Introduction to neurophysiology Cellular base of nervous system Synapse Somatosenstivity and pain Úvod - buněčný podklad – synapse - somatosenzitivita, bolest2 Contact Kamil Ďuriš Department of Pathological Physiology (A18) kduris@med.muni.cz Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system3 Why and how to STUDY neuroscience Philosophy : Mind behind Mind Psychology : MindNeuroscience: Brain PS Deb http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations FACTSFACTS THEORIESTHEORIES Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system4 What is nervous system good for? Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system5 Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system6 The role of nervous system Multicellular organism • Functional specialization of particular cells – higher effectivity • Inner environment – homeostasis • Lower level of stress • Longer life time Unicellular organism • One cell has to do everythinglower effectivity • Total dependence on environment • High level of stress • Short life time The role of nervous system • Essentials for survival of multicellular organism ➢ Maintaining homeostasis – The composition of inner environment – The integrity of organ/ bodily barriers ➢ Coordination of bodily functions – To receive signals from outer and inner environment – To process this information – To respond in a coordinate manner to these stimuli Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system7 Input Integration Output REGULATIONREGULATION • Regulation – Nervous – Humoral The role of nervous system Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system8 • Regulation – Nervous – Humoral http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/Hypothalamus.htm The role of nervous system Central nervous system controls both types of regulations Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system9 The role of nervous system Humoral regulations • Hormone • Non-specific channel of conduction (blood stream) • Target site defined by specific receptor • Low energetical demands • Slow • Long duration Nervous regylations • Neurtransmitters • Specific channel of conduction • Target site defined by infrastructure • High energetical demands • Fast • Short duration Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system10 The role of nervous system Humoral regulations • Hormone • Non-specific channel of conduction (blood stream) • Target site defined by specific receptor • Low energetical demands • Slow • Long duration Nervous regylations • Neurtransmitters • Specific channel of conduction • Target site defined by infrastructure • High energetical demands • Fast • Short duration Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system11 The role of nervous system Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system12 Input Integration Output REGULATIONREGULATION The role of nervous system Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system13 Input Integration Output REGULATIONREGULATION Potential input Potential output ANTICIPATIONANTICIPATION The role of nervous system Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system14 Input Integration Output REGULATIONREGULATION Potential input Potential output ANTICIPATIONANTICIPATION Sensor Effector Cortex Cortex Evolutionary approach • Evolutionary old structures have not been replaced by new ones during evolution, but the old has been kept and the new added • Evolutionary younger structures were associated with new functions or with the improvement in existing functions • It is important to ask what is any particular function good for and how it has been improved in course of evolution Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system15 Evolutionary approach • Evolutionary old structures have not been replaced by new ones during evolution, but the old has been kept and the new added • Evolutionary younger structures were associated with new functions or with the improvement in existing functions • It is important to ask what is any particular function good for and how it has been improved in course of evolution Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system16 Evolutionary approach • Evolutionary old structures have not been replaced by new ones during evolution, but the old has been kept and the new added • Evolutionary younger structures were associated with new functions or with the improvement in existing functions • It is important to ask what is any particular function good for and how it has been improved in course of evolution Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system17 Evolutionary approach Evolution is not revolution Introduction to neuroscience - The regulatory role of nervous system18 Evolution of the nervous system Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system19 Four basic types of tissue ✓ Epithelial ✓ Connective ✓ Muscular ✓ Nervous Four basic types of tissue ✓ Epithelial ✓ Connective ✓ Muscular ✓ Nervous Input Integration Output Evolution of the nervous system Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system20 Input Integration Output Evolution of the nervous system Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system21 Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Input Integration Output Compartmentalization • Cellular specialization leads to compartmentalization on several levels – Tissue level – Organ level – Organ system level • There are barriers in between compartments • Properties/content may vary among different compartments Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system22 Compartmentalization • Cellular specialization leads to compartmentalization on several levels – Tissue level – Organ level – Organ system level • There are barriers in between compartments • Properties/content may vary among different compartments Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system23 v v Intracranial compartment Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system24 ✓ „Very specific region“ ✓ Brain ✓ Cerebrospinal fluid ✓ Blood (intravasculary) ✓ Barriers • Meningeal • Hematoliquor • Hematoencephalic http://edutoolanatomy.wikispaces.com http://www.corpshumain.ca/en/Cerveau3_en.php Hematoencephalic barrier • Highly organised structure – Endothelial cells (low permeability thanks to zonlua occludens) – Basal membrane – Astrocytes – Pericytes Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system25 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Blood_vessels_brain_english.jpg Circumventricular organs • Rich vascularisation • Modified hematoencephalic barrier • Sensors • Secretion Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system26 http://www.neuros.org/index.php?option=com_photos&view=photos&oid=hafizbilal Cerebrospinal fluid • Content ✓ High levels of Mg+ and Na+ ✓ Low levels of K+ and Ca2+ ✓ Almost no cells (max 5/ml) • Function ✓ Protection ✓ Microenvironment of neurons and glia – Metabolic function – Immunologic function – Transport function and so on Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system27 http://www.control.tfe.umu.se PCh AG Cerebrospinal fluid • Clear fluidproduced by active secretion • Liquor space ➢ lined by ependymal cells ➢ 150-250 ml • Production ✓ Plexus choroideus (PCh) -70% ✓ Cell metabolism ✓ Cappilary filtration ➢ 450-750 ml/day • Resorbtion ✓ Archnoid granulations (AG) Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system28 http://www.control.tfe.umu.se PCh AG Intracranial compartment Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system29 • Brain • Cerebrospinal fluid • Blood (intravasculary) • Intracranial pressure (ICP) • Critical determinant of cerebral perfusion • Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) pressure gradient driving blood flow intracranialy http://edutoolanatomy.wikispaces.com !!! CPP = MAP – ICP !!!!!! CPP = MAP – ICP !!! Cerebral perfusion pressure Mean arterial pressure Intracranial pressure Cellular base of nervous system Synapse Úvod - buněčný podklad – synapse - somatosenzitivita, bolest30 Cellular base of nervous system • Neuronal cells – Reception, integration and propagation of information – Unique, irreplaceable • Neuroglial cells – Support for neuronal cells – Easily replacable • The total amount of neuronal cells - 100 billions (1011) • Neruon/glia ratio – 1/10 - 50 (Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., 2012) – 1/2 – 10 (Principles of Neural Science, 5th ed., 2012) – 1/1 (Nolte´s Human Brain, 7th ed., 2015) Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system31 Neuroglial cells Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system32 Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system • Astrocytes – Hematoencephalic b. – Homeostasis maintaining – Metabolism of neurotransmitters – Important during brain development • Oligodendrocytes – Myelin sheat • Microglia – Immune funtion • Ependymal cells – Choroid plexus – (hemato-liquor barrier) – Ventricular lining (liquro-encephalic barrier) • Satelite cells – Support functions in PNS • Schwan cells – Myelin sheat Neuron Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system33 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations The inside of the cell ✓ … ✓ Synthesis ✓ Transport ✓ … ✓ Signal reception ✓ Signal integration ✓ AP generatin ✓ AP propagation ✓ Signal transmission The membrane Background Activity Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system34 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Neuron_Cell_Body.png Background Activity Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system35 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Neuron_Cell_Body.png Background Activity Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system36 http://www.oapublishinglondon.com/images/article/pdf/1397255957.pdf Membrane potential • Due to differences in the concentrations of ions on opposite sides of a cellular membrane Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system37 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Resting membrane potential of a neuron • Highly instable state of membrane • Why? – Speed! • High energetical demands ✓ Oxygen - 20% of total body consumption ✓ Glucose – 25% of total body consumption Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system38 http://assassinscreed.ubi.com Action potential • Quick voltage change on the membrane • Spreads along the axon • All or nothing principle Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system39 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Action potential spreading • Local currents • Anterograde Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system40 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Saltatory conduction • Myelin sheat • Nodes of ranvier • Economy • Speed of conduction • Speed of conduction also dependent of nerve fibre diameter – the electrical resistance is inversly proportional to area of cross- section Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system41 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • In humans mostly myelinated • All fibers are myelinated in CNS • Non-myelinated are evolutionary old ones Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system42 Classification of nerve fibers http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter04.html Neuronal classification 43 