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FRAME – ANATOMY1
DENTISTRY
ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
OSTEOLOGY
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ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
Basic terms of anatomical nomenclature
o anatomical position
o anatomical planes: sagittal plane (plana sagittalis, planum medianum); frontal plane
(plana frontalis); transverse (horizontal) plane (plana transversalis)
o axes: longitudinal (axis longitudinalis); sagital (axis sagittalis); transversal (axis
transversalis)
o directions: cranialis, caudalis; superior, inferior; ventralis, dorsalis; anterior, posterior;
medianus, medialis, lateralis; dexter, sinister; superficialis, profundus; externus, internus;
proximalis, distalis; radialis, ulnaris; tibialis, fibularis; dorsalis, palmaris, plantaris;
mesialis, distalis; vestibularis, oralis; palatinalis, lingualis; labialis, buccalis; occlusalis;
rostralis
Main parts of human body
o head - caput
o neck - collum
o trunk - truncus: chest (thorax), back (dorsum), belly (abdomen), pelvis (pelvis)
o upper limb - membrum superius: arm (brachium), forearm (antebrachium), hand (manus),
back of the hand (dorsum manus), palm (palma manus), fingers (digiti manus)
o lower limb - membrum inferius: thigh (femur), lower leg (crus), calf (sura), foot (pes),
back of the foot (dorsum pedis), sole (planta pedis), fingers (digiti pedis)
OSTEOLOGY_ GENERAL
Basic structure of the bone tissue: fundamental functional unit (osteon); substantia
compacta, substantia spongiosa, periosteum, endosteum, cavum medullare, medulla ossium
(rubra, flava, grisea), bone architecture (trajectories, bone remodeling)
Classification of bones according to the shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular
bones, pneumatic bones – with examples. In case of long bones description of its parts
(proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, distal epiphysis)
Vascularization and innervation of bones: arteriae nutriciae, veins of the bones; inervation
of periosteum
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OSTEOLOGY_ SPECIAL
Skeleton of the trunk
Vertebrae (vertebrae)
o general vertebral characteristics (corpus vertebrae, pediculus arcus vertebrae, arcus
vertebrae, foramen vertebrae, processus spinosus, processus transversi, processus
articulares)
o specialities of individual vertebral groups:
 vertebrae cervicales: foramen processus transversi. Atlas (arcus anterior et posterior,
tuberculum anterius et posterius, fovea dentis, foveae articulares superiores et
inferiores, massae laterales atlantis), orientation of atlas. Axis (dens axis, facies
articularis anterior axis). C6 – tuberculum caroticum; C7 - vertebra prominens
 vertebrae thoracicae: foveae costales, facies costales processus transversi
 vertebrae lumbales: processus costarii, processus accessorii, processus mammilares
 vertebrae sacrales: os sacrum
 vertebrae coccygeae: os coccygis
Sacral bone (os sacrum)
o basis ossis sacri: processus articulares superiores, promontorium
o facies pelvina: foramina sacralia pelvina, lineae transversae
o facies dorsalis: crista sacralis mediana, intermedia et lateralis, foramina sacralia dorsalia,
cornua sacralia, hiatus sacralis, apex ossis sacri, canalis sacralis
o partes laterales ossis sacri: facies auricularis, tuberositas sacralis
Coccyx bone (os coccygis)
cornua coccygea, apex ossis coccygis
Breast bone (sternum)
o manubrium sterni: incisura jugularis; incisurae claviculares; incisurae costales; angulus
sterni
o corpus sterni: incisurae costales
o processus xiphoideus (synchondrosis xiphisternalis)
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Ribs (costae)
o costae verae; costae spuriae; costae fluctuantes
o general characteristic of the rib: corpus costae (sulcus costae, crista costae, angulus
costae); caput costae (facies articularis); collum costae (tuberculum costae, facies
articularis tuberculi costae)
o typical structures of 1. and 2. rib: 1. rib - sulcus arteriae subclaviae, tuberculum musculi
scaleni anterioris et medii; 2. rib - tuberculum musculi scaleni posterioris
Skeleton of upper limb (skeleton membri superioris)
Shoulder blade (scapula)
o facies dorsalis scapulae: spina scapulae; acromion; facies articularis; fossa supraspinata;
