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Autumn term 2019/2020 Handout 6
➢ all three genders included; no connection between the Nominative ending and gender
➢ no fixed Nominative ending (therefore “?” in your chart)
A) consonant stems: M. + F.: DOLOR; N.: CORPUS > Nominative form differs from Genitive; most
frequent type of 3rd
declension nouns; e.g. pulmo, onis, m.; pectus, oris, n.; cervix, icis, f.
B) i-stems: M. + F.: PELVIS > Nominative and Genitive forms are identical + words with the
stem ending in 2 consonants; e.g. canalis, is, m.; pelvis, is, f.; dens, ntis, m.; pars, rtis, f.
N. : RETE > only four terms: rete, calcar, cochlear, animal
>> male and female consonant and i-stems differ only in Gen. pl.!!: -um / -ium
>> neutral consonant and i-stems differ in Abl. Sg. -e / -i; Gen. pl.: -um / -ium; and
Nom + Acc. Pl.> -a / -ia
C) Greek origin nouns: DOSIS > nouns ending in -sis, -xis, -osis in Nom. Sg.
+ five Latin exceptions (febris, sitis, tussis, pertussis, tuberculosis)
e.g. arthrosis, is/eos, f.; emesis, is/eos, f.
> Gen. sg. -is / -eos (the original Greek ending)
> all female
EXCEPTIONS:
➢ os, ossis, n. > Gen. pl. ossium
➢ vas, vasis, n. (= vessel) > plural forms declined like septum (2nd
declension)
REMEMBER!
-io, ionis, f. (~ English -ion ending words) > operatio, excisio, dislocatio, solutio, commotio
-itas, itatis, f. (~ English -ity ending words) > deformitas
-or,-oris, m. (esp. with muscle functions) > levator, flexor, rotator
Endings with specific meaning:
➢ -oma, omatis, n. (usually attached to a Greek noun) = tumor types
e.g. adenoma, adenomatis, n. = glandular tumor; angioma, angiomatis, n. = blood vessel tumor
➢ -osis, is, f. (usually attached to a Greek noun) = degenerative or non-inflammatorydiseases
e.g. arthrosis, is, f. = joint degeneration; hepatosis, is, f. = liver degeneration
➢ -itis, itidis, f. (usually attached a Greek noun) = inflammations
e.g. encephalitis, encephalitidis, f. = brain inflammation; nephritis, nephritidis, f. = kidney
inflammation, rhinitis, rhinitidis, f. = nose inflammation
PART I: GRAMMAR
NOUNS OF THE 3RD
DECLENSION
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Autumn term 2019/2020 Handout 6
1. Write down the stems of the following words and identify their paradigms. Translate:
• excisio, onis, f. • dolor, oris, m. • latus, eris, n.
• • •
• abductor, oris, m. • colitis, itidis, f. • lien, lienis, m.
• • •
• apex, icis, m. • extensor, oris, m. • cutis, is, f.
• • •
• articulatio, onis, f. • femur, oris, n. • mater, tris, f.
• • •
• caput, itis, n. • ureter, is, m. • melanoma, matis, n.
• • •
• carcinoma, matis, n. • foramen, inis, n. • occiput, itis, n.
• • •
• cartilago, inis, f. • hallux, ucis, m. • oedema, matis, n.
• • •
• cavitas, atis, f. • hepar, atis, n. • operatio, onis, f.
• • •
• febris, is/eos, f. • iecur, oris, n. • iris, dis, f.
• • •
• cortex, icis, m. • lac, lactis, n. • pharynx, gis, m.
• • •
• solutio, onis, f. • larynx, ngis, m. • pollex, cis, m.
• • •
• radix, icis, f. • trauma, atis, n. • arthrosis, is/eos, f.
• • •
• regio, onis, f. • sphincter, eris, m. • ulcus, eris, n.
• • •
• ren, renis, m. • cystis, is, f. • ureter, eris, m.
• • •
• rotator, oris, m. • tendo, inis, m. • vas, is, n.
• • •
• sanatio, onis, f. • thorax, acis, m. • vulnus, eris, n.
