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ARTHROLOGY
Connections on the skull
Synarthrosis (syndesmosis, synchondrosis, synostosis)
Diarthrosis (articulatio temporomandibularis, craniovertebral connections).
suturae ligamentum stylohyoideum
Syndesmosis cranii
Synchondrosis cranii
synchondrosis sphenopertosa
synchondrosis petrooccipitalis
synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis
Articulatio temporomandibularis
caput mandibulae, fossa mandibularis + tuberculum articulareArticular facets:
Joint apparatus: discus articularis
Joint capsule: margines of the articular facets
Articulatio temporomandibularis
Type: articulatio composita - pars discotemporalis et discomandibularis
Movements: pars discotemporalis (translatory movement), pars
discomandibularis (rotation), elevation, depression, protraction, retraction,
chewing
Craniovertebral connections - articulatio atlantooccipitalis
Articular facets: condyli occipitales, foveae articulares superiores atlantis
Joint capsule: margines of the articular facets
Apparatus: membrana atlantooccipitalis ant. et post., membrana tectoria
Type: ellipsoid
Movements: flexion, extension, lateroflexion
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Articulatio atlantoaxialis mediana
facies articularis ant. et fovea dentis
facies articularis post. et lig. transversum atlantis
Articulatio atlantoaxialis lateralis
facies articulares inferiores atlantis
proc. articulares sup. axis
Craniovertebral connections - articulatio atlantoaxialis Articulatio atlantoaxialis mediana et lateralis
Apparatus:
lig. apicis dentis
ligg. alaria
lig. cruciforme atlantis
(lig. transversum atlantis, fasciculi longitudinales)
membrana tectoria
Type:
articulatio composita, mechanical unit
Movements:
Rotation of the atlas around the dens app. 60o
Articulationes intervertebrales
Articular facets: processus articulares sup. et inf. of adjacent vertebrae
(position of the facets - C oblique, Th front, L sagittal)
Joint capsule: margines of the articular facets
Type: articulatio plana (translatory movements)
Short ligaments of the spine:
ligamenta flava (arches)
ligamenta interspinalia (proc. spinosi)
ligamenta intertransversalia (proc. transversi)
Long ligaments of the spine
ligamentum supraspinale (ligamentum nuchae)
Ligamentum longitudinale anterius
Ligamentum longitudinale posterius (membrana tectoria)
Juncturae thoracis – articulationes costovetebrales
Articulatio capitis costae
Articular facets: facies articularis capitis costae, foveae costales sup. et inf.
Apparatus:
discus articularis
lig. capitis costae radiatum
lig. capitis costae intraarticulare (2nd-10th)
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Articulatio costotransversaria
Articular facets: facies articularis tuberculi costae, fovea costalis proc. transversi
Appratus:
lig. costotransversarium
lig. costotransversarium laterale
lig. costotransversarium superius
lig. lumbocostale
Movements: elevation of the ribs
Juncturae sternocostales
Sychondrosis sternocostalis (1st, 6th and 7th)
Articulationes sternocostales (2nd – 5th)
Articular facets:
Rib cartilages, incisurae costales sterni
Appartus:
ligg. sternocostalia radiata
membrana sterni externa
membrana sterni interna
Juncturae intercostales
Articulationes interchondrales
Articular facets: cartilages 5th – 9th rib
Membranae intercostales
membrana intercostalis externa
membrana intercostalis interna
Connections of the girdle of the upper extremity
(juncturae ossium cinguli extremitatis superioris)
Articulatio sternoclavicularis
Articulatio acromioclavicularis
Syndesmosis scapulae
Connections of the free upper extremity
(juncturae ossium extremitatis superioris liberae)
Articulatio humeri (shoulder joint)
Articular facets:
caput humeri, cavitas glenoidalis + labrum glenoidale
Joint capsule:
margines, med. on collum anat. humeri – distally
vagina synovialis intertubercularis
Articulatio humeri – articular apparatus
labrum glenoidale
ligg. glenohumeralia (sup., inf., ant.)
lig. coracohumerale
lig. coracoacromiale
Firmed by tendons
(rotator cuff)
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Articulatio cubiti
Articulatio composita:
1. Articulatio humeroradialis (articulatio spheroidea)
capitulum humeri, fovea capitis radii
2. Articulatio humeroulnaris (articulatio trochlearis)
trochlea humeri, incisura trochlearis ulnae
3. Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis (articulatio trochoidea)
circumferentia articularis capitis radii,
incisura radialis ulnae
Articulatio cubiti
Joint capsule
Epicondyles extracapsular, fossae intracapsular
recessus sacciformis
Ligg.:
lig. anulare radii
lig. collaterale radiale
lig. collaterale ulnare
Movements:
Juncturae radioulnares
Membrana interossea antebrachii
Articulatio radioulnaris distalis
Articular facets:
facies articularis carpalis radii, discus articularis
os scaphoideum, os lunatum, os triquetrum (lig. intercarpalia interossea)
Articulatio radiocarpalis Articulatio mediocarpalis
Radial:
head: os scaphoideum
pit: os trapezium, trapezoideum, capitatum
Ulnar:
head:os capitatum, hamatum
pit: os scaphoideum, lunatum, triquetrum
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Articulatio mediocarpalis ligg.
ligg. intercarpea dorsalia, palmaria et interossea
lig. radiocarpeum dorsale et palmare
lig. ulnocarpeum palmare et dorsale
lig. carpi radiatum
eminentia carpi radialis
(tuberculum ossis scaphoidei et trapezii)
eminentia carpi ulnaris
(hamulus ossis hamati et os pisiforme)
sulcus carpi
lig. carpi transversum (retinaculum flexorum)
canalis carpi:
Sulcus carpi et canalis carpi
Facets: os trapezium, báze I. metakarpu
articulatio sellaris
Articulatio carpometacarpalis pollicis
Facets: distal row of the carpal bones
ligg. metacarpea palmaria, dorsalia et interossea,
ligg. carpometacarpea palmaria, dorsalia et interossea
Type: amfiarthrosis
Articulationes carpometacarpales II. – V.
Articulationes metacarpophalangeae
laminae fibrocartilagineae palmares
(thumb - 2 ossa sesamoidea)
lig. collaterale radiale et ulnare
lig. metacarpeum transversum profundum
Type: articulatio ellipsoidea
Articulatio sacroiliaca
Symphysis pubica
Ligamenta pánve
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Ligamentum sacrospinale
Ligamentum sacrotuberale
Foramen ischiadicum majus et minus
(foramen suprapiriforme et infrapiriforme)
Ligamentum inguinale
Membrana obturatoria (canalis obturatorius)
Articulatio coxae
Facets: facies lunata acetabuli, caput femoris
Capsule: linea intertrochanterica, collum femoris
labrum acetabulare, lig. transversum acetabuli,
pulvinar acetabuli, lig. capitis femoris
lig. iliofemorale, lig. pubofemorale, lig.
ischiofemorale,
(zona orbicularis), bursa iliopectinea
Articulatio genus
Articulatio composita: femur, tibia, patella
Facets:
condyli femoris, facies patellaris femoris, facies articularis patellae,
facies articularis superior medialis et lateralis tibiae
meniscus medialis et lateralis
Meniscus medialis et lateralis
Lig. cruciatum anterius: condylus lat. femoris – area intercondylaris ant. tibiae
Lig. cruciatum posterius: condylus med. femoris – area intercondylaris post. tibiae
Ligamenta cruciata genus
Articulatio genus - capsula articularis
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Articulatio genus - ligg.
lig. patellae
retinaculum patellae mediale et laterale
lig. collaterale mediale et laterale
lig. popliteum obliquum
Membrana interossea cruris
Syndesmosis tibiofibularis
Articulatio genus - ligg.
Facets: facies articularis inf. tibiae, facies articularis malleoli med. et lat.
Lig. collaterale mediale (lig. deltoideum): pars tibionavicularis,
pars tibiotalaris ant. et post. pars tibiocalcanea
Lig. collaterale laterale: lig. talofibulare ant. et post., lig. calcaneofibulare
Articulatio talocruralis
Facets: caput tali + os naviculare + os cuboideum a calcaneus
lig.bifurcatum: lig. calcaneocuboideum dor. a lig. calcaneonaviculare dor.
(exartikulace chodidla)
Articulatio tarsi transversa (Chopart)
Facets: metatarsal bases, ossa cuneiformia, os cuboideum
ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia, plantaria et interossea
Type: amphiarthrosis
Articulationes tarsometatarsales (Lisfranc)
Longitudinal foot vault
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Transverse
m. fibularis longus
m. tibialis ant.
příčné vazy
Proximal (ossa cuneiformia)
Distal (heads of metatrsal b.)
Muscular system
fascia (covering of muscle)
tendo, aponeurosis - tendon
origo - origin (begging) - fixed
caput musculi
venter musculi (muscular belly)
cauda musculi
insertio – attachment (moveable)
Composition of skeletal muscles
Masticatory muscles (mm.
masticatorii)
Muscles of facial expression (mm.
faciales)
Head muscles (mm. capitis)
M. temporalis
M. masseter
M. pterygoideus medialis
M. pterygoideus lateralis
Masticatory muscles (mm. masticatorii)
Musculus pterygoideus medialis
Musculus pterygoideus
lateralis
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Muscles of facial expression (musculi faciales
Skin muscles without fascia
Mm. epicranii
Muscles of palpebral fissure
Muscles of the mouth
Muscles of the nose
Musculi epicranii
Musculus occipitofrontalis
Musculus temporoparietalis
Muscles of palpebral fissure
Musculus orbicularis oculi
Musculus corrugator supercilii
Musculus procerus
Muscles of the mouth
Musculus orbicularis oris
Musculus levator labii sup.
Musculus depressor labii inferioris
Musculus depressor anguli oris
Musculus zygomaticus major et minor
Musculus risorius
Musculus mentalis
Musculus nasalis
Muscles of the nose Cervical muscles
Musculus platysma
Musculus sternocleidomastoideus
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Suprahyoid muscles
M. digastricus
M. mylohyoideus
M. geniohyoideus
M. stylohyoideus
Infrahyoid muscles
M. sternohyoideus
M. sternothyroideus
M. thyrohyoideus
M. omohyoideus
Musculus scalenus anterior
Musculus scalenus medius
Musculus scalenus posterior
Musculus longus colli
Musculus longus capitis
Musculus pectoralis major
Musculus pectoralis minor
Musculus serratus anterior
Diaphragm
Autochtonous muscles
Musculi intercostales externi, interni et intimi
Heterochtonous muscles (thoraco-humeral)
Thoracic muscles
Musculus pectoralis major
Musculus pectoralis minor
Heterochtonous muscles (thoraco-humeral)
Musculus serratus anterior
Autochtonous muscles
Musculi intercostales externi
Musculi intercostales interni
Musculi intercostales intimi
Centrum tendineum
Vena cava inferior
Esophagus
Aorta abdominalis
Diaphragm
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Anterior group
musculus rectus abdomis
musculus pyramidalis
Lateral group
musculus obliquus externus abdominis
musculus obliquus internus abdominis
musculus transversus abdominis
Dorsal group
musculus quadratus lumborum
Abdominal muscles
Musculus rectus abdomis
Anterior group of abdominal muscles
Musculus pyramidalis
Musculus obliquus externus abdominis
Lateral group of abdominal muscles
Musculus obliquus internus abdominis
Musculus transversus abdominis
Above the linea semilunaris (upper 2/3)
Under the linea semilunaris (lower 1/3)
Morphology of the
abdominal wall
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Canalis inguinalis
Anterior wall: aponeurosis of the m. obliquusexternus
Superior wall: margine of the musculus obliquus int. abdominisand m. transversus
abdominis
Inferior wall: lig. inguinale
CANALIS INGUINALIS
Posterior wall:
Fascia transversalis:
Anulus inguinalis prof.
Lig. interfoveolare
Trigonum inguinale
(Hesselbachi)
Falx inguinalis
(conjoint tendon)
Tractus iliopubicus
Anulus femoralis
CANALIS INGUINALIS Dorsal muscles
Heterochtonous muscles
Spinohumeral muscles
Spinocostal muscles
Autochtonous muscles
Spinotransversal system
Sakrospinal system
Spinospinal system
Transversospinal system
Short dorsal muscles
Musculi nuchae profundi
Musculus latissimus dorsi
Musculus levator scapulae
Spinohumeral muscles
Musculus trapezius Musculus rhomboideus major
Musculus rhomboideus minor
Autochtonous muscles – spinotransversal system
Musculi splenii
Spino-transversal
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Autochtonous muscles – transverso-spinal system
Musculi semispinales
Transverso-spinal
Musculus erector spinae
Sacro-spinal system
The deep nuchal muscles
a) M. rectus capitis posterior minor
b) M. rectus capitis posterior major
c) M. obliquus capitis superior
d) M. obliquus capitis inferior
Trigonum suboccipitale
Short dorsal muscles Shoulder muscles
Musculus deltoideus
Musculus supraspinatus
Musculus infraspinatus
Musculus teres minor
Musculus teres major
Musculus subscapularis
Musculus deltoideus Musculus supraspinatus
Musculus infraspinatus
Musculus teres minor
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Musculus teres major