fossa infraspinata
o facies costalis scapulae: fossa subscapularis
o angulus scapulae: superior, inferior, lateralis (cavitas glenoidalis, tuberculum
supraglenoidale, tuberculum infraglenoidale, collum scapulae)
o margo scapulae: lateralis; medialis; superior (processus coracoideus scapulae, incisura
scapulae)
Collarbone, clavicle (clavicula)
o corpus claviculae: extremitas sternalis (facies articularis sternalis); extremitas acromialis
(facies articularis acromialis)
o facies: superior, inferior
Arm bone (humerus)
o proximal epiphysis: caput humeri; collum humeri (anatomicum et chirurgicum);
tuberculum majus et minus; sulcus intertubercularis; crista tuberculi majoris et minoris
o diaphysis: tuberositas deltoidea; sulcus nervi radialis
o distal epiphysis: epicondylus medialis et lateralis; sulcus nervi ulnaris; fossa olecrani;
fossa radialis; fossa coronoidea; capitulum humeri; trochlea humeri
Ulna (ulna)
o proximal epiphysis: olecranon; processus coronoideus; incisura trochlearis; incisura
radialis; tuberositas ulnae
o diaphysis: margo interosseus
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o distal epiphysis: caput ulnae (circumferentia articularis capitis ulnae); processus
styloideus
Radius (radius)
o proximal epiphysis: caput radii (fovea capitis radii, circumferentia articularis radii);
collum radii; tuberositas radii
o diaphysis: margo interosseus
o distal epiphysis: incisura ulnaris radii; facies articularis carpalis radii; processus styloideus
Carpal bones (ossa carpi)
o proximal row: os scaphoideum (tuberculum ossis scaphoidei); os lunatum; os triquetrum;
os pisiforme;
o distal row: os trapezium (tuberculum ossis trapezii); os trapezoideum; os capitatum; os
hamatum (hamulus ossis hamati)
o eminentia carpi medialis et lateralis, sulcus carpi
Metacarpal bones (ossa metacarpi)
basis, corpus et caput ossis metacarpi; ossa sesamoidea
Phalanges of hand fingers (phalanges digitorum manus)
o II.-IV. finger: phalanx proximalis, media et distalis; I. prst: phalanx proximalis et distalis
o phalanx proximalis et media: basis, corpus et caput
o phalanx distalis: basic, corpus et trochlea (tuberositas phalangis distalis)
Skeleton of lower limb (skeleton membri inferioris)
hip bone, coxal bone (os coxae)
iliac bone (os ilium); pubic bone (os pubis); sciatic bone (os ischii):
corpus ossis ilii; ala ossis ilii; fossa iliaca; linea arcuata; facies auricularis; linea glutea
anterior, posterior et inferior; crista iliaca; spina iliaca anterior superior; spina iliaca anterior
inferior; spina iliaca posterior superior; spina iliaca posterior inferior; eminentia iliopubica;
incisura ischiadica major; corpus ossis pubis; ramus superior ossis pubis; sulcus obturatorius,
pecten ossis pubis, tuberculum pubicum; ramus inferior ossis pubis; facies symphysialis;
corpus ossis ischii; ramus ossis ischii; tuber ischiadicum; spina ischiadica; incisura ischiadica
minor
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Femur, thigh-bone (femur)
o proximal epiphysis: caput femoris (fovea capitis femoris)
o diaphysis: collum femoris; trochanter major et minor; linea aspera; tuberositas glutea
o distal epiphysis: condylus medialis et lateralis; fossa intercondylaris; epicondylus medialis
et lateralis; facies patellaris; planum popliteum
Knee-cap (patella) – sesamoid bone, basis patellae, apex patellae, facies articularis patellae
Tibia, shin bone (tibia)
o proximal epiphysis: condylus medialis et lateralis (facies articulares superiores, eminentia
intercondylaris, tuberculum intercondylare mediale et laterale, area intercondylaris
anterior et posterior), facies articularis fibularis
o diaphysis: margo anterior, medialis et interosseus, tuberositas tibiae
o distal epiphysis: malleolus medialis (facies articularis malleoli medialis), facies articularis
inferior tibiae, incisura fibularis
Fibula, calf bone (fibula)
o proximal epiphysis: caput fibulae (facies articularis capitis fibulae)
o diaphysis: margo interosseus
o distal epiphysis: malleolus lateralis (facies articularis malleoli lateralis)
Talus (talus)
o caput tali (facies articularis navicularis)
o collum tali
o corpus tali (trochlea - facies articulares for articulation with tibia and fibula; facies
