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General myology, muscles
of the back and upper
extremity I
Active locomotor system
Active part of locomotor system
App. 600 muscles (1/3 of weight, ♂ 35%, ♀ 32%)
Postural system
Sensitive system (position of body)
Termoregulation
Blood and lymphatic circulation
Verbal and nonverbal communication
Logistic system (breathing, food intake)
Muscle tissue
Muscle tissue is characterized by the ability to contract when
stimulated.
1. Skeletal muscle: long, multinucleate
cells with visible striations, voluntary
muscle
2. Smooth muscle: short, cylindrical
cells, involuntary muscle; e.g.
digestive tract, walls of blood vessels
3. Cardiac (heart) muscle: short,
branched, striated cells, with one
nucleus at the center of each cell,
joined to their neighbors by
intercalated discs, involuntary muscle
Čihák, 2001
Morphology of the skeletal muscles
Striated muscular fibers- endomysium
primary and secondary muscular bundles - perimysium internum
Surface - perimysium externum – fascia propria musculi
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fascia (covering of muscle)
tendo, aponeurosis - tendon
origo - origin (begging) - fixed
caput musculi
venter musculi (muscular belly)
cauda musculi
insertio – attachment (moveable)
Composition of skeletal muscles Vascularization and innervation of the skeletal muscle
Hilus – nerves and vessels
sensory innervation – muscle and tendon spindles
motor innervation
Fascia - osteofascial septa, compartments
Trochleae musculares, ssesamoid bones, bursae synoviales
Vaginae tendinum - stratum fibrosum, stratum synoviale, mesotendineum
Special apparatus
Vagina synovialis
stratum fibrosum
stratum synoviale
mesotendinum
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Long
Flat
Short
Simple
Complex
Pennate
Types of muscles according to shape
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ch-10--11-muscle--tissue/deck/81728
antagonists x synergists
flexors x extenzors
(m. biceps brachii x m. triceps brachii)
abductors x adductors
(m. abductor pollicis brevis x m. adductor pollicis)
dilatators x sfincters =
(m. dilatator pupillae x m. sphincter pupillae)
supinators x pronators
(m. supinator x m. pronator teres)
Types of muscles according to function
Special myology
Description of the muscle:
Origo
Insertio
Functio
Inervatio
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Musculi dorsi
Heterochtonous muscles
Spinohumeral muscles
Spinocostal muscles
Autochtonous muscles
Spinotransversal system
Sakrospinal system
Spinospinal system
Transversospinal system
Short dorsal muscles
Musculi nuchae profundi
Musculi intertransversarii posteriores cervicis
Musculi interspinales cervicis
Spinohumeral muscles
Musculus trapezius
o: protuberantia occipitalis ext., lig. nuchae,
procc. spinosi of all Th vertebrae
i: clavicula, acromion, spina scapulae
f: bilateral contraction – extension of the
head, pulls scapula medially
unilateral contraction – lateroflexion of
the head and spine
i: n. accesorius (n. XI.), plexus cervicalis
Musculus latissimus dorsi
o: procc. transversi C1-C4
i: angulus superior scapulae
f: elevation of scapula
i: n. dorsalis scapulae
o: fascia thoracolumbalis - procc. spinosi of caudal Th
and all L vertebrae, os sacrum, crista iliaca, caudal ribs
i: crista tuberculi minoris
f: extension, adduction
and pronation of arm
i: n. thoracodorsalis
Musculus levator scapulae
Musculus rhomboideus major
Musculus rhomboideus minor
o: procc. spinosi C6-C7
i: margo medialis scapulae
f: pulls scapula mediocranially
i: n. dorsalis scapulae
o: procc. spinosi Th1-4
i: margo medialis scapulae
f: pulls scapula mediocranially
i: n. dorsalis scapulae
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Spinocostal muscles
Musculus serratus posterior superior
Musculus serratus posterior inferior
o: procc. spinosi of caudal C and cranial Th vertebrae
i: 2. - 5. rib
f: elevates the ribs (inspiration)
i: nn. intercostales
o: procc. spinosi of caudal Th and
cranial L vertebrae
i: four caudal ribs
f: depresses the ribs (exspiration)
i: nn. intercostales
Autochtonous muscles –spinotransversal system
Musculus splenius capitis
Musculus splenius cervicis
o: procc. spinosi of caudal C
and cranial Th vertebrae
i: linea nuchae sup., proc. mastoideus
f: extension, lateroflexion, ipsilat
rotation
i: rr. dorsales nervorum spinalium
o: procc. spinosi of cranial Th vertebrae
i: proc. transversi of the atlas and axis
f: extension, lateroflexion, ipsilat rotation
i: rr. dorsales nervorum spinalium
Musculus erector spinae
o: procc. Spinosi of L vertebrae, os
sacrum, crista iliaca and cranial Th
vertebrae
Musculus longissimus dorsi et cervicis
i: med. – procc. accesorii L and transversi Th
