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Department of Anatomy
REGIONAL ANATOMY OF THE HEAD
MUDr. Marek Joukal, Ph.D.
Borders aginst neck
Superficial:
protub. occipit. ext.
linea nuchae sup.
porus acusticus ext.
mandible
Deep:
basis cranii ext.
Border: glabela - protub. occip. ext.
Cranial region
Superficial regions:
regio frontalis
regio parietalis
regio occipitalis
regio temporalis
Deep regions:
basis cranii int.
basis cranii ext.
Layers:
1. skin (+ hairs)
2. Subcutaneous tissue
3. galea aponeurotica
4. Loose subgaleal tissue
5. periosteum
5. bone
(lamina ext., diploe, lamina int.)
6. dura mater encephali
Scalp and calvaria
Regiones frontoparietooccipitales
a., v. et n. supraorbitalis a supratrochlearis
a., v., n., zygomaticotemporalis
a. et v. temporalis superficialis, n. auriculotemporalis, n. auricularis magnus
a. et v. auricularis post.
a. et. v. occipitalis, n. occipitalis major et minor
Regio temporalis
n. auriculotemporalis
fascia temporalis
m. temporalis
a.,v., n. temporalis prof.
Borders: linea temporalis sup., arcus zygomaticus
skin
n. auricularis magnus
m. temporoparietalis (n.VII.)
a., v. temporalis spf. (v. retromandibularis)
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Fossa cranii anterior
Fossa cranii media
Fossa cranii posterior
BASIS CRANII INTERNA BASIS CRANII INTERNA – Fossa cranii anterior
os frontale:
partes orbitales - sinus frontalis
pars nasalis
crista frontalis - falx cerebri + sinus durae matris
os ethmoidale:
lamina cribrosa - nn. olfactorii,
a. meningea ant.
n. ethmoidalis ant.
(rr. nasales)
crista galli
os sphenoidale:
allae minores – canalis opticus
(n. opticus, a. ophthalmica)
sulcus praechiasmaticus - chiasma opticum
BASIS CRANII INTERNA – Fossa cranii media
os sphenoidale:
facies cerebralis allae majores
sella turcica
os temporale
facies ant. pyramidis
squama ossis temporalis
fossa hypophysialis:
hypophysis
sulcus caroticus:
sinus cavernosus
sulcus sinus petrosi superioris
sinus petrosus superior
impressio trigemini
ganglion trigeminale
Fossa cranii media - structures
III.
IV.
V/1
V/2
VI.
Sinus cavernosus - structures Fossa cranii media - openings
fissura orbitalis superior
n. III., IV., VI.
n. ophthalmicus (+branches)
vena ophthalmica sup.
apertura int. canalis carotici
a. carotis int.
hiatus canalis n. petrosi majoris
n. petrosus major
hiatus canalis n. petrosi minoris
n. petrosus minor
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Fossa cranii media - openings
foramen rotundum
n. maxillaris
foramen ovale
n. mandibularis, veins
foramen spinosum
a. meningea media, r. meningeus n. mandibularis
BASIS CRANII INTERNA – Fossa cranii posterior
os sphenoidale
clivus (synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis)
os temporale
facies post. pyramidis
os occipitale
Structures related to dura mater
enceph.
protuberantia occipitalis interna
eminentia cruciformis
Structures related to dural sinuses
sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris
sulcus sinus transversi
sulcus sinus sigmoidei
sulcus sinus petrosi superioris
sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris
Fossa cranii posterior Fossa cranii posterior – openings
porus acusticus internus
canalis n. facialis (VII.), n. VIII.
apertura externa aqueductus vestibuli
ductus endolymphaticus
apertura externa canaliculi cochlae
Perilymph drainage
Fossa cranii posterior – openings
foramen jugulare
nn. IX., X., XI., vena jugularis
interna
canalis hypoglossi
n. XII
canalis condylaris
emissarium
foramen magnum
spinal cord, a. vertebralis, n. XI.,
veins
BASIS CRANII EXTERNA
Fossa cranii anterior
Fossa cranii media
Fossa cranii posterior
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BASIS CRANII EXTERNA – fossa cranii anterior
Palatum durum
processus palatini maxillarum
laminae horizontales ossis
palatini
choanae
maxilla
BASIS CRANII EXTERNA – fossa cranii anterior
Palatum durum:
foramen palatinum majus – nervus palatinus major, arteria palatina major
foramina palatina minora – nervi palatini minores, arteriae palatinae minores
foramen incisivum – nervus nasopalatinus, small spetal arteries from a.
maxillaris
Choanae – cavitas nasi
BASIS CRANII EXTERNA – fossa cranii media
Os sphenoidale:
corpus – crista et vomer (choanae)
allae majores
foramen ovale – n. mandibularis
foramen spinosum – a. meningea
media,
r. meningeus
processus pterygoideus
canalis pterygoideus – n. canalis
pteryg.
