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Muscles of the upper and lower extremity
Musculibrachii
Ventral group
Musculus biceps brachii
Musculus coracobrachialis
Musculus brachialis
Dorsal group
Musculus triceps brachii
Musculus anconeus
Musculus biceps brachii
o: caput longum – tuberculum supraglenoidale
caput breve – processus coracoideus scapulae
i: tuberositas radii, aponeurosis bicipitalis
f: flexion and supination in elbow joint
adduction and ventral flexion in shoulder joint
i: n. musculocutaneus
Ventral group Musculus coracobrachialis
Musculus brachialis
o: processus coracoideus scapulae
i: medial side of the humerus
f: adduction and ventral flexion
i: n. musculocutaneus
o: ventral side of the humerus (distal half)
i: tuberositas ulnae
f: flexion in elbow
i: n. musculocutaneus
Flexion in pronation – m. brachialis
Flexion in supination – m. brachialis + m. biceps
brachii.
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o: caput longum – tuberculum infraglenoidale
caput mediale – distal to sulcus n. radialis humeri
caput laterale – proximal to sulcus n. radialis
humeri
i: olecranon ulnae
f: adduction and extension of the arm, extension of
the forearm
i: n. radialis
Musculus triceps brachii
Musculus anconeus
o: epicondylus lateralis humeri
i: olecranon ulnae
f: extension of the forearm
i: n. radialis
Ventral group – superficial layer
Musculuspronator teres
Musculusflexor carpi radialis
Musculuspalmaris longus
Musculusflexor carpi ulnaris
Ventral group – middle layer
Musculusflexor digitorumsuperficialis
Ventral group – deep layer
Musculusflexor digitorumprofundus
Musculusflexor pollicislongus
Musculuspronator quadratus
Musculi antebrachii
Musculus pronator teres
o: caput commune (epicondylus med.)
caput ulnare – processus coronoideus ulnae
i: middle of the radius, lateral side
f: flexion and pronation of the forearm
i: n. medianus
o: caput commune (epicondylus med.)
i: base 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bone
f: flexion forearm and hand, radial duction
i: n. medianus
Musculus flexor carpi radialis
Musculus palmaris longus
o: caput commune (epicondylus med.)
i: aponeurosis palmaris
f: flexion - wrist and elbow
i: n. medianus
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o: caput commune (epicondylus med.)
caput ulnare – olecranon ulnae
i: os pisiforme
(lig. pisohamatum and lig.
pisometacarpeum)
f: flexion – forearm and hand, ulnar duction
i: n. ulnaris
Musculus flexor carpi ulnaris Musculus flexor digitorum superficialis
o: epicondylus med. humeri
caput radiale – proximal part of the radius
i: sides of the middle phalanges - 2-5 fingers
f: flexion of the forearm, hand and fingers
i: n. medianus
Musculus flexor pollicis longus
Musculus flexor digitorum profundus
o: ventral side of the ulna, membrana interossea
antebrachii
i: sides of distal phalanges - 2.-5. fingers
f: flexion – hand and fingers
i: 2nd and 3rd finger - n. medianus, 4th, 5th – n. ulnaris
o: ventral side of the radius, membrana interossea
antebrachii
i: distal phalanx of the thumb
f: flexion hand and thumb
i: n. medianus
Musculus pronator quadratus
o: distal part of ventral side of ulna
i: distal part of ventral side of radius
f: pronation of forearm
i: n. medianus
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Eminentia carpi radialis et ulnaris
Retinaculum flexorum (lig. carpi transversum)
Canalis carpi:
Radial part: m. flexor carpi radialis
Ulnar part: m. flexor digitorum superficialis
m. flexor digitorum profundus
m. flexor pollicis longus
nervus medianus
Vaginae synoviales of flexors
Vagina synovialis tendinis m. flexoris carpi radialis
Vagina synovialis tendinis m. flexoris pollicis longi
Vagina synovialis communis musculorum flexorum
Vaginae synoviales digitorum manus
Vaginae fibrosae digitorum manus
(pars anularis, pars cruciformis)
Lateral group of the muslces of forearm
Musculus brachioradialis
Musculus extensor carpi radialis longus
Musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
Musculus supinator
N. radialis
Musculus supinator
Musculus brachioradialis
o: crista m. supinatoris ulnae, lig. anulare radii,
epicondylus lateralis humeri
i: ventral side of radius
f: supination of forearm
