Autonomic nervous system Limbic system Neocortex Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex2 Autonomic nervous system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex3 The role of nervous system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex4 Input Integration Output REGULATIONREGULATION Potential input Potential output ANTICIPATIONANTICIPATION Sensor Effector Cortex Cortex Feedback regulation Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex5 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex6 http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MJ0CEYnSB4U/S99IJTUruOI/AAAAAAAAACs/NPzsh8ydzjQ/s1600/redistributionofbloodflow.jpg Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex7 http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MJ0CEYnSB4U/S99IJTUruOI/AAAAAAAAACs/NPzsh8ydzjQ/s1600/redistributionofbloodflow.jpg Somatic a autonomic nervous system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex8 http://image.slidesharecdn.com/ans-130217134747-phpapp01/95/central-nervous-system-the-autonomic-nervous-system-7-638.jpg?cb=1361108947 ➢„Voluntary“ ✓Skeletal muscle ▪Direct connection between CNS and effector ➢„Involuntary“ ✓Cardiomyocyte ✓Visceral muscle ✓Gland ▪Autonomic ganglion inserted between CNS and effector Somatic a autonomic nervous system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex9 http://image.slidesharecdn.com/ans-130217134747-phpapp01/95/central-nervous-system-the-autonomic-nervous-system-7-638.jpg?cb=1361108947 ➢„Voluntary“ ✓Skeletal muscle ▪Direct connection between CNS and effector ➢„Involuntary“ ✓Cardiomyocyte ✓Visceral muscle ✓Gland ▪Autonomic ganglion inserted between CNS and effector Visceral reflex loop Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex10 http://slideplayer.com/slide/2810792/ Visceral reflex loop Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex11 http://slideplayer.com/slide/2810792/ Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex12 Sympatthetic nervous system Fight or flight response Energy/store consumption Preganglionic neuron – Spinal cord -Thoraco - lumbar system Ganglia Paravertebral -Truncus sympathicus - Majority Prevertebral -Plexus aorticus Mostly diffuse effect Parasympathetic nervous system Rest and digest response Energy conservation/energy store production Preganglionic neuron – Brain stem and spinal cord – cranio-sacral system Ganglia Close to target organs or intramurally Mostly local effect Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex13 Sympatthetic nervous system Fight or flight response Energy/store consumption Preganglionic neuron – Spinal cord -Thoraco - lumbar system Ganglia Paravertebral -Truncus sympathicus - Majority Prevertebral -Plexus aorticus Mostly diffuse effect Parasympathetic nervous system Rest and digest response Energy conservation/energy store production Preganglionic neuron – Brain stem and spinal cord – cranio-sacral system Ganglia Close to target organs or intramurally Mostly local effect Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex14 Sympatthetic nervous system Fight or flight response Energy/store consumption Preganglionic neuron – Spinal cord -Thoraco - lumbar system Ganglia Paravertebral -Truncus sympathicus - Majority Prevertebral -Plexus aorticus Mostly diffuse effect Parasympathetic nervous system Rest and digest response Energy conservation/energy store production Preganglionic neuron – Brain stem and spinal cord – cranio-sacral system Ganglia Close to target organs or intramurally Mostly local effect Mediators of somatic and autonomic nervous system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex15 https://www.google.cz/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=imgres&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwjujdLGieLPAhVJOhQKHay0BnUQjBwIBA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fimg.docstoccdn.com %2Fthumb%2Forig%2F105365259.png&psig=AFQjCNFxrUy63llCAlny-Vhlyse4FHDMaw&ust=1476801796194278 Acetylcholine Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex16 Preganglionic fibers • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic ✓ Nicotinic receptor – Ligand-gated ion channels – Na+, K+, Ca2+ – Neuronal (NN) and muscle (NM) type – Excitatory Postganglionic fibers • Parasympathetic ✓ Muscarinic receptor – G-coupled – Excitatory • M1, M3, M5 – Inhibitory • M2, M4 http://www.mdpi.com/marinedrugs/marinedrugs-12- 02970/article_deploy/html/images/marinedrugs-12-02970-g013-1024.png https://s-media-cache- ak0.pinimg.com/originals/ea/6c/3e/ea6c3e44afe638dca65fb4a3014bc095.jpg Norepinephrine Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex17 • Postganglionic sympathetic fibers • Adrenergic receptor – G-coupled – α type– generally excitatory (contraction) with an exception of GIT –  type – generally inhibitory (relaxation) with an exception of !!! heart !!! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/the-adrenal-medulla-of-the- adrenal-gland-epinephrine-norepinephrine-splanchic-nerves.jpg • Adrenal medulla – Modified sympathetic ganglion – „Transmitters“ (stress hormones) secreted into the blood stream • Norepinephrine • Epinephrine Norepinephrine Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex18 • Postganglionic sympathetic fibers • Adrenergic receptor – G-coupled – α type– generally excitatory (contraction) with an exception of GIT –  type – generally inhibitory (relaxation) with an exception of !!! heart !!! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/the-adrenal-medulla-of-the- adrenal-gland-epinephrine-norepinephrine-splanchic-nerves.jpg • Adrenal medulla – Modified sympathetic ganglion – „Transmitters“ (stress hormones) secreted into the blood stream • Norepinephrine • Epinephrine Brain centers controling autonomic nervous system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex19 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex20 Brain centers controling autonomic nervous system • Most of the regulations are unconscious and originate from the hypothalamus • Strong emotional experiences or strong emotional memories can trigger autonomic response (usually sympathetic) http://slideplayer.com/slide/2810792/ Hypothalamus Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex21 • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/Hypo thalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Hypothalamus Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex22 • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/Hypo thalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Enteric nervous system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex23 • aprox. 500 mil. neurons – (brain aprox. 100 bil.) – (spinal cord aprox. 100 mil.) • Plexus myentericus • Plexus submucosus • Sensory component • Executive component • Interneurons • High level of autonomy – „brain in the gut“ http://www.slideshare.net/carmencrivii/central-nervous-system-the-autonomic-nervous- system?qid=d1502190-93fe-4b05-9d92-6a42e3ca72fc&v=&b=&from_search=8 Enteric nervous system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex24 https://kin450-neurophysiology.wikispaces.com/file/view/gut.jpg/187924395/gut.jpg • Autonomy – Control of motility – Control of secretion – Control of blood flow • Autonomic nervous system – Whole GIT regulation – Coordination of all organ systems activities Enteric nervous system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex25 https://kin450-neurophysiology.wikispaces.com/file/view/gut.jpg/187924395/gut.jpg • Autonomy – Control of motility – Control of secretion – Control of blood flow • Autonomic nervous system – Whole GIT regulation – Coordination of all organ systems activities http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MJ0CEYnSB4U/S99IJTUruOI/AAAAAAA AACs/NPzsh8ydzjQ/s1600/redistributionofbloodflow.jpg ANS and cardiovascular system 26 Cardiac output Blood redistribution Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MJ0CEYnSB4U/S99IJTUruOI/AAAAAAAAACs/NPzsh8ydzjQ/s1600/redistributionofbloodflow.jpg ANS and cardiovascular system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex27 • Local regulatory mechanisms play major role in vasoreactivity • Sympathetic regulation – Skin vessels contraction – Muscle vessels dilatation • Parsympathetic regulation – GIT vessels dilation Artery 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 1 Strong sympathetic tone Smooth muscle contraction Vasoconstriction Weaker sympathetic tone Smooth muscle relaxation Vasodilation Sympathetic nerve fiber Vasomotor tone (a) Vasoconstriction (b) Vasodilation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. http://www.slideshare.net/getyourcheaton/autonomic-nervous-system-and-visceral-reflexes ANS and cardiovascular system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex28 • Sympathetic regulation – Heart rate increase – Contractility increase – Conductivity increase • Parasympathetic regulation – Heart rate decrease – Contractility decrease – Conductivity decrease https://medwrite.biz/58603_vagus_nerve_anatomy/ Baroreceptors a chemoreceptors Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex29 https://i.ytimg.com/vi/RAhqTAcdh_4/maxresdefault.jpg Baroreflex Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex30 Limbic system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex31 Limbic system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex32 Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Limbus = border Concept of the limbic system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex33 • Voluntary • Automatic https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Blausen_0614_LimbicSystem.png Concept of the limbic system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex34 • Voluntary • Automatic Potencial conflict https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Blausen_0614_LimbicSystem.png Concept of the limbic