http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system Neuronal classification Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system44 http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Neuronal classification Intracranial compartment, Cellular base of nervous system45 http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Synapse Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level46 • Communication between neurons • Electrical • Chemical Electrical synapse Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level47 • Evolutionary old • Less frequent than ch. • Ubiquitous • Gap junctions • Bidirectional tranmission • Fast • Strength of signal may decrease http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Electrical synapse Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level48 • Evolutionary old • Less frequent than ch. • Ubiquitous • Gap junctions • Bidirectional tranmission • Fast • Strength of signal may decrease http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Chemical synapse Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level49 • Evolutionary young • Majority type of s. • Unidirectional • Synaptic cleft • Neurotransmitter • Constant signal strength http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Chemical synapse Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level50 • Evolutionary young • Majority type of s. • Unidirectional • Synaptic cleft • Neurotransmitter • Constant signal strength http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Neurotrasnsmiter Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level51 • Present in presinaptic neuron • Releasd into the synaptic cleft due to depolarization of presynaptic neuron (Ca2+ dependent mechanism) • Specific receptor has to be present in postsynaptical membrane http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Neurotrasnsmiter Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level52 • Present in presinaptic neuron • Releasd into the synaptic cleft due to depolarization of presynaptic neuron (Ca2+ dependent mechanism) • Specific receptor has to be present in postsynaptical membrane http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Neurotrasnsmiter Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level53 • Present in presinaptic neuron • Releasd into the synaptic cleft due to depolarization of presynaptic neuron (Ca2+ dependent mechanism) • Specific receptor has to be present in postsynaptical membrane http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Neuromuscular junction Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level54 https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/754/flashcards/2034754/png/ch_7_pic_41349381290275.png Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level55 https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/108/flashcards/956108/jpg/bookpic421333407057201.jpg 56 Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level http://www.compoundchem.com/2015/07/30/neurotransmitters/ 57 Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level http://www.compoundchem.com/2015/07/30/neurotransmitters/ Excitatory/inhibtory postsynaptic potencial Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level58 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Signal summation Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level59 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • Temporal • Spatial https://www.slideshare.net/drgabe/biological-psychology-synapses?from_action=save Signal summation Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level60 https://www.slideshare.net/drgabe/biological-psychology-synapses?from_action=save http://www.geon.us/Memory/images/Summation.jpg Synaptic convergence Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level61 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Average number of synapses in one neuronal cell in primates ✓ Primary visual cortex (area17) – aprox. 4 000 ✓ Primary motor cortex (area4) – aprox. 60 000 Synaptic divergence Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level62 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level63 Networking http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level64 Networking http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level65 Neurotransmission vs. Neuromodulation • Information transmission • Specific • Receptors – ion channels • Short duration – membrane potential changes • Regulation of NS activity • Diffuse (volume transmission) • Receptors – G-proteins • Longer duration - changes in synaptic properties Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level66 Neurotransmission vs. Neuromodulation • Information transmission • Specific • Receptors – ion channels • Short duration – membrane potential changes • Regulation of NS activity • Diffuse (volume transmission) • Receptors – G-proteins • Longer duration - changes in synaptic properties Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level67 Neurotransmission vs. Neuromodulation • Information transmission • Specific • Receptors – ion channels • Short duration – membrane potential changes • Regulation of NS activity • Diffuse (volume transmission) • Receptors – G-proteins • Longer duration - changes in synaptic properties Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level68 Neurotransmission vs. Neuromodulation • Information transmission • Specific • Receptors – ion channels • Short duration – membrane potential changes • Regulation of NS activity • Diffuse (volume transmission) • Receptors – G-proteins • Longer duration - changes in synaptic properties Acetylcholine Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level69 • Nucleus basalis (Meynerti) abd other nuclei • Nicotin receptors • Muscarin receptors http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • Sleep/wake regulation • Cognitive functions • Behavior • Emotions Noradrenalin Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level70 • Locus coeruleus • Nuclei raphe caudalis • Vigilance • Responsiveness to unexpected stimuli • Memory • Learning http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Dopamin Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level71 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • Nigrostriatal system – Movement – Sensory stimuli • Ventrotegmentno-mesolimbicfrontal system – Reward – Cognitive function – Emotional behavior • Tubero-infundibular system – Hypotalamic-pituatory regulation • D1 receptors – excitatory • D2 receptors - inhibitory Serotonin Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level72 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • Nuclei raphe rostralis • Nuclei raphe caudalis • Anxiety/relaxation • Impulsive behavior • Sleep Neuromodulatory systems Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level73 http://image.slidesharecdn.com/neuromodulationincogniti on-140119031056-phpapp02/95/neuromodulation-in- cognition-5-638.jpg?cb=1419657931 Neuromodulatory systems Synapse and integration of information at the synaptic level74 http://ausm.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Dopamine_Norepinephrine_Serotonin.jpg Somatosensitivity, pain Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I75 The role of nervous system Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I76 Input Integration Output REGULATIONREGULATION Potential input Potential output ANTICIPATIONANTICIPATION Sensor Effector Cortex Cortex Receptors/sensors Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I77 • Energy convertor – Signal reception – Signal transformation • Receptor potential – Generator potential • Action potential • Adequate stimulus • Non adequate stimulus http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Receptor/generator and action potential Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I78 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Receptors/sensors Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I79 • Energy convertor – Signal reception – Signal transformation • Receptor potential – Generator potential • Action potential • Adequate stimulus • Non adequate stimulus http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Receptors/sensors Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I80 • Energy convertor – Signal reception – Signal transformation • Receptor potential – Generator potential • Action potential • Adequate stimulus • Non adequate stimulus http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Receptors/sensors Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I81 • Energy convertor – Signal reception – Signal transformation • Receptor potential – Generator potential • Action potential • Adequate stimulus • Non adequate stimulus http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Intensity coding Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I82 http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations • Amplitude of receptor potential is transtucted into the frequency of AP Qualitative information Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I83 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • The law of specific nerve energies: The nature of perception is defined by the pathway over which the sensory information is carried • Labeled line coding define the information about quality Qualitative information Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I84 • Labeled line coding • Receptive field • Nerve stimulation mimics receptor stimulation http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Receptive fields Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I85 • Various size and overaly • Small receptive field – high resolution • Spatial resolving power increased by lateral inhibition http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Receptor adaptation Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I86 • The decline of receptor responses in spite of stimulus presence • Tonic receptors – slow adaptation – presence of stimulus, position • Phasic receptors – rapid adaptation – change of stimulus http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Receptors Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I87 http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations • Simple • Complex • General – Superficial – somatosensors – Deep – viscerosensors – Muscles, tendons, joints – proprioceptors • Special – Part of sensory organs Evolutionary point of view Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I88 http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations • The signals indicating potential damage are the most important and the corresponding systems evolved early – Pain – Temperature • The touch signals have adaptive value and evolved later • The structure of the receptor, nerve fibers and pathways reflects the evolution Evolutionary point of view Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I89 http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations • The signals indicating potential damage are the most important and the corresponding systems evolved early – Pain – Temperature • The touch signals have adaptive value and evolved later • The structure of the receptor, nerve fibers and pathways reflects the evolution Evolutionary point of view Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I90 