i: n. radialis
o: proximal to epicondylus lateralis humeri
i: processus styloideus radii
f: flexion and supination of forearm
i: n. radialis
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Musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
Musculus extensor carpi radialis longus
o: epicondylus lateralis humeri
i: base of 3rd metacarpal bone
f: extension and radial duction of hand
i: n. radialis
o: proximal to epicondylus lateralis humeri
i: base of 2nd metacarpal bone
f: extension and radial duction of hand
i: n. radialis
Dorsal group of the muscles of forearm
Superficiallayer:
Musculusextensor digitorum
Musculusextensor digitiminimi
Musculusextensor carpi ulnaris
Deep layer:
Musculusabductorpollicis longus
Musculusextensor pollicis brevis
Musculusextensor pollicis longus
Musculusextensor indicis
Musculus extensor digitorum
Musculus extensor digiti minimi
Musculus extensor carpi ulnaris
o: epicondylus lateralis humeri
i: dorsal aponeurosis of 2.-5. finger
f: extension of the hand and fingers
o: epicondylus lateralis humeri
i: dorsal aponeurosis of 5th finger
f: extension of the hand and 5th finger
o: epicondylus lateralis humeri
i: base of 5th metacarpal bone
f: extension of hand and ulnar duction
Musculus abductor pollicis longus
o: dorsal side of ulna and radius, membrana
interossea antebrachii
i: base of 1st metacarpal bone
f: abduction of thumb
Musculus extensor pollicis brevis
o: membrana interossea antebrachii, dorsal side of radius
i: dorsal side of proximal phalanx
f: extension and abduction of thumb
Musculus extensor pollicis longus
o: membrana interossea antebrachii, dorsal side of ulna
i: dorsal side of distal phalanx
f: extension of thumb
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Musculus extensor indicis proprius
o: dorsal side of ulna, membrana interossea antebrachii
i: dorsal aponeurosis of the 5th finger
f: extension of the 5th finger
Vaginae synoviales of the extensors
Retinaculum extensorum (radius - os triquetrum a os hamatum)
1. m. abductor pollicis longus
m. extensorpollicis brevis
2. m. extensorcarpi radialis longus et brevis
3. m. extensorpollicis longus
4. m. extensorindicis
m. extensordigitorum communis
5. m. extensordigiti minimi
6. m. extensorcarpi ulnaris
Fascia antebrachii
Connected with dorsal side of ulna
septum intermusculare ant.
septum intermusculare post.
retinaculum flexorum et extensorum
Musculimanus
Muscles of thenar:
Musculus abductor pollicic brevis
Musculus flexor pollicis brevis
Musculus opponens pollicis
Musculus adductor pollicis
Muscles of hypothenar:
Musculus palmaris brevis
Musculus abductor digiti minimi
Musculus flexor digiti minimi
Musculus opponens digiti minimi
Middle group:
Musculi interossei dorsales
Musculi interossei palmares
Musculi lumbricales
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Musculusabductorpollicic brevis
o: eminentia carpi radialis
i: radial sesamoid bone in art.
metacarpophalangea
f: abduction of the thumb
i: n. medianus
o: eminentia carpi radialis
(caput superficiale et profundum)
i: radial sesamoid bone in art.
Metacarpophalangea
f: flexion and oposition of thumb
i: n. medianus, n. ulnaris
Musculusflexor pollicisbrevis Musculusadductorpollicis
Musculusopponenspollicis
o: eminentia carpi radialis
i: lateral side of the 1st metacarpal
bone
f: oposition of thumb
i: n. medianus
o: caput obliquum - eminentia carpi radialis
caput transversum– lateral side of the r´3rd
metacarpal bone
i: ulnar sesamoid bone in art. metacarpophalangea
f: adduction of thumb
i: n. ulnaris
Musculuspalmaris brevis
Muscles of hypothenar
Musculus abductor digiti minimi
o: os pisiforme
i: ulnar side of proximal phalanx of the
5th finger
f: abduction of the 5th finger
i: n. ulnaris
o: ulnar margine of palmar aponeurosis
i: skin of hypothenar
f: transverse grooves
i: n. ulnaris
Musculus flexor digiti minimi
Musculus opponens digiti minimi
o: hamulus ossis hamati
i: base of prox. phalanx of 5th
metacarpal bone
f: flexion of the 5th finger
i: n. ulnaris
o: eminentia carpi ulnaris
i: ulnar side of 5th metacarpal bone
f: oposition of the 5th finger
i: n. ulnaris
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MusculiinterosseidorsalesI. - IV.
Middle group:
Musculiinterosseipalmares I. až III.
o: bodies of adjecent metacarpal bones
i: basse prox. phalanx and a dors. aponeurosis
f: abduction of fingers (axis – 3rd finger),
flexion
i: n. ulnaris
o: bodies of metacarpal bones
i: base of prox. Phalanx and a dors. aponeurosis
f: adduction of fingers (axis – 3rd finger),
flexion
i: n. ulnaris
MusculilumbricalesI. - IV.
o: tendons of musculus flexor digitorum profundus
i: radial side of proximal phalanges and dorsal
aponeurosis of the 2nd-5th fingers
f: flexion of the fingers, radial duction of fingers
i: 1. and 2. m. lumbricalis - n. medianus
3. and 4. m. lumbricalis - n. ulnaris
Fasciae manus
Fascia dorsalis manus superificialis
Fascia dorsalis manus intertendinea (šlachy extenzorů)
Fascia dorsalis manus interossea
Facia palmaris superficialis – aponeurosis palmaris
Fascia palmaris interossea
Septum palmare radiale (3rd metacarpal bone)
Septum palmare ulnare (5th metacarpal bone)
Spatium palmare radiale, ulnare, medium
Musculi membri inferioris
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Musculi coxae
Ventral group: Musculus iliopsoas
Dorsal group:
Musculus glutaeus maximus
Musculus glutaeus medius
Musculus glutaeus minimus
Musculus tensor fasciae latae
Musculus piriformis
Musculus obturatorius internus
Musculus gemellus superior
Musculus gemellus inferior
Musculus quadratus femoris
Musculus iliopsoas
Musculus psoas major
o: disci intervertebrales and ligaments of the L
Musculus iliacus
o: fossa iliaca
Musculus psoas minor (nekonstantní)
o: medially to m. psoas major
i: trochanter minor
f: flexion in hip
i: plexus lumbalis
Musculus glutaeus maximus
Musculus glutaeus medius
o: linea glutaea post. ossis illi, os sacrum,
fascia thoracolumbalis
i: tractus iliotibialis, tuberositas glutaea,
labium laterale linae asperae
f: extension in the hip and knee
i: n. glutaeus inferior
o: linea glutaea ant. a post.,
labium externum cristae iliacae
i: trochanter major femoris
f: pronation and supination, extension
i: n. glutaeus sup.
Musculus glutaeus minimus
Musculus tensor fasciae latae
o: spina iliaca ant. sup.
i: tractus iliotibialis
f: extension in knee
i: n. glutaeus sup.
o: linea glutaea ant. a inf.,
i: trochanter major femoris
f: pronation and supination,abduction
i: n. glutaeus sup.
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Musculus piriformis
o: lat. part of facies pelvina ossis sacri
i: trochanter major femoris
f: femoral supination
i: plexus sacralis
Musculus obturatorius internus
o: membrana obturatoria, inner surface
i: fossa trochanterica
f: femoral supination
i: plexus sacralis
Musculus gemellus inferior
Musculus gemellus superior
o: tuber ischiadicum
i: m. obturatorius int.,
(fossa trochanterica)
f: femoral supination
i: plexus sacralis
o: spina ischiadica
i: m. obturatorius int.,
(fossa trochanterica)
f: femoral supination
i: plexus sacralis
Musculus quadratus femoris
o: tuber ischiadicum
i: crista intertrochanterica
f: femoral supination
i: plexus sacralis
Musculi femoris – ventral group
Musculus quadriceps femoris
o:
1. m. rectus femoris – spina iliaca ant. inf.
2. m. vastus medialis – labium med. linae asperae
3. m. vastus lateralis – labium laterale linae asperae
4. m. vastus intermedius – corpus femoris
i: lig. patellae, tuberositas tibiae
f: extension in knee, flexion in hip
i: n. femoralis
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o: spina iliaca ant. sup.