system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex35 • Voluntary • Automatic Potenciálni konfliktLimbic system Control Modulation https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Blausen_0614_LimbicSystem.png Concept of the limbic system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex36 • Voluntary https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Blausen_0614_LimbicSystem.png • Automatic Potenciálni konfliktLimbic system Control Modulation Limbic system Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex37 Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Limbus = border Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex38 Prof. Gerald Schneider Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex39 Prof. Gerald Schneider Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex40 Prof. Gerald Schneider Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex41 Arousal type 1 (somatic) ARAS (ascendent retikulation activation system) • Effect of stimulation – Habituation – Minimal activation of „reward/punishing“ system • Ascendent connections – Somatosensetivity, visual s., auditory s., vestibular s., cerebellum • Descendent connections – Neocortex, corpus striatum, thalamus Arousal type 2 (limbic) • Effect of stimulation – Minimal habituation – Strong activation of „reward/ punishing“ system • Central gray area –CGA - negative • Ventral tegmental area – VTA – positive • Ascendent connections – Mainly viscerosenzitivity, pain • Descendent connections – Hypothalamus and other limbic areas, amygdala Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex42 Arousal type 1 (somatic) ARAS (ascendent retikulation activation system) • Effect of stimulation – Habituation – Minimal activation of „reward/punishing“ system • Ascendent connections – Somatosensetivity, visual s., auditory s., vestibular s., cerebellum • Descendent connections – Neocortex, corpus striatum, thalamus Arousal type 2 (limbic) • Effect of stimulation – Minimal habituation – Strong activation of „reward/ punishing“ system • Central gray area –CGA - negative • Ventral tegmental area – VTA – positive • Ascendent connections – Mainly viscerosenzitivity, pain • Descendent connections – Hypothalamus and other limbic areas, amygdala Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex43 Arousal type 1 (somatic) ARAS (ascendent retikulation activation system) • Effect of stimulation – Habituation – Minimal ctivation of „reward/punishing“ system • Ascendent connections – Somatosensetivity, visual s., auditory s., vestibular s., cerebellum • Descendent connections – Neocortex, corpus striatum, thalamus Arousal type 2 (limbic) • Effect of stimulation – Minimal habituation – Strong activation of „reward/ punishing“ system • Central gray area –CGA - negative • Ventral tegmental area – VTA – positive • Ascendent connections – Mainly viscerosenzitivity, pain • Descendent connections – Hypothalamus and other limbic areas, amygdala Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Acetylcholine Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex44 • Nucleus basalis (Meynerti) abd other nuclei • Nicotin receptors • Muscarin receptors http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • Sleep/wake regulation • Cognitive functions • Behavior • Emotions Norepinefrine Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex45 • Locus coeruleus • Nuclei raphe caudalis • Vigilance • Responsiveness to unexpected stimuli • Memory • Learning http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Dopamine Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex46 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • Nigrostriatal system – Movement – Sensory stimuli • Ventrotegmentno-mesolimbicfrontal system – Reward – Cognitive function – Emotional behavior • Tubero-infundibular system – Hypotalamic-pituatory regulation • D1 receptors – excitatory • D2 receptors - inhibitory Serotonin Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex47 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • Nuclei raphe rostralis • Nuclei raphe caudalis • Anxiety/relaxation • Impulsive behavior • Sleep Sleep and wakefulness Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex48 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations RPO/RPC – nucleus reticularis pontis oralis/caudalis Sleep Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex49 http://anchortime.com/portal/images/stories/MNZ_sleep_cycles_1.jpg Sleep Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex50 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Priyanka_Abhang3/publication/281801676/figure/fig4/AS:305025248186371@144 9735094401/Fig-4-EEG-waves-for-different-signals.png http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/arti cle-3042230/Sleeping-habits-world- revealed-wakes-grumpy-China-best-quality- shut-eye-South-Africa-wakes-earliest.html http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations https://connect.garmin.com/modern/ Sleep