PHYSIOLOGY OF
REPRODUCTION
FERTILIZATION
PRVNÍ POLÁRNÍ TĚLÍSKO
GRANULÓZNÍ
BUŇKY
ZONA PELLUCIDA
OOPLAZMA
OOLEMMA
DRUHÉ POLÁRNÍ
TĚLÍSKO
MUŽSKÝ
PRONUKLEUSŽENSKÝ
PRONUKLEUS
I. MITOTICKÉ DĚLENÍ
FIMBRIE
OPLODNĚNÍ
PRVNÍ DĚLENÍ
MORULA
BLASTOCYSTA
IMPLANTACE
PLACENTAL FUNCTION
I. Transport and metabolism
a. Transfer of respiratory gases
b. Transport and metabolism of carbohydrates
c. Transport and metabolism of amino acids
d. Transport and metabolism of lipids
e. Transfer of water, inorganic ions, minerals and vitamins
II. Endocrine functions
a. Oestrogens
b. Progesterone
c. Chorionic gonadotrophin
d. Placental lactogen
e. Placental growth factors
III. Protektivní funkce
a. Cytochrome P450 (xenobiotics)
b. A barrier against transmission of many bacteria
!!! IgG
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
1 2 3
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
HCG
1 2 3
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
• glycoprotein
• secreted by the syncytial trophoblast cells
• prevents involution of the corpus luteum
• prevent menstruation and cause the
endometrium to continue to grow
• can first be measured in the blood 8 to 9 days
after implantation
• effect on the fetal testes
• ↓ - ectopic pregnancy, dead fetus
• ↑ - multiple pregnancy and diagnosis of trisomy
21 - Down syndrome
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
TĚHOTENSKÉ HORMONY
1 2 3
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
TĚHOTENSKÉ HORMONY
1 2 3
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
RX
RX (Relaxin)
• relaxes the pubic symphysis and other
pelvic joints and softens
• dilates the uterine cervix
• mediate hemodynamic changes
(pregnancy)
• RLX1, RLX2 (organs of reproduction)
and RLX3 (brain tissue, stress and food
intake regulation)
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
TĚHOTENSKÉ HORMONYHORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
TĚHOTENSKÉ HORMONY
1 2 3
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
TĚHOTENSKÉ HORMONY
HCS/HPL
1 2 3
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
HCS (Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin)
placental growth hormone - Human placental lactogen (hPL)
• has weak actions similar of growth hormone
• causes retention of nitrogen, potassium, calcium
• causes decreased insulin sensitivity and decreased utilization
of glucose in the mother
• secretion of this hormone increases progressively in direct
proportion to the weight of the placenta
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
TĚHOTENSKÉ HORMONY
1 2 3
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
TĚHOTENSKÉ HORMONY
1 2 3
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
PROL
PROL (Prolactin)
luteotropic hormone or luteotropin
• stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (lactation)
• “luteotrophic” action of prolactin (enhanced progesterone
secretion)
• plays an important role in maternal behavior (psychosomatic
reactions including pseudopregnancy)
• inhibits maturation of ovum
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
TĚHOTENSKÉ HORMONY
1 2 3
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
TĚHOTENSKÉ HORMONY
1 2 3
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
OX
OX (Oxytocin)
• secreted by the neurohypophysis
(nucleus paraventricularis)
• causes uterine contraction
• mediates the let-down reflex
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
TĚHOTENSKÉ HORMONY
1 2 3
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
TĚHOTENSKÉ HORMONY
P
1 2 3
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
P (Progesteron)
• causes decidual cells to develop in the
uterine endometrium
• decreases the contractility of the pregnant
uterus
• contributes to the development of the
conceptus even before implantation
• prepares the mother’s breasts for lactation
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
TĚHOTENSKÉ HORMONY
1 2 3
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
TĚHOTENSKÉ HORMONY
E
1 2 3
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
E (Estrogen)
• enlargement of the mother’s uterus
• enlargement of the mother’s breasts and
growth of the breast ductal structure
• and enlargement of the mother’s female
external genitalia
• relax the pelvic ligaments of the mother
• dampen the formation of the pituitary
gonadotropins - not mature further follicles,
miss menstrual cycles
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
TĚHOTENSKÉ HORMONY
HCG
P
E
HPL
1 2 3
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
PROL
OX
RX
HORMONAL PROFILE OF
PREGNANCY
FETOPLACENTAL UNIT
FETOPLACENTAL UNIT
FETUS HPA axis CORTISOL
PLACENTAL
ENDOCRINE AXIS
UTERINE
GROWTH
ACTIVATION STIMULATION
EXTENSION
OF UTERUS
P E
(+)
(-)
• oxytocin
• PGs
• Gap junctions
PARTURITION
GROWTH OF FETUS
PARTURITION
FETOPLACENTAL
UNIT
MATERNAL
COMPARTMENT
hypotalamus
neurohyp.
OT
cortisol
FETUS
cortisol
hypotalamus
adenohyp.
adrenal gl.
cortisol
CRH
ACTH
(lungs)
cortisol
uterus
PGs
placental OT
estrogens
cholesterol
placental CRH
(vasodilation of the placenta)
PARTURITION
LACTATION
LACTATION
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
DURING PREGNANCY
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATENTION