25.11.2019 1 Nervous system 1) Sensory function – changes in the internal and external environment 2) Integrative function – analyse, store and compare informations 3) Motor function – responds to stimuli by initiating contraction and glandular secretion Receptor CNS analyzing Efector Striated muscles Smooth muscles Myocardium Glands Sensor (afferent, centripetal neurons) Motor (efferent, centrifugal neurons) Terminology • funiculus = cordlike structure or part, especially one of the large bundle of nerve tracts that make up the white matter of the spinal cord. x • fasciculus = an axon bundle -HETEROGENOUS struct. – it has the origin in different nuclei and form synapses in various structures x • tractus = an axon bundle -HOMOGENOUS struct. – nerve fibres have teh same origin and conclusion • ipsilateral x contralateral • Rostral x caudal • Nucleus x ganglion • Proprioception x discriminative sensation x nociception x tactile sensation • Somato/viscero-motor x Somato/viscero-sensor FUNCTIONAL TYPES OF AXONS IN PNS Somatomotor Striated muscles Branchiomotor Striated muscles Visceromotor Smooth muscles Myocardium Glands Eferent Parasympathetic NS Sympathetic NS Aferent Somatosensory Skin feel, proprioception, pain Viscerosensory Mechanoception, pain Sensory Taste, hearing,vestibular information 25.11.2019 2 Ncl. gracilis Ncl. m. n. VI. Ncl. m. n. III. Ncl. m. n. V. Cortex Thalamus Medulla spinalis Ganglion spinale Ncl. m. n. IV. Tr. spino-thalamicus Tr. spino-bulbaris Tr. cortico-nuclearis Tr. cortico-spinalis 25.11.2019 3 DIENCEPHALON hypothalamus thalamus (metathalamus) epithalamus sulcus hypothalamicus subthalamus 25.11.2019 4 FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF THALAMIC NCLL. specific ncll. non-specific ncll. association ncll. somatosenzory senzory motor AFFERENTATION OF CORTEX BY SPECIFIC AND NON-SPECIFIC THALAMIC NCLL. CORTEX specific pathway non-specific pathway THALAMUS anterior thalamic ncl. FUNCTIONAL PATHWAYS OF ASSOCIATION THALAMIC NUCLEI cortexcortex SPECIFIC THALAMIC NUCLEI somatosenzor. inf. by tr. spinothal. and LM somatosenzor. inf. from trigem. system from cerebellum from globus pallidus and SN ncl. corporis geniculati lat. (radiatio optica) ncl. corporis geniculati med. (radiatio acustica) NON-SPECIFIC THALAMIC NUCLEI ncll. paraventriculares ncll. intralaminares ncl. reticularis th. CM= ncl. centromedianus HYPOTHALAMIC NCLL. anterior middle posterior rostral dorsal III. PERIVENTRICULAR ROW MEDIAL ROWS LATERAL ROW LATERAL ROW 25.11.2019 5 Basic arrangement of hypothalamic nuclei ANTERIOR GROUP Periventricular row Medial row MIDDLE GROUP POSTERIOR GROUP ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS Ncl. suprachiasmaticus – afferentation from retina - generator of circadian rhythms Ncl. preopticus – different structure in female and male – control of individual sexual behavior, behavior associated with maternity; regulation of body temperature Ncl. supraopticus and paraventricularis (magnocellular component) – tractus hypothalamo-hypophysialis – transport of hormones into neurohypophysis Ncl. paraventricularis (parvocellular component) - capillary network in eminentia medialis – control of adenohypophysis - hypothalamohypophysial portal pathway MIDDLE HYPOTHALAMUS Ncl. arcuatus - capillary network in eminentia medialis – control of adenohypophysis - hypothalamo-hypophysial portal pathway Ncl. ventromedialis – control of food intake (apestat) Ncl. tuberales - capillary network in eminentia medialis – control of adenohypophysis - hypothalamo-hypophysial portal pathway Hypothalamo-hypophysial tract posterior lobus of hypophysis stemneurohypophysis vasopressin antidiuretic hormon (ADH) paraventricular ncl. supraoptic ncl. Hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system eminentia medialis with primary vascular plexus hypophysial portal vein secondary vascular plexus Superior hypophyseal artery ADENOHYPOPHYSIS Hormones to cavernous sinus CEREBELLUM (nodulus) Lobus flocculo- nodularis (flocculus) Hemispheria 25.11.2019 6 medial zone lateralzone Hemispherium paramedial zone CEREBELLUM basic horizontal and vertical arrangement CORTEXAND CEREBELLAR NUCLEI Medial zone - cortex covering vermis + ncll. fastigii Paramedial zone - paramedial cortex + ncll. emboliformes et globosi Lateral zone – lateral cortex + ncl. dentatus Gray mater (cortex + ncll.) and white mater (including pedunculi cerebellares) tr. vestibulocerebellaris tr. pontocerebellaris trr. spinocerebellares medialzone paramedialzone lateralzone trr. spinocerebellares tr. cuneocerebellaris • basic significance for maintenance of balance - trr. vestibulospinales • influence to lower motoneurons for axial muscles • a role during control of eye movement and their coordination with movement of head FUNCTION SPINAL CEREBELLUM – MEDIAL ZONE • control of axial muscles at keeping of upright posture through cortex and tr. corticospinalis ant. FUNCTION OF SPINAL CEREBELLUM - PARAMEDIAL ZONE • control of spinal cord motoneurons for distal muscles of extremities through cortex and tr. corticospinalis lat. FUNCTION OF PONTOCEREBELLUM • control of motor planning and target movement • non-motor function (cognition) - solution of problem and linguistics phrasing FUNCTION OF VESTIBULAR CEREBELLUM Ventricles of the brain Ventriculi laterales foramen interventriculare Ventriculus tercius aqueductus mesencephali Ventriculus quartus canalis centralis 25.11.2019 7 THE FOURTH VENTRICLE Between the brain stem and cerebellum Fossa rhomboidea sulcus medianus sulci limitantes eminentia medialis pars superior, intermedia, inferior Tegmen ventriculi quarti velum medullare superius fastigium velum medullare inferius Pars superior fovea superior (n. V.) locus coeruleus Pars intermedia stria medullaris, recessus lat. colliculus facialis (n. VI.) area vestibularis tuberculum acusticum Pars inferior trigonum nervi hypogloossi trigonum nervi vagi (fovea inferior) In the midline between both hemispheres Lateral wall: Thalamus adhesio interthalamica sulcus hypothalamicus foramen interventriculare Hypothalamus Basal wall: Hypothalamus Recessus opticus Recessus infundibularis THE THIRD VENTRICLE Anterior wall: lamina terminalis commisura ant. pars libera columnae fornicis Posterior wall: recessus suprapinealis commisura habenularum recessus pinealis commisura posterior aquaeductus cerebri Roof: tela choroidae ventriculi III. (stria medullaris thalami, trigonum habenulae, commisura habenularum) recessus suprapinealis Cornu anterius (lobus frontalis), pars centralis (lobus parietalis), cornu posterius (lobus occipitalis), cornu inferius (lobus temporalis LATERAL VENTRICLE 25.11.2019 8 Cornu anterius (frontal lobe): Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum Ncl. caudatus Pars centralis: Corpus callosum Ncl. caudatus Stria terminalis VENTRICULUS LATERALIS Cornu posterius (occipital lobe): Corpus callosum Trigonum collaterale Calcar avis Cornu inferius (temporal lobe): Corpus callosum Ncl. caudatus Stria terminalis (tela choroidea ventriculi lat.) Fimbria hippocampi Hippocampus (pes hippoc.) Eminentia collateralis LIQUOR CEREBROSPINALIS 80-150 ml (500-800 per day) Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis (ventriculi III., IV.) foramen interventriculare (ventriculus III.) aqueductus cerebri (ventriculus IV.) canalis centralis (medulla spinalis) apertura mediana, later. ventriculi IV. (spatium subarachnoidale) sinus sagittalis superior vv. radiculares Blood drainage of the brain Sinus durae matris Cerebral veins – superficial, deep Emisary veins SINUS DURAE MATRIS Sinus sagittalis sup., inf. Sinus occipitalis Sinus transversus Sinus rectus Sinus sigmoideus Sinus petrosus sup., inf. Sinus cavernosus (sinus intercavernosi) Sinus sphenoparietalis Plexus basilaris