Musculus subscapularis Tendons of:
m. supraspinatus
m. infraspinatus
m. teres minor
m. subscapularis
Rotator cuff
Brachial muscles
Ventral group
Musculus biceps brachii
Musculus coracobrachialis
Musculus brachialis
Dorsal group
Musculus triceps brachii
Musculus biceps brachii
caput longum
caput breve
caput longum
caput mediale
caput laterale
Musculus triceps brachii
Flexors of forearm and wrist
Composed of three layers – superficial,
middle and deep
Superficial layer:
Musculus pronator teres
Musculus flexor carpi radialis
Middle layer:
Musculus flexor digitorum superficialis
Antebrachial muscles – ventral group
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Carpal tunnel
Eminentia carpi radialis et ulnaris
Retinaculum flexorum (lig. carpi transversum)
Canalis carpi:
Radial part: m. flexor carpi radialis
Ulnar part: m. flexor digitorum superficialis
m. flexor digitorum profundus
m. flexor pollicis longus
nervus medianus
Lateral group of antebrachial muscles
Musculus brachioradialis
Musculus extensor carpi radialis longus
Musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
Musculus supinator
Dorsal group of antebrachial muscles
Extensors of fingers and
wrist
Musculus extensor
digitorum
Musculus extensor carpi
ulnaris
Musculus abductor pollicis
longus
Musculus extensor pollicis
brevis
Thenar muscles:
Musculus abductor pollicis brevis
Musculus flexor pollicis brevis
Musculus opponens pollicis
Musculus adductor pollicis
Hypothenar muscles:
Musculus palmaris brevis
Musculus abductor digiti minimi
Musculus flexor digiti minimi
Musculus opponens digiti minimi
Middle group of muscles of hand:
Musculi interossei dorsales
Musculi interossei palmares
Musculi lumbricales
Muscles of hand
Muscles of the hip
Anterior group: Musculus iliopsoas
Posterior group:
Musculus glutaeus maximus
Musculus glutaeus medius
Musculus glutaeus minimus
Musculus piriformis
Musculi coxaeVentral group: Musculus
iliopsoas
Dorsal group:
Musculus glutaeus maximus
Musculus glutaeus medius
Musculus glutaeus minimus
Musculus tensor fasciae latae
Musculus piriformis
Musculus obturatorius
internus
Musculus gemellus superior
Musculus gemellus inferior
Musculus quadratus femoris
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Anterior group of muscles of thigh
Musculus quadriceps femoris
1. m. rectus femoris
2. m. vastus medialis
3. m. vastus lateralis
4. m. vastus intermedius
Musculus sartorius
Flexors of the hip joint, extensors of the knee joint
Medial group of muscles of thigh
Musculus gracilis
Musculus pectineus
Musculus adductor longus
Musculus adductor brevis
Musculus adductor magnus
Adductors of thigh
Musculus semitendinosus
Musculus semimembranosus
Musculus biceps femoris
Dorsal group of muscles of thigh
Extensors of the hip joint, flexors of the knee joint
Muscles of crus – anterior group
Musculus tibialis anterior
Musculus extensor hallucis longus
Musculus extensor digitorum longus
Extensors of toe, foot and fingers
Muscles of crus – lateral group
Musculus fibularis (peroneus) longus
Foot vault
Musculus fibularis brevis
Flexors of foot
Muscles of crus – posterior group
Superficial layer:
Musculus triceps surae
Deep layer:
Musculus tibialis posterior
Musculus flexor hallucis longus
Musculus flexor digitorum longus
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Muscles of foot-dorsal group
Musculus extensor hallucis brevis
Musculus extensor digitorum brevis
Musculus abductor hallucis
Musculus flexor hallucis brevis
Muscles of toe
Musculus adductor hallucis
Muscles of fifth finger
Musculus abductor digiti minimi
Musculus flexor digiti minimi
Musculus opponens digiti minimi
Middle group of foot muscles
Musculus flexor digitorum brevis
Musculus quadratus plantae
Musculi interossei dorsales
Musculi interossei plantares
References:
Putz, R. (2008):
Atlas of Human Anatomy Sobotta. Elsevier Books.
Keith L. Moore, Arthur F. Dalley (2005):
Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Williams and Wilkins.
Platzer, W., Kahle, W., Leonhardt H. (1992):
Locomotor system. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart,
New York, 4th edition.
Čihák, R. (1987):
Anatomie 1. Avicenum, Zdravotnické nakladatelství.
Netter, F. H. (1997):
Interactive Atlas of Clinical Anatomy. Novartis, USA.
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