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ARTHROLOGY
Synarthrosis – connection provided with connective tissue
Bone connections
Diarthrosis – joint
• moveable connection of two or more bones
• connection – articulation facets
• Special joint apparatus
Fibrous tissue (syndesmosis) Cartilage (synchondrosis) Bone (synostosis)
Syndesmosis (articulatio fibrosa)
Ligamenta Membranae Gomphosis
Syndesmosis – suturae
Sutura serrata
Sutura squamosa
Sutura plana
hyalinní chrupavka vazivová chrupavka
Synchondrosis
(articulatio cartilaginea)
Discus intervertebralis
Symphysis pubica
Synostosis
Os sacrum
Os coccygis
Diarthrosis – Articulatio synovialis
Facies articulares (cartilagines articulares)
Capsula articularis (stratum fibrosum, synoviale)
Cavitas articularis (plicae, villi synoviales)
Synovia (nutrition of the articular cartilages)
•Special joint apparatus
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Special joint apparatus
Ligamenta
(intraarticularia, capsularia, extraarticularia)
Disci et menisci articulares
Labrum articulare
Bursae et vaginae synoviales
(membrana fibrosa, synovialis)
Articulatio composita
(more thaan 2 bones, disci, menisci)
Division of the joints according to the number of bones
Articulatio simplex
(2 bones)
Division of the joints according to the shape of articular facets
articulatio spheroidea
arthrodia
enarthrosis
articulatio ellipsoidea articulatio sellaris
articulatio cylindroidea
trochoidea
ginglymus
articulatio trochlearis
amfiartrosisarticulatio plana
Movements
flexion extension
abduction adduction
supinationpronation
Limited movememts
Sliding movements
Rotation (3 axis)
I.
II.
III.
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Division of the joints according to the number of axis
monoaxial biaxial triaxial
Trochlear joint
Wheel joint
Sellar joint
Ellipsoid joint Ball-and-socket joint
1. name
2. Articular facets
3. Joint capsule
4. Joint apparatus
5. Type of the joint, movements
Joint description
Special arthrology
Connections on the skull
Synarthrosis (syndesmosis, synchondrosis, synostosis)
Diarthrosis (articulatio temporomandibularis, craniovertebral connections).
suturae ligamentum stylohyoideum
Syndesmosis cranii
Synchondrosis cranii
synchondrosis sphenopertosa
synchondrosis petrooccipitalis
synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis
Articulatio temporomandibularis
caput mandibulae, fossa mandibularis + tuberculum articulareArticular facets:
Joint apparatus: discus articularis
Joint capsule: margines of the articular facets
Articulatio temporomandibularis
lig. laterale
lig. pterygospinale
lig. stylomandibulare
lig. sphenomandibulare
raphe pterygomandibularis
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Articulatio temporomandibularis
Type: articulatio composita - pars discotemporalis et discomandibularis
Movements: pars discotemporalis (translatory movement), pars
discomandibularis (rotation), elevation, depression, protraction, retraction,
chewing
Craniovertebral connections - articulatio atlantooccipitalis
Articular facets: condyli occipitales, foveae articulares superiores atlantis
Joint capsule: margines of the articular facets
Apparatus: membrana atlantooccipitalis ant. et post., membrana tectoria
Type: ellipsoid
Movements: flexion, extension, lateroflexion
Articulatio atlantoaxialis mediana
facies articularis ant. et fovea dentis
facies articularis post. et lig. transversum atlantis
Articulatio atlantoaxialis lateralis
facies articulares inferiores atlantis
proc. articulares sup. axis
Craniovertebral connections - articulatio atlantoaxialis Articulatio atlantoaxialis mediana et lateralis
Apparatus:
lig. apicis dentis
ligg. alaria
lig. cruciforme atlantis
(lig. transversum atlantis, fasciculi longitudinales)
membrana tectoria
Type:
articulatio composita, mechanical unit
Movements:
Rotation of the atlas around the dens app. 60o
Juncturae colummnae vertebralis
Disci intervertebrales – connection between the bodies of vertebrae
number: 23
app ¼ lenghth of column
anulus fibrosus
nucleus pulposus
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Articulationes intervertebrales
Articular facets: processus articulares sup. et inf. of adjacent vertebrae
(position of the facets - C oblique, Th front, L sagittal)
Joint capsule: margines of the articular facets
Type: articulatio plana (translatory movements)
Short ligaments of the spine:
ligamenta flava (arches)
ligamenta interspinalia (proc. spinosi)
ligamenta intertransversalia (proc. transversi)
Long ligaments of the spine
ligamentum supraspinale (ligamentum nuchae)
Ligamentum longitudinale anterius
Ligamentum longitudinale posterius (membrana tectoria)
Shape of the
spine:
C lordosis
Th kyfosis
L lordosis
S kyfosis
Physiological
scoliosis
anteflexion till 135o
retroflexion till 105o
Movements of the spine
rotation 90-95olateroflexion till 70o
Springy movements
Juncturae thoracis – articulationes costovetebrales
Articulatio capitis costae
Articular facets: facies articularis capitis costae, foveae costales sup. et inf.
Apparatus:
discus articularis
lig. capitis costae radiatum
lig. capitis costae intraarticulare (2nd-10th)
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Articulatio costotransversaria
Articular facets: facies articularis tuberculi costae, fovea costalis proc. transversi
Appratus:
lig. costotransversarium
lig. costotransversarium laterale
lig. costotransversarium superius
lig. lumbocostale
Movements: elevation of the ribs
Juncturae sternocostales
Sychondrosis sternocostalis (1st, 6th and 7th)
Articulationes sternocostales (2nd – 5th)
Articular facets:
Rib cartilages, incisurae costales sterni
Appartus:
ligg. sternocostalia radiata
membrana sterni externa
membrana sterni interna
Juncturae intercostales
Articulationes interchondrales
Articular facets: cartilages 5th – 9th rib
Membranae intercostales
membrana intercostalis externa
membrana intercostalis interna
Rib cage shape
Apertura thoracis superior
Spatia intercostalia
Cavum thoracis
Apertura thoracis inferior
Movements of the rib cage Connections of the girdle of the upper extremity
(juncturae ossium cinguli extremitatis superioris)
Articulatio sternoclavicularis
Articulatio acromioclavicularis
Syndesmosis scapulae
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Dysostosis cleidocranialis
Articulatio sternoclavicularis
Articular facets: incisura clavicularis sterni, facies articularis sternalis
claviculae
Joint capsule: tough
Apparatus:
discus articularis
lig. sternoclaviculare ant. a post.
lig. interclaviculare (incisura jugularis)
lig. costoclaviculare
Type: composed, spheroid
Movemnts: limited,
depends on movements of scapula
Articular facets: facies articularis acromialis claviculae, facies articularis acromii
Joint capsule: tough
Apparatus:
discus articularis
lig. acromioclaviculare
lig. coracoclaviculare
Type:
composed, limited
Depends on movements of scapula
and shoulder
Articulatio acromioclavicularis
Lig. transversum scapulae superius et inferius
Lig. coracoacromiale (fornix humeri)
Syndesmosis scapulae Movements of the scapula
protraction (lateroventral, during anteflexion)
retraction (dorsomedial, during retroflexion)
elevation
deprese
Connections of the free upper extremity
(juncturae ossium extremitatis superioris liberae)
Articulatio humeri (shoulder joint)
Articular facets:
caput humeri, cavitas glenoidalis + labrum glenoidale
Joint capsule:
margines, med. on collum anat. humeri – distally
vagina synovialis intertubercularis
Articulatio humeri – articular apparatus
labrum glenoidale
ligg. glenohumeralia (sup., inf., ant.)
lig. coracohumerale
lig. coracoacromiale
Firmed by tendons
(rotator cuff)
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Articulatio humeri - bursae synoviales
Bursa subdeltoidea
Bursa subcoracoidea
Bursa subacromialis,
Bursa m. subscapularis subtendinea
Articulatio humeri
Type: spheroid (arthrodia)
Movements: triaxial
The middle position: flexion + abduction app 45o
Articulatio cubiti (elbow joint)
Articulatio composita:
1. Articulatio humeroradialis (articulatio spheroidea)
capitulum humeri, fovea capitis radii
2. Articulatio humeroulnaris (articulatio trochlearis)
trochlea humeri, incisura trochlearis ulnae
3. Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis (articulatio trochoidea)
circumferentia articularis capitis radii,
incisura radialis ulnae
Articulatio cubiti
Articulation capsule:
Epicondyles of the humerus EXTRACAPSULAR, foveae of the humerus
INTRACAPSULAR
recessus sacciformis
Apparatus:
lig. anulare radii
lig. collaterale radiale
lig. collaterale ulnare
Articulatio cubiti - movements
flexion and extension
Pronation and supination of forearm
References:
Putz, R. (2008):
Atlas of Human Anatomy Sobotta. Elsevier Books.
Keith L. Moore, Arthur F. Dalley (2005):
Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Williams and Wilkins.
Platzer, W., Kahle, W., Leonhardt H. (1992):
Locomotor system. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart,
New York, 4th edition.
Čihák, R. (1987):
Anatomie 1. Avicenum, Zdravotnické nakladatelství.
Netter, F. H. (1997):
Interactive Atlas of Clinical Anatomy. Novartis, USA.