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Digestive system I.
Digestive system functions:
• food intake
• mechanical and chemical
processes
• absorption of substances
• excretion of the wasting products
and useless remains
Digestive system strucrture:
Digestive tube:
• oral cavity
• pharynx
• oesophagus
• stomach
• small intestine
• large intestine
Glands:
• liver
• pancreas
Oral cavity – cavitas oris Borders:
Rima oris
Isthmus faucium
Lips, buccae
Palatum
Diaphragma oris
Content:
Tongue
Teeth
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CAVITAS ORIS
cavum oris propriumvestibulum oris
Vestibulum oris
Fornix vestibuli sup. (frenulum labii sup.)
Fornix vestibuli inf. (frenulum labii inf.)
Tremata
Trigonum retromolare
Papilla parotidea
Lips (labia oris) and cheek (bucca, mala)
Sulcus nasolabialis et mentolabialis
Philtrum, tuberculum labii sup.
Corpus adiposum buccae
Frenulum labii superioris
Frenulum labii inferioris
Glandulae labiales at buccales
Papilla parotidea
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Proper oral cavity Borders:
Teeth
Isthmus faucium
Palatum
Diaphragma oris
Palatum durum
Papilla incisiva (dustus incisivi, nervus nasopalatinus)
Plicae palatinae transversae
Glandulae palatinae
Soft palate
m. tensor veli palatini
m. levator veli palatini
Diaphragma oris
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Tongue (lingua, glossa)
1. Pars oralis (corpus, apex)
2. Pars pharyngea (radix)
Radix linguae
Corpus linguae
Apex linguae
Sulcus terminalis
Sulcus medianus
Foramen caecum
Margines linguae
Dorsum linguae
Papillae filiformes
Papillae fungiformes
Papillae foliatae
Papillae vallatae
Inferior surface of the tongue
Plica fimbriata
Plica sublingualis
Frenulum linguae
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M. genioglossus
Extraglossal muscles
Aponeurosis linguae
Musculus hyoglossus
Musculus styloglossus
Musculus palatoglossus
Intraglossal muscles
M. longitudinalis sup. et inf.
M. transversus linguae
M. verticalis linguae
Septum linguae
Gingiva
Alveolar mucous membrane
Gingiva marginalis et alveolaris (paramarginal line)
Papillae gingivales, gingivodental closure, sulcus gingivalis
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Teeth (dentes) Fixation of the teeth:
Type:Gomphosis
Periodontium (fixative ligaments):
(apical, alveolar, transseptal, gingival)
Parodontium:
all of the fixative structures of the tooth
(periost, periodontium, cementum, gingiva)
Decidous teeth Adult (permanent) teeth
Heterodont teeth:
• Dentes incisivi (incisors)
• Dentes canini (canines)
• Dentes praemolares (premolars)
•Dentes molares (molars)
Dentes decidui
i1 i2 m2m1c
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I1 I2 C P1 P2 M1 M2 M3
Adult teeth Tooth eruption - primary teeth
Sequence:
First incisor (6 months)
Second incisor
First molar
Canin
Second molar (2-2,5 yrs)
Eruption – adult teeth
Sequence:
First incisor, first molar
Second incisor
First premolar
Canine
Second molar
Second premolar
Third molar
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Salivary glands
GLANDULAE SALIVARIAE MINORES
glandulae labiales
glandulae buccales
glandulae palatinae
glandulae linguales
GLANDULAE SALIVARIAE MAJORES
glandula parotidea
glandula submandibularis
glandula sublingualis
GLANDULA PAROTIDEA
GLANDULA SUBMANDIBULARIS
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GLANDULA SUBLINGUALIS
Base of skull – C6
Pars nasalis
(choanae)
Pars oralis
(isthmus faucium)
Pars laryngea
(aditus laryngis)
cavum pharyngis
fornix pharyngis
Pharynx RECESSUS PHARYNGEUS FASCIA PHARYNGOBASILARIS
(Luschke´s space)
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CHOANAE
FORNIX PHARYNGIS
TONSILLAPHARYNGEA
HYPOPHYSISPHARYNGIS
OSTIUM PHARYNGEUM TUBAE AUDITIVAE:
TORUS TUBARIUS(PLICASALPINGOPHARYNGEA)
TORUS LEVATORIUS
PLICASALPINGOPALATINA
TONSILLATUBARIA
PARS NASALIS PHARYNGIS
nasopharynx, epipharynx
Waldeyer´s lympho-epithelial ring
Tonsilla pharyngea
Tonsillae tubariae
Tonsilae palatinae
Tonsilla lingualis
PARS ORALIS PHARYNGIS (oropharynx)
Isthmus faucium:
palatum mole
arcus palatoglossus
arcus palatopharyngeus
tonsilla palatina
radix lingue
PARS LARYNGEAPHARYNGIS (laryngo- , hypopharynx)
Aditus laryngis:
epiglottis
plicae aryepiglotticae
tuberculum cuneiforme
tuberculum corniculatum
plica interarytaenoidea
(during respiration)
insisura interarytaenoidea
(during fonation)
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M. CONSTRICTOR
PHARYNGISSUP.
M. CONSTRICTOR
PHARYNGISMEDIUS
M. CONSTRICTOR
PHARYNGISINF.
RAPHE PHARYNGIS
CONSTRICTORES PHARYNGIS CONSTRICTORES PHARYNGIS
M. CONSTRICTOR PHAR. SUP.
PARS PTERYGOPHARYNGEA
BUCCOPHARYNGEA
MYLOPHARYNGEA
GLOSSOPHARYNGEA
M. CONSTRICTOR PHAR. MED.:
PARS CHONDROPHARYNGEA
CERATOPHARYNGEA
M. CONSTRICTOR PHAR. INF.:
PARS THYROPHARYNGEA
CRICOPHARYNGEA
M. STYLOPHARYNGEUS
(proc. styloideus)
M. SALPINGOPHARYNGEUS
(tuba auditiva)
M. PALATOPHARYNGEUS
(aponeurosis palatina)
LEVATORES PHARYNGIS OESOPHAGUS
Ostium cardiacum:
adult 40 cm from inferior incisors
Newborn approx. 14 cm
(C6 - Th11)
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pars abdominalis
C6
Th4
Th11
pars cervicalis
pars thoracica
pars retrotrachealis
et retropericardiaca
Mucous membrane
JUNCTION GASTROOESOPHAGEALIS
LONGITUDINAL FOLDS
Submucosal tissue
GL. OESOPHAGEAE
PLEXUS SUBMUCOSUS
Muscular tissue
upper 1/3 striated
lower 1/3 smooth
(circular, longitudinal)
External layer
ADVENTITIA
SEROSA – pars abd.
ESOPHAGOGRAPHY
Stomach Cardia
Fundus (fornix)
Corpus ventriculi
Pars pylorica
Pylorus
Paries anterior
Paries posterior
Curvatura major
Curvatura minor
Incisura cardiaca
Incisura angularis
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Shape of the stomach • Ostium cardiacum
• Fornix ventriculi (air bubble)
• Pars cardiaca
• Canalis gastricus
• Pars pylorica
Antrum pyloricum
(sinus gastricus)
Canalis pyloricus
Ostium pyloricum
Stomach cavity
Plicae gastricae
Sulcus salivarius
Areae gastricae
Foveolae gastricae
Glandulae gastricae
Succus gastricus (0,5% HCl)
Gastrin
Chymus
TUNICA MUCOSA VENTRICULI
Fibrae obliquae
Stratum circulare
(m. sphincter pylori)
Stratum longitudinale
(taenia curvaturae majoris et
minoris)
TUNICA MUSCULARIS VENTRICULI
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Omentum minus
lig. hepatoduodenale
lig. hepatogastricum
Omentum majus
lig. gastrocolicum
Lig. gastrolienale
(lig. splenicogastricum)
TUNICA EXTERNA VENTRICULI (visceral peritoneum)
regio hypochondriaca sin.
cardia – left from Th11-12
pylorus– right from L1-2
Labbe´s triangle
Traube´s semilunar space
Pars digestoria
(incisura angularis)
Pars egestoria
GASTROGRAPHY References:
Putz, R. (2008):
Atlas of Human Anatomy Sobotta. Elsevier Books.
Keith L. Moore, Arthur F. Dalley (2005):
Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Williams and Wilkins.
Platzer, W., Kahle, W., Leonhardt H. (1992):
Locomotor system. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart,
New York, 4th edition.
Čihák, R. (1987):
Anatomie 1. Avicenum, Zdravotnické nakladatelství.
Netter, F. H. (1997):
Interactive Atlas of Clinical Anatomy. Novartis, USA.