• •
PART II: EXERCISES
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Autumn term 2019/2020 Handout 6
2. Change into plural:
femur :
mater :
flos :
foramen :
oedema :
apex :
rete :
melanoma :
cartilago :
injectio :
3. Guess the Genitive form (and gender where possible) of the following nouns based on
similar words you know. Create prepositional phrases:
pons (=orig. a bridge > the part of the metencephalon between medulla oblongata and midbrain)
> prope
systema
> cum
melanosis (from the Greek root melan- = black > a disorder of pigment metabolism)
> propter
larynx (the muscular-cartilaginous structure at the top of trachea below the root of tongue and hyoid bone,
containing vocal cords and responsible for the sound heard in speech)
sinusitis
> ad
> sine
rotator
> sub
caecitas (=blindness)
> e
excoriatio (a scratch or abrasion of the skin)
> cum + Pl.!
tegmentum (= a covering)
> in
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Autumn term 2019/2020 Handout 6
4. Make meaningful phrases by describing the given nouns with appropriate adjectives from the
box. Translate:
Ex: tumor + malignus, a, um > tumor malignus
malignant tumor, i.e. a tumor with tendency to metastasize
5. Connect the nouns with correct adjective forms, then adjust the whole phrase after the words in
bold:
a. latus + sinister, a, um b) abdomen + acutus, a, um
vulnus in operatiopropter
c) musculus abductor + longus, a, um d) encephalitis + epidemicus, a, um
ruptura therapia
Ex: dolor + magnus, a, um > dolor magnus
remedia contra ..... dolorem magnum
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Autumn term 2019/2020 Handout 6
e) amputatio + traumaticus,a, um f) luxatio + complicatus, a, um
status post (pl.)
g) musculus extensor + radiatus,a, um h) margo + liber, a, um
distensio polypus1
in ovarii
i) articulatio + planus, a, um j) femur + dexter, a, um
(pl.) fractura
6. Read the text, fill in the gaps with Latin equivalents of the underlined words/phrases:
The digestive organs ( digestoria) may be divided according to their function in the
the cephalic and those of the trunk( ). The cephalic digestive organs include the oral cavity
( with its salivary glands (cum salivariis), the
oropharynx, and the hypopharynx. The digestive organs of the trunk include the gullet ( ),
stomach ( ), small bowel ( tenue)
including duodenum, jejunum and ileum, large bowel ( including
caecum, vermiform appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon ( ),
descending colon, sigmoid colon ( ) and rectum. Important are also the digestive glands –liver
( ) and pancreas ( ).
7. Translate:
damaged function of the digestive* organs (digestorius, a, um)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
tear wounds in the epigastrium and the right side of abdomen
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
foreign objects in the nasal cavity
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
congenital dysfunction of the salivary* glands (salivarius, a, um)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1
=a general descriptive term used with reference to any mass of tissue that bulges or projects outward or upward fromthe normal surface
level, thereby being macroscopically visible as a hemispheroidal, spheroidal, or irregular moundlikestructure growing from a relatively b
road base or a slender stalk; polyps may be neoplasms, foci of inflammation, degenerative lesions, or malformations.
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Autumn term 2019/2020 Handout 6
large perforation of esophagus due to an ulcer
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
bite wound in the left lower leg with swelling
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
sepsis due to surgical wounds
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
vomiting in pregnancy
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
benign cysts in endometrium
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
congenital dislocation of the left hip joint
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
traumatic amputation of the fourth and fifth finger on the right hand
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
symptoms of the vein thrombosis
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
suspicion of the breast cancer
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
malignant tumor in the head of pancreas
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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Autumn term 2019/2020 Handout 6
PART III: VOCABULARY
ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
abductor, oris, m. a muscle drawing a limb
away from the median
plane
adductor, oris, m. a muscle drawing a limb
towards the median plane
adiposus, a, um fatty, adipose
apex, icis, m. extremity of conic
structure
articulatio, onis, f. joint
atrium, ii, n. chamber
autonomicus, a, um autonomic, working with
conscious control (of
nervous system)
axis, is, m. a line through a center of
body; 2nd cervical vertebra
basis, is/eos, f. base of a structure
(opposite to apex)
canalis, is, m. channel, tubular structure
caninus, a, um cuspid, canine (of tooth)
cartilago, ginis, f. cartilage
cavitas, atis, f. cavity
cortex, icis, m. an outer layer of an organ
(opposite to medulla)
foramen, inis, n. a natural opening or a
passage e.g. in a bone
gaster, teris/tri, f. stomach
lens, ntis, f. lens
lien, is, m. spleen
margo, inis, m. margin
pancreas, atis n. pancreas
paries, etis, m. wall
pars, rtis, f. part
pubes, is, f. the pubic region
radix, icis, f. root
regio, onis, f. region
ren, is, m. kidney
rete, is, n. network
tendo, inis, m. tendon
testis, is, m. testicle
ureter, is, m. ureter
unguis, is, m. nail
vas, is, n. vessel
CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY
amputatio, onis, f. surgical or traumatic
removal of a limb or its
part, amputation
vessel
anaesthesia, ae, f. artificially induced loss of
sensation, anesthesia
anamnesis, is/eos, f. medical history of a
patient
benignus, a, um benign, favorable for
recovery (of tumors)
calculosis, is/eos, f. formation of stones
carcinoma, matis, n. a malignant new growth of
epithelial cells
commotio, onis, f. an injury to a soft structure
resulting from violent
shaking, concussion
contractio, onis, f. a shortening or increase in
tension of a muscle
contusio, onis, f. bruise, contusion
cirrhosis, is/eos, f. scarification of liver tissue
cystis, is, f. an abnormal sac filled with
liquid or semisolid
substance, a cyst
dilatatio, onis, f. abnormal widening
emesis, is/eos, f. vomiting
febris, is, f. fever
functio, onis, f. function
gravida, ae, f. pregnant woman
graviditas, itatis, f. pregnancy
infans, ntis child up to 1 year of age
laesus, a, um damaged
latus, eris, n. side
lentus, a, um slow
malignus, a, um malignant, growing
invasively and destructively (of
tumors)
mors, tis, f. death
mens, ntis, f. mind
oedema, matis, n. swelling
perforatio, onis, f. abnormal perforation of a
structure
perforatus, a, um perforated
prognosis, is/eos, f. forecast of the probable
outcome of a disease
pus, puris, n. pus
sepsis, is/eos, f. bacterial infection in
bloodstream or tissues
stenosis, is/eos, f. abnormal narrowing
suspicio, onis, f. suspicion
symptoma, matis, n. symptom
tumor, oris, m. tumor, a new growth
tussis, is, f. cough
ulcus, eris, n. ulcer, a local defect
produced by necrotic
inflamed tissue
vulnus, eris, n. injury, wound
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Autumn term 2019/2020 Handout 6
COLLOCATIONS
abdomen acutum any serious acute intraabdominal condition
marked by pain, muscular rigidity, tenderness, and
requiring surgical intervention, e.g. appendicitis
calcar avis calcarine spur, a spur-shaped structure on the
medial wall of occipital horn of the lateral
brain ventricle
dentes decidui/lactei deciduous or primary teeth
dura mater the outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the
three brain membranes *(mater = orig. a mother)
lateris dextri / sinistri
(l. dx. / l. sin.)
on the right / left side, with pair structures
translated as the right / left …, e.g. fractura
tibiae lateris sinistri = fracture of the left tibia
(mater) arachnoidea a delicate (arachno- = spider > like spider
web) fibrous membrane between the innermost
and outermost brain membranes
pia mater the innermost of the three brain membranes
mors biologica death by natural causes; or permanent cellular
damage, which is irreversible
mors clinica cessation of blood circulation and breathing,
partially reversible
sanatio per primam (intentionem)
per secundam (intentionem)
healing without complications
healing with complications, e.g. infection
vulnus sectum
scissum
morsum
contusum
lacerum
sclopetarium
punctum
cut wound (by falling of a sharp object)
incised wound (by pulling of a sharp object)
bite wound
bruised wound
tear wound
gunshot wound
stab wound