AUTUMN 2019 Introduction to Basic Medical Terminology (aVLLT0121) Course requirements and rules —STUDY MATERIALS —– materials available in the IS —– textbook: Prucklová, R. – Severová, M.: Introduction to Latin and — Greek Terminology in Medicine. Praha: KLP, 2012 (Units 1–7) —– drill on the IS (https://is.muni.cz/auth/dril/?lang=en) —TESTING —– 2 progress tests (pass limit = 70%) —– credit test (pass limit: 60–70%) —– rules for testing —– access to test results —CLASS ATTENDANCE AND SUBSTITUTIONS — Latin in medical terminology —= universal, precise and flexible system of terms used in: •anatomical nomenclature (= definite set of terms denoting parts and structures of the human body) —– first worldwide official standard terminology appeared in 1895 — (Basiliensia Nomina Anatomica), since then it has been — periodically updated and changed to implement new findings — and/or understanding of the anatomical structures —– current terminology, approved by FCAT (Federative Committee — on Anatomical Terminology), was published in 1998 as — TERMINOLOGIA ANATOMICA (cf. http://www.unifr.ch) — Anatomical structures Anatomical structures TELO SVALY.png Musculus quadriceps femoris Musculus flexor carpi Musculus biceps brachii Musculus pectoralis major Musculus deltoideus Musculi adductores m. adductor longus m. adductor brevis Musculus rectus abdominis Musculi obliqui abdominis Latin in medical terminology —= universal, precise and flexible system of terms used in: •clinical terminology (= non-definite set of terms denoting diseases, health conditions or causes of death) —– the first international classification of diseases — was adopted in 1893 —– current terminology ICD-10 (International Classification — of Diseases) is approved by WHO and published every ± 10 years (www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/) —– widely used in medical documentation, e.g. in medical reports, —surgical and hospital reports, pathological reports (central Europe, —Russia and former republics of USSR, partly Western Europe – —Germany, Austria) — Clinical diagnosis 09_Dg_padak.pdf ICD http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10 S20.2 = Contusion of thorax Dissection protocol dissection_protocol.jpg Latin in medical terminology —= universal, precise and flexible system of terms used in: •pharmacological terminology = definite set of terms used in European Pharmacopoea to denote: –essential medicines (acidum phosphoricum) –classes of medicines (antipyretica, spasmolytica) –forms of medicines (solutio, injectio, tabuletta) –drugs (calendula officinalis) •prescriptions –the main part of the prescription (including the name and quantity of the medicine as well as the way of its administration) is usually written in Latin, using a system of standard abbreviations — Medical prescription JS 2013 P4.pdf Learning outcomes —At the end of the course, you will be able to: Øunderstand the structure of anatomical terms and apply them correctly (this makes the memorizing of anatomical terminology much easier!) Øunderstand the principles of forming more complex (anatomical and clinical) terms Øunderstand and write a clinical diagnosis Øwrite a medical prescription — Latin pronunciation Vowels — A Ā B C D E Ē F G H I Ī K L M N O Ō P Q R S T U Ū V X Y Y Z Vowels Long Short Ā (father) frāctūra A (cut) lingua Ē (sad) artēria E (met) vertebra Ī (intrigue) spīna I (intrigue) digitus I (yes) > J Ō (door) sensōrius O (on) skeleton Ū (boom) ruptūra U (put) uterus Y (analysis) hypophysis Y (lady) tympanum • • Diphtongs AE=Ē (care) anaemia OE=Ē (care) lagoena Greek words OE (o-e) dyspnoe EU (e-u) euthanasia Read aloud •hypnosis •ala •olla •eupnoe •ileus •mucus •haematoma •iliacus • • • • • •ossa •diploe •cubitus •venae •diameter •sacralis •ulcus •iris • • •sutura •sigmoideus •depressor •area •oesophagus •melior •meatus •leucocytus • • • • Consonants A Ā B C D E Ē F G H I Ī K L M N O Ō P Q R S T U Ū V X Y Ŷ Z Consonant/group of consonants Pronunciation Example 1: c + a, o, u, consonants c + ae, oe, e, i, y [k] medical [ts] camera, costa, cultivatio, cranium caecus, coeliacia, centrum, circulatio, cynismus 2: ch [x = Greek chi] chirurgia, cholera Consonants II — 4: h [h] house herba, haematologia 5: j/i + vowel [y] yes iniectio/injectio, maior/major 6: p p + h [p] present [f] physiology pneumonia, pulmo phantasia, pharmacia 7: qu+ vowel [kv] aqua, quadriceps 8: r r+h [r] rupture [r] vertebra, ruptura rheuma, rhinitis Consonant/group of consonants Pronunciation Example 3: g gu + vowel [g] ground [gv] gramma, gastritis lingua, sanguis Consonants III — Consonant/group of consonants Pronunciation Example 9: s/ss s between two vowels and following after l, r, n s between a vowel and m [s] some [z] zebra [z] zebra serum, fossa nasus, incisura, pulsus, inversus, tonsilla, suspensio spasmus 10: t ti ti + vowel s/t/x + ti + vowel t+h [t] tongue [ty] [tsi] [ty] [t] trauma, tactus tibia operatio, substantia ostium, mixtio therapia, thermometrum 11: z [z] zone zoologia Read aloud Grammatical categories of Latin nouns and adjectives — Morphological typology of languages: English vs. Latin —analytic / isolating languages = rely mainly on word order to convey meaning > contain very little inflection (e.g. Chinese, English – fixed word order = SVOMPT keeps sentences understandable) —synthetic languages = word order is less important, individual words express their grammatical functions/relations by means of prefixes and suffixes, higher degree of inflection – agglutinative (e.g. Turkish, Hungarian, Japanese, Finnish) – fusional = inflectional (e.g. Latin, Greek, Czech, Russian, Romance languages) – polysynthetic (Eskimo languages) • • • • Number and gender —Number —singular (sg. = 1) —plural (pl. = 2 and more) — —Gender —masculine (nervus, i, m.) —feminine (vena, ae, f.) —neutral (cerebrum, i, n.) — — Case —Case expresses the grammatical function of —a word in a sentence/phrase. —There are six cases in Latin, but only four of them are used in medical terminology: —1. nominative (nom.) – expresses subject —2. genitive (gen.) – expresses possession (“of”) —4. accusative (accus.) – prepositional case —6. ablative (abl.) – prepositional case — Case — case function use vocabulary system nominative subject of a phrase ANATOMY corpus ulnae (= body of elbow bone) 1st part of the dictionary entry genitive possessive case = English „of“ ANATOMY caput femoris (= head of thigh bone) 2nd part of the dictionary entry accusative after prepositions CLINICAL DIAGNOSES post operationem (after operation) sine complicationibus (= without complications) ablative Case: English vs. Latin —English: (fixed) word order gives the information on the grammatical function of each word in a sentence/phrase — — e.g. Teacher gives a book to the student. — (subject – verb – direct object – indirect object) — —Latin: the form of each word expresses its grammatical function in a sentence/phrase (> loose word order) — — e.g. Magister librum discipulo dat. — — Case: English vs. Latin — — —status post implantationem osteoprotheseos coxae sine complicationibus — — — — Case: example NOMINATIVE = state/condition GENITIVE = of osteoprothesis = of hip joint ACCUSATIVE = after implantation ABLATIVE = without complications = state after the implantation of osteoprothesis of hip joint without complications How does a dictionary entry look like? —English: one single form of a noun is given —Latin: a noun is presented in the following way — — MUSCULUS, I, M. = MUSCLE — — — — — OS, OSSIS, N. = BONE English translation genitive ending/or full genitive form nominative singular gender ALL these pieces of information are EQUALLY important and should be learned by heart!!! Latin declensions —declensions are groups of nouns (+ adjectives) declined in the same way (i.e. they share one and the same set of case endings) —there are 5 declensions in Latin —the declension of a noun can be identified on the basis of the genitive singular ending — Latin declensions —Nouns are divided into 5 declensions on the basis of their stem sound (see gen. pl.!): •1st declension – a-stems – ven-a-rum •2nd declension – o-stems – nerv-o-rum •3rd declension Øi-stems – pelv-i-um Øconsonant stems – dolo-r-um, pon-t-um, sectio-n-um •4th declesion – u-stems – duct-u-um •5th declension – e-stems – faci-e-rum — How to decline a Latin noun? ven-a ven-ae humer-us humer-i diamet-er diametr-i dol-or dolor-is corp-us corpor-is de-ns dent-is arc-us arc-us gen-u gen-us faci-es faci-ei —1. find the right declension paradigm — (on the basis of gen. sg. + gender) —2. find the stem of the noun — = part of the word, which remains after the — removal of the ending of genitive singular —3. attach individual case endings to the stem — ENDINGS PHOTO.png KOncovky do prezentácií.png Adjectives —= words that describe nouns — —Noun-adjective agreement in Latin — = a Latin adjective always corresponds with the — respective noun in gender, number and case!!!! — — Noun + adjective = agreed attribute — — Examples: fractura ulnae dextrae complicata — vertebrae thoracicae — ad lagoenam fuscam — cum anaemia perniciosa — —Why do you think this is so? Prepositions — — — = words that express relations (spacial, temporal etc.) between nouns — ¡with ACCUSATIVE with ABLATIVE ¡ Øin (direction) = towards, into – in venam in (location) = inside – in vena Øsub (direction) = under – sub tibiam sub (location) = under – sub tibia Øad = towards, to – ad cranium e/ex = out of – e scatula Øante / post = before / after – ante / post operationem a/ab = from, by – a medico Øextra / intra = outside / inside of – extra / intra pulmones sine = without – sine insufficientia Øcontra = against – contra tussim cum = with – cum digito medio Øper = through – per rectum pro = for the sake of – pro adulto Øprope (motion) = near to – prope ulnam Øpropter = because of – propter anaemiam Øcircum = around – circum oculum Øinter = between – inter costas Øsecundum = according to – secundum Geppert ¡