i: pes anserinus (condylus med. tibiae)
f: fextension in knee, flexion in hip
i: n. femoralis
Musculus sartorius
Musculi femoris – medial group
Musculus gracilis
Musculus pectineus
Musculus adductor longus
Musculus adductor brevis
Musculus adductor magnus
Musculus obturatorius externus
Musculus gracilis
Musculus pectineus
o: pecten ossis pubis
i: linea pectinea femoris
f: adduction in hip
i: n. obturatorius,n. femoralis
o: ventrocaudally to symphysis
i: pes anserinus (condylus med. tibiae)
f: flexion in knee and adduction in hip
i: n. obturatorius
Musculus adductor longus
Musculus adductor brevis
o: between ramus sup. and inf. ossis pubis
i: prox. third of labium mediale
linae asperae femoris
f: adduction in hip
i: n. obturatorius
o: ramus ossis pubis between tuberculum
pubicum and symphysis
i: middle part of labium mediale
linae asperae femoris
f: adduction in hip
i: n. obturatorius
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Musculus adductor magnus
Musculus obturatorius externus
o: ramus inf. ossis pubis to
tuber ischiadicum
i: labium mediale linae asperae femoris,
epicondylus medialis femoris
f: adduction in hip
i: n. obturatorius,n. ischiadicus
o: external surface of membrana obturatoria
i: fossa trochanterica femoris
f: supination in hip joint
i: n. obturatorius
Musculus semitendinosus
Musculus semimembranosus
Musculus biceps femoris
Musculi femoris – dorsal group
Musculus semitendinosus
Musculus semimembranosus
o: tuber ischiadicum
i: pes anserinus
f: extension in hip, flexion in knee
i: n. ischiadicus
o: tuber ischiadicum
i: condylus medialis tibiae, lig. popliteum obliquum
f: extension in hip, flexion in knee
i: n. ischiadicus
Musculus biceps femoris
o:
caput longum: tuber ischiadicum
caput breve: labium laterale lineae asperae
i: caput fibulae
f: extension in hip, flexion in knee
i: n. ischiadicus
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Musculi cruris – ventral group
Musculus tibialis anterior
Musculus extensor hallucis longus
Musculus extensor digitorum longus
Musculus tibialis anterior
o: lateral side of tibia, membrana interossea cruris
i: os cuneiforme med., base of I. metatarsal bone
f: dorsal flexion and supination of the foot, supports
the foot vault
i: n. fibularis prof.
Musculus extensor hallucis longus
o: medial side of fibula, membrana interossea cruris
i: dorsal aponeurosis of toe
f: extension of toe and foot
i: n. fibularis prof.
Musculus extensor digitorum longus
o: condylus lat. tibiae, proximal part of fibula,
membrana interossea cruris
i: dorsal aponeurosis of 2-5 fingers
5th tendon on tuberositas ossis metatarsiV.
(musculus fibularis tercius)
f: extension of fingers and foot, pronation
i: n. fibularis prof.
Vaginae synoviales – ventral group
Retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius
(between malleolus medialis et lateralis)
three osteofibrous spaces:
m. tibialis ant.
m. extensor hallucis longus
m. extensor digitorum longus
Retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius
(X or Y shape)
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Musculi cruris – lateral group
Musculus fibularis (peroneus) longus
Musculus fibularis brevis
o: caput fibulae, prox. part of fibuly
i: os cuneiforme med., base of 1st metatarsal
bone
f: plantar flexion and pronation,
supports foot vault
i: n. fibularis superficialis
o: distal part of the lateral side of fibula
i: tuberositas ossis metatarsiV.
f: plantar flexion and pronation
i: n. fibularis superficialis
Synovial vaginae – lateral group
Retinaculum musculorum peroneorum superius
(between malleolus lat. and tuber calcanei)
Common synovial vagina
Retinaculum musculorum peroneorum inferius
(between tuber calcanei, trochlea peronealis calcanei
and distalpart of retinaculum extensorum inf.)
2 osteofibrous canals:
m. fibularis longus
(below trochlea peronealis)
m. fibularis brevis
(above trochlea peronealis)
Musculi cruris – dorsal group
Superficial layer:
Musculus triceps surae
Musculus plantaris
Musculus popliteus
Deep layer:
Musculus tibialis posterior
Musculus flexor hallucis longus
Musculus flexor digitorum longus
Musculus triceps surae
musculus gastrocnemius and musculus soleus
o:
musculus gastrocnemius:
caput med. – epicondylus med. femoris
caput lat. – epicondylus lat. femoris
musculus soleus:
arcus tendineus m. solei
i: tuber calcanei (tendo calcanei seu Achillis)
f: flexion in knee, plantar flexion
i: n. tibialis
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Musculus popliteus
Musculus plantaris
o: epicondylus lateralis femoris
i: joins tendoAchillis
f: flexion in knee, plantar flexion
i: n. tibialis
o: epicondylus lateralis femoris
i: proximally to linea m. solei
f: flexion in knee
i: n. tibialis
Musculus flexor hallucis longus
Musculus tibialis posterior
o: dorsal side of fibula
i: distal phalanx of toe
f: flexion of toe and foot
i: n. tibialis
o: posterior side of tibia, medial side of fibula,
membrana interossea cruris
i: tuberositas ossis navicularis
f: plantar flexion, foot vault support
i: n. tibialis
Musculus flexor digitorum longus
o: dorsal side of tibia
i: distal phalanges 2-5th fingers
f: flexion of fingers and foot
i: n. tibialis
Synovial vagianae – medial group
Retinaculum musculorum flexorum
(between malleolus lateralis and tuber calcanei)
Three osteofibrous spaces
m. tibialis post.