articularis calcanea anterior, media et posterior, sulcus tali; processus posterior tali;
processus lateralis tali)
Calcaneus (calcaneus)
facies articularis cuboidea; facies articulares talares anterior, media et posterior; sulcus
calcanei; sustentaculum tali; tuber calcanei
Navicular (os naviculare) – articulation (connection) with surrounding bones
Cuboid bone (os cuboideum) – articulation (connection) with surrounding bones
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Cuneiform bones (ossa cuneiformia): os cuneiforme mediale, intermedium et laterale –
articulation (connection) with surrounding bones
Metatarsal bones (ossa metatarsi): basis, corpus et caput ossis metatarsi
Phalanges feet fingers (phalanges digitorum pedis)
o II.-IV. finger: phalanx proximalis, media et distalis; I. prst: phalanx proximalis et distalis
o phalanx proximalis et media: basis, corpus et caput
o phalanx distalis: basic, corpus et trochlea (tuberositas phalangis distalis)
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Skull (cranium)
1. Neurocranium (neurocranium)
Occipital bone (os occipitale)
o pars basilaris: clivus, tuberculum pharyngeum
o partes laterales: condylus occipitalis, fossa condylaris, canalis condylaris, incisura
jugularis, canalis nervi hypoglossi
o squama occipitalis: protuberantia occipitalis externa; crista occipitalis externa; linea
nuchae suprema, superior et inferior; planum nuchale; planum occipitale; fossae
cerebrales; fossae cerebellares; sulcus sinus transversi; sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris;
protuberantia occipitalis interna; crista occipitalis interna; eminentia cruciformis
Sphenoid bone (os sphenoidale)
o corpus ossis sphenoidalis: processus clinoidei posteriores; sella turcica; dorsum sellae;
fossa hypophysialis; sulcus chiasmatis; sulcus caroticus; lingula sphenoidalis; rostrum
sphenoidale; crista sphenoidalis; sinus sphenoidalis (apertura sinus sphenoidalis)
o alae minores ossis sphenoidalis: canalis opticus; processus clinoidei anteriores; fissura
orbitalis superior
o alae majores ossis sphenoidalis: foramen rotundum, ovale et spinosum; spina ossis
sphenoidalis; facies - cerebralis, temporalis, infratemporalis, orbitalis, maxillaris
o processus pterygoidei ossis sphenoidalis: lamina medialis et lateralis; fossa pterygoidea,
fossa scaphoidea, hamulus pterygoideus, canalis pterygoideus
Frontal bone (os frontale)
o squama frontalis: tuber frontale; margo supraorbitalis; incisura /foramen frontale; incisura
/foramen supraorbitale; arcus superciliares
o partes orbitale: fossa glandulae lacrimalis; fovea trochlearis; foramen ethmoidale anterius
et posterius
o pars nasalis: sinus frontalis
Parietal bone (os parietale)
foramina parietalia; tubera parietalia; linea temporalis superior et inferior; sulcus sinus
sagittalis superioris; sulci arteriae meningeae mediae
Temporal bone (os temporale)
o pars petrosa (os petrosum, pyramis)
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Apex; basis; facies (anterior, posterior, inferior, ventrobasalis); margo (superior, inferior)
 facies anterior pyramidis: impressio trigeminalis; hiatus et sulcus nervi petrosi
majoris; hiatus et sulcus nervi petrosi minoris; eminentia arcuata, tegmen tympani
 facies posterior pyramidis: sulcus sinus petrosi superioris et inferioris; porus acusticus
internus; meatus acusticus internus; fundus meatus acustici interni (crista transversa,
introitus canalis nervi facialis); apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli; apertura
externa canaliculi cochleae; incisura jugularis, sulcus sinus sigmoidei
 facies inferior pyramidis: apertura externa canalis carotici; fossa jugularis (canaliculus
mastoideus); fossula petrosa (apertura externa canaliculi tympanici)
 facies ventrobasalis: will be discussed with the structures of the auditory system
o pars squamosa: squama ossis temporalis; processus zygomaticus; porus acusticus
externus; fossa mandibularis; tuberculum articulare
o pars mastoidea: processus mastoideus (antrum mastoideum, celullae mastoideae);
incisura mastoidea; sulcus arteriae occipitalis, incisura digastrica
o pars tympanica: incisura tympanica; sulcus tympanicus; fissura petrosquamosa (fissura
petrotympanica et petrosquamosa); fissura tympanomastoidea
o processus styloideus (foramen stylomastoideum)
