BASIC MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY I INTRODUCTION Requirements •See the course requirements in IS, but basically: • •ACTIVE attendance •regular preparation before each session •passing the credit test Why Latin/Greek? •universal, precise and flexible system of terms denoting: •anatomical structures •medicaments, instructions for pharmacists •medical documentation (diagnoses, procedures) • •Application: •clinical diagnoses •dissection protocols •medical prescriptions •medical documentation --- communication between doctors from different environments/countries/fields of study • • ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE •First worldwide official standard terminology appeared 1895 (Basiliensia Nomina Anatomica) since then it was periodically updated and changed to implement new findings and/or understanding of the anatomical structures •Current terminology is approved by FCAT (Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology) and published in 1998 as TERMINOLOGIA ANATOMICA • (cf. http://www.unifr.ch) • TELO SVALY.png Musculus quadriceps femoris Musculus flexor carpi Musculus biceps brachii Musculus pectoralis major Musculus deltoideus Musculi adductores m. adductor longus m. adductor brevis Musculus rectus abdominis Musculi obliqui abdominis —Many medical terms are based • on metaphors and similes, • i.e. they are formed from words • of non-medical origin —E.g. bifurcatio = bifurcation • 1. a division into two • branches. • 2. the point at which • division into two • branches occurs. • • furca = a two-pronged fork bifurcatio tracheae CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY —Non-definite set of terms that names diseases, health conditions or causes of death —First authoritative list of diseases and causes of death 1868 (Nomenclature of diseases), 1893 Bertillon's classification of diseases —Current terminology ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases) is approved by WHO and published every ± 10 years (www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/) —Widely used in medical documentation e.g. medical reports, surgical and hospital reports, pathological reports (central Europe, Russia and former republics of USSR, partiallly also in Western Europe - Germany, Austria) • Medical records • VulnusScissum-01.jpg WORD COMPOUNDING •card-i-a •card-i-acus •card-i-alis •peri-card-ium •endo-card-ium •myo-card-ium •card-itis •peri-card-itis •card-i-o-logia •card-i-o-graphia •card-i-o-my-o-pathia • • • • • • puzzle.png prefix Medical prescriptions JS 2013 P4.pdf dissection_protocol.jpg Dissection protocols Learning outcomes •apply relevant Latin anatomical terms correctly and with understanding; •recognize and explain grammatical concepts and categories relevant to the acquisition of Greek-Latin medical terminology; •recognize the semantic structure of selected anatomical and clinical one-word terms; •explain syntactic structure of complex terms; •derive adjectives from nouns and vice-versa using common suffixes; •form simple compound words denoting inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases, as well as the basic types of tumours (-itis, -osis, -oma) •translate anatomical terms and simple clinical diagnoses (with focus put on fractures and basic types of injuries, i.e. traumatology. Latin pronunciation Vowels A Ā B C D E Ē F G H I Ī K L M N O Ō P Q R S T U Ū V X Y Y Z Vowels Long Short Ā (father) frāctūra A (cut) lingua Ē (sad) artēria E (met) vertebra Ī (intrigue) spīna I (intrigue) digitus I (yes) > J Ō (door) sensōrius O (on) skeleton Ū (boom) ruptūra U (put) uterus Y (analysis) hypophysis Y (lady) tympanum • • Diphtongs AE=Ē (care) anaemia OE=Ē (care) lagoena Greek words OE (o-e) dyspnoe EU (e-u) euthanasia Consonants Consonant/group of consonants Pronunciation Example 1: c + a, o, u, consonants c + ae, oe, e, i, y [k] medical [ts] tsar camera, costa, cultivatio, cranium caecus, coeliacia, centrum, circulatio, cynismus A Ā B C D E Ē F G H I Ī K L M N O Ō P Q R S T U Ū V X Y Ŷ Z 2: ch [x] loch