(n. petrosus prof. + n. petrosus
major)
BASIS CRANII EXTERNA – fossa cranii media (os temporale)
synchondrosis sphenopetrosa
(n. petrosus major et minor)
apertura externa canalis carotici
(a. carotis int., plexus caroticus)
canalis musculotubarius
(m. tensor tympani, tuba auditiva)
apertura externa canaliculi tympanici
(n. tympanicus)
apertura externa canaliculi cochlae
(perilympha)
fossa jugularis (v. jugularis int.)
canaliculus mastoid. (n. auricularis)
foramen jugulare (nn. IX., X., XI.)
foramen stylomastoideum (n. VII.)
processus mastoideus
(m. sternocleidomastoideus)
incisura mastoidea
(m. digastricus)
sulcus arteriae occipitalis
(a. occipitalis)
fossa mandibularis et tuberculum articulare
(art. temporomandibularis)
os tympanicum – sulcus
(membrana tympani)
fissura petrotympanica
(chorda tympani)
fissura tympanomastoidea
(n. auricularis n. X.)
BASIS CRANII EXTERNA – fossa cranii media (os temporale)
BASIS CRANII EXTERNA – fossa cranii posterior (os occipitale)
foramen magnum
medulla spinalis,
a. vertebralis
a. spinalis ant. + aa. spinales post.
plexus venosi vertebrales int. + basilaris
radix spinalis n. XI.
condyli occipitales – art. atlantooccipitalis
canalis n. hypoglossi – n. XII.
canalis condylaris – emmisarium
protuberantia occip. ext. + crista occipit.
lig. nuchae
lineae nuchae
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FACIAL REGION
Superficial regions
regio orbitalis
regio nasalis
regio labialis
regio mentalis
regio infraorbitalis
regio zygomatica
regio buccalis
regio parotideomasset.
Regio parotideomasseterica
Borders:
Superior - arcus zygomaticus
Ventral - m. masseter
Caudal - mandible
Posterior – line through tragus
Regio parotideomasseterica - content
glandula parotis
fascia parotideomasseterica
ductus parotideus
plexus parotideus n. VII.
pars spf. et prof. gl. parotis
a. temporalis spf.
a. transversa faciei
v. temporalis spf., v.
retromandibularis
n. auriculotemporalis
NERVUS VII. - plexus parotideus
rr. temporales
rr. zygomatici
rr. buccales
r. marginalis mandibulae
r. coli (ansa cervicalis spf.)
n.VII.
r. stylohyoideus
(m. stylohyoideus)
r. digastricus
(venter post. m. digastrici)
n. auricularis post.
a. auricularis post.
(a. carotis ext.)
Retromandibular region Other facial regions
Regiones: orbitalis, nasalis, infraorbitalis, buccalis,
zygomatica mentalis Layers:
Skin and subscutaneous tissue
innervation - n. V.
mm. of facial expression
innervation - n. VII.
Blood supply
a. et v. facialis
(branches of a. maxillaris et
ophthalmica)
Mocosa and submocusa
gll. labiales, buccales, nasales
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Skin innervation
Around eye
m. orbicularis oculi
m. procerus
m. corrugator
supercilii
Around nose
m. nasalis
Muscles of the facial expression
Around mouth
m. levator labii sup.
m. levator labii sup. al. nasi,
m. levator anguli oris
m. zygomaticus major et minor
m. buccinator
m. risorius
m. orbicularis oris
m. depressor anguli oris
m. depressor labii inf.
m. mentalis
Muscles of the facial expression Blood supply of the face
a. facialis
a. labialis sup. et inf.
(circulus arteriosus oris)
a. alaris nasi
a. angularis
a. maxillaris
a. mentalis
a. infraorbitalis
a. ophthalmica
a. supraorbitalis
a. supratrochlearis et infratrochlearis
a. temporalis spf.
a. transversa faciei
v. facialis
vena profunda faciei
(connected with plexus
pterygoideus)
plexus pterygoideus (v. maxilaris)
v. mentalis
v. infraorbitalis
v. ophthalmica sup. et. Inf.
v. supraorbitalis
v. palpebralis med. et lat.
v. supratrochlearis et infratroch.
Blood drainage of the face
Superior wall
crista infratemporalis alae majoris ossis
sphenoidalis
Medial wall
lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei
Lateral side of the pharynx
Ventral wall
facies infratemporalis corporis maxillae
Lateral wall
ramus mandibulae
Dorsal wall
Styloid septum
Regio infratemporalis
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Regio infratemporalis
musculus pterygoideus med. et lat.
n. mandibularis
Brancehs for masticatory muscles, m. tensor tympani a veli palatini,
n. buccalis, n. auriculotemporalis, n. lingualis, n. alveolaris inf.
a. maxillaris (pars mandibularis et pterygoidea)
plexus pterygoideus
Regio infratemporalis
Canalis mandibulae:
a. et n. alveolaris inf. (nervus mylohyoideus), n. buccalis, n. lingualis
Spatium praestyloideum et retrostyloideum
Styloid septum
m. sternocleidomastoideus
venter posterior m. digastrici
m. stylohyoideus
m. stylopharyngeus
m. styloglossus
Spatium praestyloideum
a. carotis ext.