and wakefulness Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex51 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Brainstem nuclei responsible Neurotransmitter Activity state WAKEFULNESS Cholinergic nuclei of pons-midbrain junction Acetylcholine Active Locus coeruleus Norepinephrine Active Raphe nuclei Serotonin Active NON-REM SLEEP Cholinergic nuclei of pons-midbrain junction Acetylcholine Decreased Locus coeruleus Norepinephrine Decreased Raphe nuclei Serotonin Decreased REM SLEEP ON Cholinergic nuclei of pons-midbrain junction Acetylcholine Active Raphe nuclei Serotonin Inactive REM SLEEP OFF Locus coeruleus Norepinephrine Active Hypothalamus Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex52 • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/Hypo thalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Hypothalamus Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex53 • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/Hypo thalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Influence of hypothalamus on neocortex Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex54 • Via neuromodulating systems – Consciuosness (see above) – Mood • Via thalamus – Via nucleus mediodorsalis to orbitofrontal cortex (influence on decision making) – Influence gating function of other thalamic nuclei • Papez circuit http://ausm.org.uk/wp- content/uploads/2015/02/Dopamine_Norepinephrine_Serotonin.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitofront al_cortex Orbitofrontal cortex Papez circuit Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex55 http://www.slideshare.net/drsunilsuthar/neurobiology-of-emotion Papez circuit Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex56 Prof. Gerald Schneider Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Acces sed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Papez circuit Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex57 Prof. Gerald Schneider Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Acces sed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Papez circuit Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex58 Prof. Gerald Schneider Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Acces sed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Learning and memory Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex59 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ Learning and memory Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex60 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ Learning and memory Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex61 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ Learning and memory Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex62 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ Location oriented: Where am I and what has happened here? Location oriented: Where am I and what has happened here? Object oriented: Can I eat it and how to eat it? Object oriented: Can I eat it and how to eat it? Amygdala Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex63 http://proprofs-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/images/FC/ user_images/1406217/9806788916.png http://1.bp.blogspot.com/- DTBzUhiQrAE/Uz_bIohLgII/AAAAAAAAADU/kFhO3Eeq 6B8/s1600/amygdala-bypass.gif • Connections to all major cortical and subcortica lstructures • Modiffied corpus striatum • Plasticity – memory formation • „Influence of information from outer environment on limbic system“ • „Amygdala hijack“ • „Affective tags“ – Both possitive and negative – Higher responsiveness to negative Amygdala Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex64 http://proprofs-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/images/FC/ user_images/1406217/9806788916.png http://1.bp.blogspot.com/- DTBzUhiQrAE/Uz_bIohLgII/AAAAAAAAADU/kFhO3Eeq 6B8/s1600/amygdala-bypass.gif • Connections to all major cortical and subcortica lstructures • Modiffied corpus striatum • Plasticity – memory formation • „Influence of information from outer environment on limbic system“ • „Amygdala hijack“ • „Affective tags“ – Both possitive and negative – Higher responsiveness to negative Neocortex Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex65 Cerebral cortex Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex66 • Paleocortex (1%) – 3 layers – rhinencephalon • Archicortex (4%) – 3-4 layers – hippocampus • Neocortex – 6 layers http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Neocortex Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex67 http://www.emunix.emich.edu Primary areas ✓Somathotopic organization Association areas ✓No somathotopic organization ✓Unimodal ✓Polymodal ✓Association areas are thought to be the anatomical substrates of the highest brain functions—conscious thought, perception, and goal-directed action Organization of neocortex Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex68 • Specific inputs/outputs to/from each