m. flexor digitorum longus
(a. and v. tibialis post., n. tibialis)
m. flexor hallucis longus
Synovial vagina for each muscle
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Fascia cruris
Doesn´t cover facies medialis tibiae
septum intermusculare anterius et posterius
(anteriot, lateral and posterior group)
Dorsal group – deep fascial sheath
Firmed in retinaculum musculorum extensorum,
flexorum, peroneorum
Musculi pedis – dorsal group
Musculus extensor hallucis brevis
o: next to sinus tarsi
i: dorsal aponeurosis of toe
f: extension of toe
i: n. peroneus profundus
Musculus extensor digitorum brevis
o: next to sinus tarsi
i: dorsal aponeurosis of 2-4th fingers
f: extension of fingers
i: n. peroneus profundus
Musculus abductor hallucis
o: processus medialis tuberis calcanei
i: med. sesamoid bone in art.
metatarsophalangea hallucis
f: abduction and flexion of toe
i: n. plantaris med.
Musculus flexor hallucis brevis
o: plantar side of ossa cuneiformia
i: both sesaamoid bones in art.
metatarsophalangea hallucis
f: flexion of toe
i: n. plantaris med.
Musculi pedis – muscles of toe
Musculus adductor hallucis
o:
caput obliquum – plantar surface of tarsal bones
caput transversum – plantar surface of 3.,4.,and 5. metatarsal
i: lat. sesamoid bone in art. metatarsophalangea hallucis
f: adduction and flexion of toe
i: n. plantaris lat.
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Musculi pedis – muscles of 5th finger
Musculus abductor digiti minimi
Musculus flexor digiti minimi
o: processus lat. tuberis calcanei
i: base of 5th metatarsal bone,
base of prox. phalanx of 5th finger
f: abduction and flexion
i: n. plantaris lat.
o: plantar side of os cuboideum
and base of 5th metatarsal bone
i: base of proximal phalanx of 5th finger
f: flexion
i: n. plantaris lat.
Musculus opponens digiti minimi
o: plantar surface of os cuboideum
i: body of the 5th metatarsal bone
f: oposition of 5th finger
i: n. plantaris lat.
Musculi pedis – middle group
Musculus flexor digitorum brevis
o: processus medialis tuberis calcanei
i: middle phalanges of 2nd-5th finger
f: flexion
i: n. plantaris med.
Musculus quadratus plantae
o: tuber calcanei
i: tendons m. flexor digitorum longus
f: flexion of fingers
i: n. plantaris lat.
Musculi lumbricales I. - IV.
o: tendons of musculus flexor digitorum longus
i: medial side of prox. phalanx
and dorsal aponeurosis of 2nd-5th finger
f: flexion of proximal phalanges,extension of distal
phalanges,medial duction
i: 1. and 2. m. lumbricalis - n. plantaris medialis
3. and 4. m. lumbricalis - n. plantaris lateralis
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Musculi interossei dorsales
Musculi interossei plantares
o: bodies of adjecent metatarsal bones
i: base of prox. phalanges and
dors. aponeurosis
f: abduction of fingers (axis through 2nd),
flexion of prximal phalanx, extension of distal
i: n. plantaris lat.
o: tibial side of bodies of 3.-5. metatarsalbones
i: base of prox. phalanges and dors. aponeurosis
f: adduction of (axis through 2nd), flexion of proximal
phalanx, extension of middle and distal
i: n. plantaris lat.
Fasciae pedis
Fascia dorsalis pedis
Fascia dorsalis pedis interossea
Fascia plantaris superficialis – aponeurosis plantaris
Fascia plantaris pedis interossea
Septum intermusculare mediale
(1st metatarsal bone)
Septum intermusculare laterale
(5th metatarsal bone)
Spatium plantare mediale, laterale, medium
References:
Putz, R. (2008):
Atlas of Human Anatomy Sobotta. Elsevier Books.
Keith L. Moore, Arthur F. Dalley (2005):
Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Williams and Wilkins.
Platzer, W., Kahle, W., Leonhardt H. (1992):
Locomotor system. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart,
New York, 4th edition.
Čihák, R. (1987):
Anatomie 1. Avicenum, Zdravotnické nakladatelství.
Netter, F. H. (1997):
Interactive Atlas of Clinical Anatomy. Novartis, USA.
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