v. retromandibularis
Spatium retrostyloideum
a.carotis int.
v. jugularis int.
nn. IX., X., XI., XII.
tr. sympathicus
a. carotis int.
a. pharyngea asc.
v. jugularis int.
plexus venosus pharyngeus
n. IX. (m. stylopharyngeus)
n. X. (vagina carotica - dors.)
n. XI. (m. sternocleidomast.)
n. XII. (arcus n. hypoglossi)
tr. sympathicus
(praevertebral fascia)
Spatium parapharyngeum
Superior wall
facies maxillaris alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis
foramen rotundum (fossa cranii media)
fissura orbitalis inferior (orbita)
Medial wall
lamina perpendicularis ossis palatini
foramen sphenopalatinum (cavum nasi osseum)
Ventral wall
tuber maxillae (foramina alveolaria)
Dorsal wall
processus pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis
canalis pterygoideus (basis cranii externa)
Inferiorly
canalis palatinus major (cavum oris)
Fossa pterygopalatina Fossa pterygopalatina - content
a. maxillaris (pars
pterygopal.)
a. infraorbitalis
a. alveolaris sup. post.
a. palatina descendens
a. canalis pterygoidei
a. sphenopalatina
n. maxillaris
n. infraorbitalis
n. zygomaticus
nn. pterygopalatini
ggl. pterygopalatinum
nn. palatini (major et minores)
n. canalis pterygoidei (n. petrosus maj.,prof.)
nn. nasales post.., rr. orbitales
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Eylid morphology
skin
Subcutaneous tissue
m. orbicularis oculi
septum orbitale + tarsus sup. et inf.
(gl. tarsales - Meibomi)
m. tarsalis sup. et inf., m. levator palpebrae sup.
tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum
Regio orbitalis + orbit
Aditus orbitae
margo supraorbitalis, infraorb.
Superior wall
pars orbitalis ossis frontalis
ala minor ossis sphenoidalis
Orbit – bony part
Medial wall
processus frontalis maxillae
os lacrimale
lamina orbitalis ossis ethmoidalis
ala minor ossis sphenoidalis
Lateral wall
facies orbitalis ossis zygomatici
facies orbitalis alae majoris ossis sphenoid.
fissura orbitalis superior et inferior
Inferior wall
facies orbitalis corporis maxillae
facies orbitalis ossis zygomatici
processus orbitalis ossis palatini
Orbit – content
periorbit
fissura orbitalis sup. et inf. (m. orbitalis)
vagina bulbi
Extraocular muscles and their fascia
mm. recti (sup., inf. med., lat.)
mm. obliqui (sup., inf.)
m. levator palpebrae sup.
spatium episclerale
Loose connective tissue
corpus adiposum orbitae
bulbus oculi
Retrobulbar space – upper part
borders:
periorbita
m. levator palpebrae sup.
n. lacrimalis
r. comm. cum n. zygomatico
n. frontalis
n. supraorbitalis (med., lat.)
n. supratrochlearis
n. trochlearis
m. obliquus bulbi sup.
Retrobulbar space – middle part
n. abducens
m. rectus lat.
ramus sup. n. oculomotorii
m. levator palpebrae sup
m. rectus sup. et med.
ramus inferior n. oculomotorii
ggl. ciliare
nn. ciliares breves
n. nasociliaris
n. ethmoidalis ant., post., n. infratrochlearis
a. ophthalmica
a. ethmoidalis ant., post., a. infratrochlearis
v. ophthalmica sup.
borders: m. levator palpebrae sup. + plane through n. opticus
Retrobulbar space – inferior part
borders: plane through n. opticus + floor of the orbit
ramus inf. n. oculomotorii
m. rectus inf.
m. obliquus bulbi inf.
a. + n. infraorbitalis
canalis infraorbitalis
a. + n. zygomaticus
foramen zygomaticoorbitale
v. ophthalmica inf.
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Regio sublingualis
borders:
kran.: mucosa of the floor of oral cavity
(plica subligualis, caruncula sublingualis)
kaud.: diaphragma oris
(m. mylohyoideus, m. geniohyoideus,
m. digastricus, m. stylohyoideus)
lat.: mandible
med.: tongue
Regio sublingualis
gl. submandibularis + ductus submandibularis (crossing with n.
lingualis)
gl. subligualis + ductus sublinguales major et minores
a., n. lingualis
n. hypoglossus
v. commitans n. hypoglossi
References
Čihák, R.: Anatomie 3. Praha, Grada, 2001, 2004
Sobotta, J.: Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol 1–2 Munich, Urban und
Schwarzenberg, 1993
Wiliams, P. & Warvick, R.: Gray´s Anatomy, 37 ed, Churhill
Livingstone, 1996
Netter, F.: Atlas of Human Anatomy, 4th ed., Elsevier, USA, 2006