and C vertebrae
lat. – procc. costarii L vertebrae and ribs
Musculus longissimus capitis
o: proc. trans. C4-Th5
i: processus mastoideus
Musculus iliocostalis
i: ribs and procc. Transversi of the C vertebrae
Sacrospinal system
Musculus spinalis thoracis et cervicis
Spinospinal system
o: procc. Spinosi of caudal C, Th and L vertebrae
i: procc. Spinosi of cranial C, Th and L vertebrae
f: extension, lateroflexion
i: rr. dorsales nervorum spinalium
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1. M. semispinalis thoracis et cervicis
2. M. semispinalis capitis
3. Mm. multifidi
Transversospinal system
V. Short muscles of the back
1. Mm. interspinales cervicis
2. Mm. intertransversarii posteriores cervicis
3. Mm. nuchae profundi
a) M. rectus capitis posterior minor
b) M. rectus capitis posterior major
c) M. obliquus capitis superior
d) M. obliquus capitis inferior
Trigonum suboccipitale
Fasciae of the back
Fascia dorsalis superficialis
Fascia nuchae
Fascia thoracolumbalis
Aponeurosis lumbalis
Trigonum lumbale (Petiti)Tetragon Krausei
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Musculi humeri
Musculus deltoideus
Musculus supraspinatus
Musculus infraspinatus
Musculus teres minor
Musculus teres major
Musculus subscapularis
Musculus deltoideus
o: clavicula, acromion, spina scapulae
i: tuberositas deltoidea humeri
f: adduction, anteflexion, extension
i: n. axillaris
Musculus supraspinatus Musculus infraspinatus
Musculus teres minor
o: fossa supraspinata
i: tuberculum majus humeri
f: abduction, humeral
supination
i: n. suprascapularis
o: fossa infraspinata
i: tuberculum majus humeri
f: abduction, humeral supination
i: n. suprascapularis
o: margo lat. scapulae
i: tuberculum majus humeri
f: humeral supination, adduction
i: n. axillaris
Musculus teres major
Musculus subscapularis
o: fossa subscapularis
i: tuberculum minus humeri
f: pronation
i: n. subscapularis
o: angulus inferior scapulae
i: crista tuberculi minoris
f: adductione, extension,
pronation
i: n. suprascapularis
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Tendons of:
m. supraspinatus
m. infraspinatus
m. teres minor
m. subscapularis
Rotator cuff
Musculi brachii
Ventral group
Musculus biceps brachii
Musculus coracobrachialis
Musculus brachialis
Dorsal group
Musculus triceps brachii
Musculus anconeus
Musculus biceps brachii
o: caput longum – tuberculum supraglenoidale
caput breve – processus coracoideus scapulae
i: tuberositas radii, aponeurosis bicipitalis
f: flexion and supination in elbow,
abduction, anteflexion in shoulder
i: n. musculocutaneus
Ventral group Musculus coracobrachialis
Musculus brachialis
o: processus coracoideus scapulae
i: medial side of humerus (in the middle)
f: adduction, anteflexion
i: n. musculocutaneus
o: ventral side of the humerus (distal half)
i: tuberositas ulnae
f: flexion in elbow
i: n. musculocutaneus
pronation – flexion by m. brachialis
supination – m. brachialis + m. biceps brachii.
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o: caput longum – tuberculum infraglenoidale
caput mediale – prox sulcus n. radialis humeri
caput laterale – dist sulcus n. radialis humeri
i: olecranon ulnae
f: adduction and extension in shoulder j.,
Extension of the forearm
i: n. radialis
Musculus triceps brachii
Musculus anconeus
o: epicondylus lateralis humeri
i: olecranon ulnae
f: extension of the forearm
i: n. radialis
Foramen humerotricipitale
boarders: m. teres major et minor, caput longum m. tricipitis brachii, humerus
content: n. axillaris, a. circumlexa humeri posterior
Foramen omotricipitale
boarders: m. teres major et minor, caput longum m. tricipitis brachii
content: a. circumlexa scapulae
Ventral wall:
Tendon of the m. pectoralis major
Dorsal wall:
m. latissimus dorsi and m. teres major
Medial wall:
Chest and m. serratus anterior
Lateral wall:
humerus, caput breve m. bicipitis brachii, m. coracobrachialis
Base - fascia axillaris
apex- 1. rib, lateral part of the clavicle and scapula
Content: plexus brachialis, a. axillaris
Fossa axillaris Fascia brachii
septum intermusculare mediale et laterale
sulcus bicipitalis medialis et lateralis
(vasa brachialia, n. medianus, n. ulnaris)
hiatus basilicus
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References
Moore, K. L. (1992): Clinical oriented anatomy. Third edition.
Williams&Wilkins, A Waverly Company.
Gilroy, A. M. et all. (2009):Atlas of Anatomy. Thieme New York, Stuttgart.
Putz, R. (2008):
Atlas of Human Anatomy Sobotta. Elsevier Books.
Platzer, W., Kahle, W., Leonhardt H. (1992):
Locomotor system. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart,
New York, 4th edition.
Čihák, R. (1987): Anatomie 1. Avicenum, Zdravotnické nakladatelství.