capitis costae Facies articularis tuberculi costae COSTA PRIMA/the first rib - sulcus arterie subclaviae - (sulcus venae subclaviae) - tuberculum m. scaleni anterioris - insertion of m. scalenus medius - begining of m. subclavius COSTA SECUNDA/the second rib - tuberculum m. scaleni posterioris - tuberositas m. serrati anterioris STERNUM • manubrium sterni- incisurajugularis, clavicularis and places for connection with cartilages of the first pair of ribs • angulus sterni • corpus- incisurae costales • processus xiphoideus X-RAY of cervical spine X-RAY of thoracic spine X-RAY of lumbar spine Thank you for your attention! Pictures: Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/Sobotta. Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20. Auflage. München:Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993 Netter: Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. Naňka, Elišková: Přehled anatomie. Galén, Praha 2009. Čihák: Anatomie I, II, III. Drake et al: Gray´s Anatomy for Students. 2010