http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations • The signals indicating potential damage are the most important and the corresponding systems evolved early – Pain – Temperature • The touch signals have adaptive value and evolved later • The structure of the receptor, nerve fibers and pathways reflects the evolution Nerve fibres Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain I91 http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Viscerosensitivity Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II92 • An information from visceral and cardiovascular system • Linked to the autonomic nervous system • The most of information does not reach higher structures than hypothalamus • The most of information does not reach consciousness Proprioception Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II93 • Information from – Muscles – Tendons – Joints • Important for – Precise coordination of movements – Overload protection Somatosensory pathways Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II94 • Three systems • (Archispinothalamic) – Interconnection of adjacent segments (tr. Spinospinalis) • Paleospinothalamic – tr. Spinoreticularis, tr. Spinotectalis… • Neospinothalamic – tr. Spinothalamicus • Dorsal column system – tr. Spinobulbaris Somatosensory pathways Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II95 • Three systems • (Archispinothalamic) – Interconnection of adjacent segments (tr. Spinospinalis) • Paleospinothalamic – tr. Spinoreticularis, tr. Spinotectalis… • Neospinothalamic – tr. Spinothalamicus • Dorsal column system – tr. Spinobulbaris Somatosensory pathways Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II96 • Paleospinothalamic – Low resolution – dull, diffuse pain („slow pain“) • Neospinothalamic – High resolution – sharp, localized pain („fast pain“), temperature – Low resolution – touch • Dorsal column system – High resolution – fine touch Somatosensory pathways Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II97 • Paleospinothalamic – Low resolution – dull, diffuse pain („slow pain“) • Neospinothalamic – High resolution – sharp, localized pain („fast pain“), temperature – Low resolution – touch • Dorsal column system – High resolution – fine touch Paleospinothalamic system Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II98 • Tr. Spinoreticularis, spinotectalis… • Evolved before neocortex • The primary connection to the subcortical structures • Basic defensive reactions and reflexes - vegetative response, reflex locomotion - opto-acoustic reflexes etc. • Secondarily connected to cortex (after its evolution; tr. Spinoreticulo-thalamicus), but this system has a small resolutions – dull diffuse pain • This tract is not designed for „such a powerful processor as neocortex“ • Approximately half of the fibers cross the midline Neospinothalamic system Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II99 • Tr. Spinothalamicus • Younger structure primarily connected to neocortex • „High capacity/resolution“ • Detail information about pain stimuli (sharp, localized pain) • Information about temperature • Crude touch sensation • The fibers cross midline at the level of entry segment Dorsal column system Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II100 • Tr. Spinobulbaris • The youngest system • High capacity • Tactile sensation • Vibration • Fine motor control • Better object recognition • Adaptive value • The fibers cross midline at the level of medulla oblongata Dermatoms Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II101 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations • Somatotopic organization somatosensitve nerves Trigeminal system Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II102 • Spinal TS – Pain, temperature • Main sensory TS – Touch, proprioception http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Somatosensory pathways Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II103 http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter02.html Tr. spinobulbaris Thalamus and neocortex Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II104 • Almost all the afferent information gated in the thalamus • Olfaction is an exception • Bilateral connections between neocortex and thalamus http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Neocortex Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II105 • Somatotopic organization • Cortical magnification http://www.shadmehrlab.org/Courses/physfound_files/wang_5.pdfhttp://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Pain Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II106 • Distressing feeling associated with real or potential tissue damage • Sensor x psychological component • Physiological pain (nociceptor activation) • Pathological pain (not mediated by nociceptors) • Acute (up to 6months) – „activiting“ • Chronic (more than 6 months) – „devating“ https://www.cheatography.com/uploads/davidpol_1460561912_Pain_Scale__Arvin61r58.png Descendent pathways modulating pain Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II107 • Somatosemcoric cortex • Hypotalamus • Periaquaeductal gray • Nuclei raphe http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Pain modulation on the spinal level Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II108 Gate control theory of pain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_control_theory Referred pain Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II109 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Phantom limb pain Somatosensitivity, viscerosensititvity, proprioception and pain II110 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations