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Autumn Term 2019/2020 Handout 3
1. Connect the following nouns to form anatomical terms denoting parts of structures. Pay attention
to singular/plural forms. What is the meaning of the phrases?
sulcus + sclera _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ corpus + maxilla_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
corpus + lingua __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ symphysis + mandibula _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
arcus + aorta _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ collum + vesica_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
columna + vertebrae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ rima + palpebrae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2. Replace the English terms for parts of bones with their Latin equivalents. Pay attention to
word order and correct case endings.
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Images copied, rearranged and adjusted; source: Feneis, H & Dauber, W.: Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy, Thieme 2000.
EXERCISES
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3. What is the meaning of the following Latin phrases?
ruptura tendinis
ruptura venarum
fractura pollicis
arcus aortae
incisura mandibulae
fossa axillae
apertura linguae
ruptura fasciae
incisura scapulae
lamina sclerae
sulci cutis
fossae coxarum
apertura patellae
spina vertebrae
venae medullae
rima palpebrarum
fractura spinarum vertebrarum
fractura corporis vertebrae
therapia fracturae tibiae et fibulae
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4. Translate the following phrases into Latin. Pay attention to word order and correct case endings:
(English phrases with an adjective/noun instead of an “of” phrase are marked by *)
fracture of the hip
fractures of the hip
*a hip fracture
fracture of calf bones
fractures of the calf bone
fracture of the rib
fractures of ribs
fracture of the head of femur
rupture of the tendon
hollow of the gland
arteries of the shoulder blade
*sternal crest
surface of the collar bone
fracture of the vertebra
fracture of *the vertebral column
fracture of the spine of shoulder blade
fracture of the upper and lower jaw
fracture of the radial and elbow bone
treatment of the fracture of collar bone
treatment of fractures of vertebrae
insufficiency of the *aortic valve
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5. Explain the difference between positions expressed by the following prepositional phrases.
Notice how the case endings of the nouns change according to the preposition and the meaning.
e venis e vena
in venas in venis
in venam in vena
in glandulam in glandulas
e glandula e glandulis
in glandulis in glandula
6. FTranslate the prepositional phrases into Latin. Pay attention to the number: the expressions on the
left are all in singular, the expressions on the right are all in plural.
near the opening near openings
towards the gland towards glands
with an anomaly with anomalies
into the kneecap into kneecaps
in the kneecap in kneecaps
without diabetes without allergies
into the aperture into apertures
because of anemia because of ruptures
under a layer under layers
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7. What is the meaning of the following Latin phrases? What cases are used and why?
in rima palpebrarum
post fracturas costarum
sine ruptura fasciae
contra dyspnoen
in fissuram hepatis
diarrhoe e colica
cum insufficientia valvulae aortae
8. Translate the following phrases into Latin. Pay attention to correct word order and case endings.
after fractures of hips
after rupture of the tendon
into the depression of shoulder blade
anemia due to bleeding
without lung infection
in the glands of tongue
before treatment of hernia
with shortness of breath
9. How should the case endings of the nouns change so that the phrases make sense?
post + therapia + angina / dyspnoe / diabetes
causa + hernia + abdomen / femur / vertebra
cum + insufficientia + oculus / arteriae / tonsillar
fractura + caput + mandibula / digitus / phalanx
sine + rupturae + tendo / venae / arteria
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10. Match the given pathologies with their definitions.
epilepsia a protrusion of an organ or body part through the lining of the cavityin
which it is normally situated
diphtheria a deficiency in the number of red blood cells
scarlatina spasmodic pains in the abdomen
insufficientia an acute or chronic disease marked by infection of lungs
allergia
any of various neurological disorders characterized by sudden attacks, with
or without loss of consciousness or convulsive seizures
hernia a tear in an organ or a tissue
pneumonia substantial bleeding
colica an acute contagious disease caused by a hemolytic streptococcus,
characterized by a scarlet skin eruption and high fever
angina pectoris chest pain or pressure usually caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart
muscle
anaemia an overreaction of the immune system to a previouslyencountered,
ordinarily harmless substance, resulting in skin rash or other abnormal
conditions
haemorrhagia a condition of improper functioning of an organ, tissue, etc.
ruptura an acute contagious infection marked by the formation of afalse membrane
in the throat and other air passages causing difficulty in breathing
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NOUN-ADJECTIVE AGREEMENT (= AGREED ATTRIBUTE)
Adjectives are words that modify and describe the qualities of nouns. In Latin, an adjective always
agrees with the noun it modifies in gender, case and number (notice that the adjective does not have
to belong to the same declension as the noun it modifies). This principle is called noun-adjective
agreement and it is applied in all noun+adjective phrases (also called agreed attribute). The dictionary
entry of each adjective contains Nominative singular forms for all genders. The choice of the proper
form depends on the gender of the noun we want to modify. Thus, the gender of a noun has to be
memorized together with the noun itself. The case and number of the adjective must also be identical
with the case and number of the noun it modifies, e.g. if the noun is in plural form, the adjective must
be in plural form, too; if the noun stands in Genitive case, the adjective must be in Genitive form as
well.
In some declensions, the Nominative ending may give us a hint about the gender of the word. For instance,
most of the 1st
declension nouns are of female gender and end in -a. However, in other cases, the situation is
not so simple, e.g. words ending in -us may be males of the 2nd
declension (nervus, i, m.), neutrals of the 3rd
declension (corpus, oris, n.), or even males of the 4th
declension (ductus, us, m.). Therefore, it is
recommended to memorize the gender of a noun together with the word itself.