Cannals in temporal bone
 Canalis caroticus: apertura externa canalis carotici, canaliculi caroticotympanici,
apertura interna canalis carotici
 Canalis nervi facialis: fundus meatus acustici interni (introitus canalis nervi
facialis), foramen stylomastoideum
 Canaliculus chordae tympani: cavum tympani, fissura petrotympanica
 Canalis musculotubarius: septum canalis musculotubarii: semicanalis musculi tensoris
tympani, semicanalis tubae auditivae
 Canaliculus mastoideus: fossa jugularis, fissura tympanomastoidea
 Canaliculus tympanicus: fossula petrosa, (cavum tympani), hiatus nervi petrosi
minoris
 Aquaeductus vestibuli: apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli
 Canaliculus cochleae: apertura externa canaliculi cochleae
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2. Facial skeleton, viscerocranium (splanchnocranium)
Maxilla, upper jaw (maxilla)
o corpus maxillae:
 facies orbitalis: sulcus et canalis infraorbitalis; canales alveolares
 facies anterior: foramen infraorbitale; fossa canina; crista infrazygomatica; incisura
nasalis; spina nasalis anterior
 facies infratemporalis: tuber maxillae; foramina alveolaria; canales alveolares
posteriores
 facies nasalis: hiatus sinus maxillaris
 sinus maxillaris (hiatus semilunaris; recessus frontalis, zygomaticus, palatinus et
alveolaris)
o processus frontalis: crista lacrimalis anterior; crista ethmoidalis; crista conchalis
o processus zygomaticus
o processus alveolaris: alveoli dentales; septa interalveolaria, septa intraalveolaria
(interradicularia); juga alveolaria
o processus palatinus: sulci palatini; foramen incisivum; os incisivum; torus palatinus
Nasal bone (os nasale): sutura internasalis
Lacrimal bone (os lacrimale): crista lacrimalis posterior; sulcus lacrimalis
Vomer (vomer): alae vomeris
Inferior nasal turbinate, inferior nasal concha (concha nasalis inferior): processus
maxillaris, lacrimalis et ethmoidalis
Zygomatic bone, facial bone (os zygomaticum)
o corpus ossis zygomatici: facies orbitalis, facies lateralis, facies temporalis; foramen
zygomaticoorbitale (foramen zygomaticofaciale et zygomaticotemporale)
o processus: frontalis, maxillaris, temporalis
Palatal bone (os palatinum)
o lamina horizontalis: spina nasalis posterior; foramen palatinum majus; foramina palatina
minora; processus pyramidalis
o lamina perpendicularis: processus orbitalis; processus sphenoidalis; incisura
sphenopalatina
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Ethmoidal bone (os ethmoidale)
o lamina perpendicularis: septum nasi osseum; crista galli; foramen caecum
o lamina cribrosa
o labyrinthus ethmoidalis: celullae ethmoidales anteriores, medii et posteriores; bulla
ethmoidalis; concha nasalis superior; concha nasalis media (processus uncinatus); facies
orbitalis
Mandible, lower jaw (mandibula)
o corpus mandibulae: trigonum mandibulae (protuberantia mentalis, tuberculum mentale);
spina mentalis; fossae digastricae; processus alveolaris (alveoli dentales, juga alveolaria,
septa interalveolaria, septa intraalveolaria, septa interradicularia); trigonum retromolare;
linea mylohyoidea; fovea sublingualis; fovea submandibularis; foramen mentale; canalis
mandibulae; angulus mandibulae
o ramus mandibulae: processus coronoideus (crista temporalis); processus condylaris (caput
mandibulae, collum mandibulae, fovea/fossa pterygoidea); incisura mandibulae; linea
obliqua; foramen mandibulae; canalis mandibulae; lingula mandibulae; sulcus
mylohyoideus; tuberositas masseterica; tuberositas pterygoidea
Hyoid bone, tongue bone (os hyoideum) – corpus; cornua minora; cornua majora
Skull as a whole
o Description of the plane X-ray picture of the skull - in sagittal and lateral projection
o Newborn skull
 ratio neurocranium : splanchnocranium
 narrow fibrous bands between flat bones (instead of sutures), that are spatially
enlarged, and forms fonticuli (fonticulus major et minor – position, age of obliteration;
fonticulus sphenoidalis et mastoideus – position)
o Cranial cavities – limitation; anatomical structures; communication (connection) with
surrounding cavities
 basis cranii interna: fossa cranii anterior; fossa cranii media; fossa cranii posterior
 fossa temporalis; fossa infratemporalis; pterygopalatine fossa
 orbita; cavitas nasi ossea
 oral cavity