chirurgia, cholera Consonants 4: h [h] house herba, haematologia 5: j + vowel [y] yes iniectio/injectio, maior/major 6: p p + h [p] present [f] physiology pneumonia, pulmo phantasia, pharmacia 7: qu+ vowel [kv] quarrel aqua, quadriceps 8: r r+h [r] rupture [r] vertebra, ruptura rheuma, rhinitis Consonant/group of consonants Pronunciation Example 3: g gu + vowel [g] ground [gv] gramma, gastritis lingua, sanguis Consonants Consonant/group of consonants Pronunciation Example 9: s/ss s between two vowels and following after l, r, n [s] some [z] zebra serum, fossa nasus, incisura, pulsus, tonsilla, inversus, suspensio 10: t ti + vowel s/t/x + ti + vowel t+h [t] tongue [tsi] [ty] [t] trauma, tactus operatio, substantia tibia, ostium, mixtio therapia, thermometrum 11: z [z] zone zoologia Basic grammatical concepts Gender •Masculine (e.g. nervus) •Feminine (e.g. fractura) •Neutral (e.g. cerebrum) • •Not always intuitive – you have to learn the gender of each noun !!! •Why? • to properly inflect the noun and connect adjectives to it Number •Singular (=1) •Plural (=2 and more) Case Latin v English Function of case in medical terms case function use vocab system NOMINATIVE subject of the phrase always first in the sentence!! ANATOMY corpus ulnae (= body of ulnar bone) 1st dictionary entry GENITIVE ~ English „of“ ANATOMY caput femoris (= head of thigh bone) 2nd dictionary entry ACCUSATIVE after prepositions CLINICAL DIAGNOSES post operationem (after the operation) sine complicationibus (=without complications) ABLATIVE • • •status post implantationem osteoprotheseos coxae sine complicationibus • • • • NOMINATIVE = state/condition GENITIVE = of osteoprothesis = of hip bone ACCUSATIVE = after implantation ABLATIVE = without complications = state after the implantation of osteoprothesis of hip bone without complications DICTIONARY ENTRY English noun is presented only in its single form (nominative singular) Latin noun is presented in three forms Muscle = MUSCULUS, I, M. Bone = OS, OSSIS, N. Basic form (full nominative) Genitive ending/or even full Genitive form if the word is short Gender abbreviation CAUTION! When learning new words ALL THREE FORMS are EQUALLY important for the future ability to use the noun in context. Genitive ending (2nd info) = Declension DECLENSION 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th GENITIVE ENDING -ae (-es) -i -(?)-is -us -ei EXAMPLE coxa, ae, f. humerus, i, m. cranium, ii, n. coccyx, gis, f. dens, dentis, m. femur, oris, n. pelvis, is, f. arcus, us, m. genu, us, n. facies, ei, f. Declensions are groups of nouns (or adjectives) that use the same set of case endings. Without learning Genitive form, you cannot classify the noun into a proper declension group, thus, you cannot use it properly in a sentence. Declension •= a group of nouns that share the same case endings •(have the same set of case endings), see the declension table •Each noun belongs to one of 5 declensions: • Ø1st declension – a-stems – ven-a-rum Ø2nd declension – o-stems – nerv-o-rum Ø3rd declension Øi-stems – pelv-i-um Øconsonant stems – dolo-r-um, pon-t-um, sectio-n-um Ø4th declesion – u-stems – duct-u-um Ø5th declension – e-stems – faci-e-rum GENITIVE STEM • •IT IS CRUCIAL TO KNOW THE STEM TO CREATE ALL OTHER CASES, because the endings are always attached to the stem of the word !!! • •how do I know the stem? • remove the genitive ending, what stays is the stem! ven-a ven-ae humer-us humer-i diamet-er diametr-i dol-or dolor-is corp-us corpor-is de-ns dent-is arc-us arc-us gen-u gen-us faci-es faci-ei Adjectives •= words describing nouns • •Adjectives always have to correspond with the noun to which they belong in gender, number and case!!!! • •fractura ulnae dextrae complicata •vertebrae thoracicae •ad lagoenam fuscam •cum anaemia perniciosa • •Why do you think this is so? Prepositions •with accusative •with ablative • ØSee the Overview: Basic grammatical concepts in IS Ø • Follow-up exercise •Assign the terms given in Handout 1 to their declensions • •Write down the full Genitive and stem of each term