CONSEQUENCES OF GRAMMATICAL AGREEMENT (AGREED ATTRIBUTE)
As nouns are of three genders in Latin, adjectives have also three different forms to comply with the
gender of the noun. A feminine noun can never be connected with an adjective in masculine or neutral
form; a masculine noun can never be connected with an adjective in feminine or neutral form etc.
Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension are inflected as nouns of the 1st
and 2nd
declension. Ordinal numbers
in Latin, too, behave as adjectives of the 1st
and 2nd
declension. In anatomical nomenclature, we only use
ordinal numbers from 1 to 12. Adjectives of 1st
and 2nd
declension as well as ordinal numbers 1-12 have the
following Nominative singular endings:
masculines feminines neutrals
-us (-er) -a -um
GRAMMAR
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The dictionary entry contains a full male form followed by female and neutral endings,
E.g. magnus, a, um > M: magnus, F: magna, N: magnum
primus, a, um > M: primus, F: prima, N: primum
Some adjectives end in-er instead of -us Nominative sg. in male form; in such cases, it is always indicated
whether the -e- is omitted or stays in other than Nominative singular male form (the same principle applies
for nouns ending in -er).
E.g. dexter, tra, trum > M: dexter, F: dextra, N: dextrum (-e- is omitted)
liber, era, erum > M: liber, F: libera: N: liberum (-e- stays)
sg.
1. fractura vertebrae 1. fractura complicata
2. (causa) fracturae vertebrae 2. fracturae complicatae
4. (post) fracturam vertebrae 3. (post) fracturam complicatam
6. (cum) fractura vertebrae 4. (cum) fractura complicata
pl.
1. fracturae vertebrarum 1. fracturae complicatae
2. (causa) fracturarum vertebrarum 2. fracturarumcomplicatarum
4. (post) fracturas vertebrarum 4. (post) fracturas complicatas
6. (cum) fracturis vertebrarum 6. (cum) fracturis complicatis
The noun in Genitive remains the same! Both noun and adjective change accordingly!
INFLECTION of
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VOCABULARY
ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY
albus, a, um white acquisitus, a, um acquired
auditivus, a, um auditory acutus, a, um acute (severe symptoms,
short-term)
bursa, ae, f. pouch, sack, bursa apertus, a, um open
cavus, a, um hollow (with vena) chirurgicus, a, um surgical
cellula, ae, f. cell chronicus, a, um chronic (mild symptoms,
long-term)
coccygeus, a, um coccygeal, related to coccyx clausus, a, um closed
coronarius, a, um coronary (with arteriae) complicatus, a, um complicated
decimus, a, um tenth congenitus, a, um congenital, inborn
dexter, tra, trum right epidemicus, a, um epidemic, occurring in
excessive numbers
externus, a, um external mellitus, a, um type of diabetes, lit.
related to honey
felleus, a, um bilious, related to bile periculosus, a, um dangerous
fuscus, a, um brown postoperativus, a, um occurring after operation,
postoperative
gastricus, a, um gastric, related to stomach secundarius, a, um secondary, not primary
iliacus, a, um iliac, related to iliac bone
internus, a, um internal
latus, a, um wide, broad *ORDINAL NUMBERS
liber, era, erum free, loose primus, a, um first
magnus, a, um big, large secundus, a, um second
medianus, a, um median, located in between
two structures
tertius, a, um third
medius, a, um middle quartus, a, um fourth
mucosus, a, um mucous, related to mucus quintus, a, um fifth
niger, a, um black sextus, a, um sixth
obliquus, a, um oblique, inclined septimus, a, um seventh
oblongatus, a, um prolonged octavus, a, um eighth
palatinus, a, um palatal, related to palate nonus, a, um ninth
parvus, a, um small decimus, a, um tenth
plica, ae, f. fold undecimus, a, um eleventh
proprius, a, um proper, distinctive duodecimus, a, um twelfth
profundus, a, um deep
serosus, a, um serous, related to serum
sinister, tra, trum left
spurius, a, um false (with costa)
subcutaneus, a, um subcutaneous, located
under skin
thoracicus, a, um thoracic, related to thorax
transversus, a, um transverse
tuba, ae, f. tube
uterinus, a, um uterine, related to uterus
urinarius, a, um urinary
verus, a, um true (with costa)
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IMPORTANT COLLOCATIONS
diabetes mellitus diabetes (metabolic disorder marked by high blood sugar levels)
glandula thyroidea thyroid gland (an endocrine gland in the throat secreting hormones
influencing metabolic rate, protein synthesis, etc.)
lamina propria a thin layer of loose connective tissue, or dense irregular connective
tissue, which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the
epithelium constitutes the mucosa
linea alba the tendinous median line on the anterior abdominal wall between two
straight muscles
medulla oblongata prolongation of the spinal cord
rima palpebrarum free space between eyelids, the fissure between eyelids
tuba auditiva Eustachian tube, also called auditory (or pharyngotympanic) tube, links
nasopharynx with the middle ear
tuba uterina Fallopian tube, or uterine tube
(tunica) mucosa membrane that lines cavities and surrounds internal organs
(tunica) serosa smooth tissue membrane consisting of two layers of mesothelium which
secretes serous fluid
vesica fellea gall bladder
vesica urinaria urinary bladder