9.10.2014 1 Muscular system General myology Active part of locomotor system App. 600 muscles (1/3 of weight, ♂ 35%, ♀ 32%) Sensitive system (position of body) Termoregulation Blood and lymphatic circulation Verbal and nonverbal communication Logistic system (breathing, food intake) Muscle tissue Muscle tissue is characterized by the ability to contract when stimulated. 1. Skeletal muscle: long, multinucleate cells with visible striations, voluntary muscle 2. Smooth muscle: short, cylindrical cells, involuntary muscle; e.g. digestive tract, walls of blood vessels 3. Cardiac (heart) muscle: short, branched, striated cells, with one nucleus at the center of each cell, joined to their neighbors by intercalated discs, involuntary muscle Čihák, 2001 fascia (covering of muscle) tendo, aponeurosis - tendon origo - origin (begging) - fixed caput musculi venter musculi (muscular belly) cauda musculi insertio – attachment (moveable) Composition of skeletal muscles Types of muscles according to shape http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ch-10--11-muscle--tissue/deck/81728 antagonists x synergists flexors x extenzors (m. biceps brachii x m. triceps brachii) abductors x adductors (m. abductor pollicis brevis x m. adductor pollicis) dilatators x sfincters = (m. dilatator pupillae x m. sphincter pupillae) supinators x pronators (m. supinator x m. pronator teres) Types of muscles according to function 9.10.2014 2 Head muscles Cervical muscles Thoracic muscles Abdominal muscles Muscles of the pelvic floor Dorsal muscles Upper extremity muscles Muscles of the lower extremity Types of muscles according to position Masticatory muscles (mm. masticatorii) Muscles of facial expression (mm. faciales) Head muscles (mm. capitis) M. temporalis M. masseter M. pterygoideus medialis M. pterygoideus lateralis Masticatory muscles (mm. masticatorii) m. masseter m. temporalis Musculus temporalis Musculus masseter Musculus pterygoideus medialis Musculus pterygoideus lateralis 9.10.2014 3 Muscles of facial expression (musculi faciales) Skin muscles without fascia Mm. epicranii Muscles of palpebral fissure Muscles of the mouth Muscles of the nose Musculi epicranii Musculus occipitofrontalis Musculus temporoparietalis Muscles of palpebral fissure Musculus orbicularis oculi Muscles of the mouth Musculus orbicularis oris Musculus levator labii sup. Musculus depressor labii inferioris Musculus depressor anguli oris Musculus nasalis Muscles of the nose Cervical muscles Musculus platysma Musculus sternocleidomastoideus 9.10.2014 4 Suprahyoid muscles M. digastricus M. mylohyoideus M. geniohyoideus M. stylohyoideus Infrahyoid muscles M. sternohyoideus M. sternothyroideus M. thyrohyoideus M. omohyoideus Musculus scalenus anterior Musculus scalenus medius Musculus scalenus posterior Musculus longus colli Musculus longus capitis Thoracic muscles Musculus pectoralis major Musculus pectoralis minor Musculus serratus anterior Diaphragm Autochtonous muscles Musculi intercostales externi, interni et intimi Heterochtonous muscles (thoraco-humeral) Thoracic muscles Musculus pectoralis major Musculus pectoralis minor Heterochtonous muscles (thoraco-humeral) Musculus serratus anterior Autochtonous muscles Musculi intercostales externi Musculi intercostales interni 9.10.2014 5 Centrum tendineum Vena cava inferior Esophagus Aorta abdominalis Diaphragm cava ES. AO. Hiatus + herniaeHiatus venae cavae inf. Abdominal muscles Anterior group musculus rectus abdomis musculus pyramidalis Lateral group musculus obliquus externus abdominis musculus obliquus internus abdominis musculus transversus abdominis Dorsal group musculus quadratus lumborum Musculus rectus abdomis Anterior group of abdominal muscles Musculus pyramidalis 9.10.2014 6 Musculus obliquus externus abdominis Lateral group of abdominal muscles Musculus obliquus internus abdominis Musculus transversus abdominis Inguinal canal Contents: ♀ lig. teres uteri ♂ funiculus spermaticus Dorsal muscles 9.10.2014 7 Dorsal muscles Heterochtonous muscles Spinohumeral muscles Spinocostal muscles Autochtonous muscles Spinotransversal system Sakrospinal system Spinospinal system Transversospinal system Short dorsal muscles Musculi nuchae profundi Musculus latissimus dorsi Musculus levator scapulae Spinohumeral muscles Musculus trapezius Musculus rhomboideus major Musculus rhomboideus minor Autochtonous muscles – spinotransversal system Musculi splenii Spino-transversal Autochtonous muscles – transverso-spinal system Musculi semispinales Transverso-spinal Musculus erector spinae Sacro-spinal system The deep nuchal muscles a) M. rectus capitis posterior minor b) M. rectus capitis posterior major c) M. obliquus capitis superior d) M. obliquus capitis inferior Trigonum suboccipitale Short dorsal muscles 9.10.2014 8 Upper extremity muscles Shoulder muscles Musculus deltoideus Musculus supraspinatus Musculus infraspinatus Musculus teres minor Musculus teres major Musculus subscapularis Musculus deltoideus Musculus supraspinatus Musculus infraspinatus Musculus teres minor Musculus teres major Musculus subscapularis Tendons of: m. supraspinatus m. infraspinatus m. teres minor m. subscapularis Rotator cuff 9.10.2014 9 Brachial muscles Ventral group Musculus biceps brachii Musculus coracobrachialis Musculus brachialis Dorsal group Musculus triceps brachii Musculus biceps brachii caput longum caput breve caput longum caput mediale caput laterale Musculus triceps brachii Flexors of forearm and wrist Composed of three layers – superficial, middle and deep Superficial layer: Musculus pronator teres Musculus flexor carpi radialis Middle layer: Musculus flexor digitorum superficialis Deep layer: Musculus flexor digitorum profundus Musculus flexor pollicis longus Antebrachial muscles – ventral group Carpal tunnel Eminentia carpi radialis et ulnaris Retinaculum flexorum (lig. carpi transversum) Canalis carpi: Radial part: m. flexor carpi radialis Ulnar part: m. flexor digitorum superficialis m. flexor digitorum profundus m. flexor pollicis longus nervus medianus Lateral group of antebrachial muscles Musculus brachioradialis Musculus extensor carpi radialis longus Musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis Musculus supinator 9.10.2014 10 Dorsal group of antebrachial muscles Extensors of fingers and wrist Musculus extensor digitorum Musculus extensor carpi ulnaris Musculus abductor pollicis longus Musculus extensor pollicis brevis Musculus extensor pollicis longus Thenar muscles: Musculus abductor pollicis brevis Musculus flexor pollicis brevis Musculus opponens pollicis Musculus adductor pollicis Hypothenar muscles: Musculus palmaris brevis Musculus abductor digiti minimi Musculus flexor digiti minimi Musculus opponens digiti minimi Middle group of muscles of hand: Musculi interossei dorsales Musculi interossei palmares Musculi lumbricales Muscles of hand Muscles of lower extremity Muscles of the hip Anterior group: Musculus iliopsoas Posterior group: Musculus glutaeus maximus Musculus glutaeus medius Musculus glutaeus minimus Musculus piriformis Foramen suprapiriforme et infrapiriforme Anterior group of muscles of thigh Musculus quadriceps femoris 1. m. rectus femoris 2. m. vastus medialis 3. m. vastus lateralis 4. m. vastus intermedius Musculus sartorius Flexors of the hip joint, extensors of the knee joint 9.10.2014 11 Medial group of muscles of thigh Musculus gracilis Musculus pectineus Musculus adductor longus Musculus adductor brevis Musculus adductor magnus Adductors of thigh Musculus semitendinosus Musculus semimembranosus Musculus biceps femoris Dorsal group of muscles of thigh Extensors of the hip joint, flexors of the knee joint Muscles of crus – anterior group Musculus tibialis anterior Musculus extensor hallucis longus Musculus extensor digitorum longus Extensors of toe, foot and fingers Muscles of crus – lateral group Musculus fibularis (peroneus) longus Foot vault Musculus fibularis brevis Flexors of foot Muscles of crus – posterior group Superficial layer: Musculus triceps surae Deep layer: Musculus tibialis posterior Musculus flexor hallucis longus Musculus flexor digitorum longus Musculus triceps surae Composed of musculus gastrocnemius and musculus soleus Tendo Achillis Flexor of foot 9.10.2014 12 Muscles of foot-dorsal group Musculus extensor hallucis brevis Musculus extensor digitorum brevis Musculus abductor hallucis Musculus flexor hallucis brevis Muscles of toe Musculus adductor hallucis Muscles of fifth finger Musculus abductor digiti minimi Musculus flexor digiti minimi Musculus opponens digiti minimi Middle group of foot muscles Musculus flexor digitorum brevis Musculus quadratus plantae Musculi interossei dorsales I. až IV. Musculi interossei palmares I. až III. Musculi lumbricales I. až IV.