layer • Vertical and horizontal connections in each layer • Each layer usually contains cells with similar functions • Local differences in cytoarchitecture were used by Brodmann for construction of the map of brain areas http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Brodman areas Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex69 Broadman's # NAME FUNCTION 17 Occipital Lobe Visual Projection Cortex 18 Visual Association Cortex 19 Posterior Parietal Lobe Visual Association Cortex 37 Tempero-parietal-occipital area General Sensory Association Cortex 39 Angular Gyrus Word Recognition 40 Supramarginal Lobe Somatosensory Association Cortex 1,2,3 Postcentral Gyrus Somatosensory Projection Cortex 5, 7 Superior Parietal Lobule General Sensory Association Cortex 41, 42 Middle 1/3 of Superior Temporal Cortex Auditory Projection Cortex 22 Superior Temporal Gyrus Auditory Association Cortex 21, 20, 38 Inferior Temporal Cortex General Sensory Association Cortex 4 Precentral Gyrus Primary Motor Cortex 1,2,3 Postcentral Gyrus Somatosensory Projection Cortex 6,8,9 Premotor Cortex Motor Association Cortex 41, 42 Middle 1/3 of Superior Temporal Cortex Auditory Projection Cortex 44,45,46 Broca's Area Motor Association Cortex - Specific to speech 10 Preftontal Cortex General Motor Association Cortex 11 Orbital Gyri General Motor Association Cortex Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex70 https://www.trans-cranial.com/docs/cortical_functions_ref_v1_0_pdf.pdf Cerebral cortex and thalamus Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex71 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • Close cooperation between cerebral cortex and thalamus • Bilateral connections • Almost all sensory information reaching cerebral cortex is gated by thalamus • Exception - olfaction http://www.modernfamilyideas.com Cortical functions Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex72 Association areas Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex73 • Neither receptive • Nor effector • Integrative function • Limbic • Parieto-occipito-temporal • Frontal http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Signal processing algorithm Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex74 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Aferentation Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex75 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations ✓ Unimodal sensory inputs diverge on multimodal association areas Eferentation Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex76 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations ✓ The Sequence of Information processing Is Reversed in the Motor System Limbic association area Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex77 • Integration of information from inner and outer environment • Hypothalamus • Emotions • Motivation • Instinct behavior http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/enger/student/olc/art_quizzes/ge nbiomedia/0665.jpg Parieto-occipito-temporal association area Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex78 • Linkage and interpretation of information from several sensory modalities • Visual – acoustic – sensory analysis • Object recognition and categorization • Language comprehension • Attention http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Lateralization of cerebral functions Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex79 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Lateralization of cerebral functions Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex80 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Aphasia Acalculia Tactile agnosia Conceptual apraxia Ideomotor apraxia Orientation disorders Constructional apraxia Anosognosia Neglect syndrome Frontal association area • Executive function – Motor / behavioral – Cognitive • Mostly developed in human •1. Australopithecus robustus 2. Homo habilis 3. Homo erectus 4. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis 5. Homo sapiens sapiens http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 81 Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex Phinease Gage (1823 – 1860) Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex82 http://65.media.tumblr.com/553d3c3f3f579f57273b8598ec6739ab/tumblr_o11oqt0MUK1uaq7mqo1_1280.jpg • 1848 – work injury • Before injury ➢ Reliable ➢ Friendly ➢ Responsible ➢ Polite • After injury ➢ Unreliable ➢ Hostile ➢ Irresponsible ➢ Rude • 1860 – died from status epilepticus Frontal lobe https://d2gne97vdumgn3.cloudfront.net/api/file/edAV1gWAQ2uYSdYHSiPj Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex83 Frontal association area Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex84 • ~ 1/3 of neocortex • One of the evolutionary youngest cortical areas • Late development in ontogeny – Differentiation during the 1st year of life – Mostly developed around the 6th year of life – ? End of maturation around the 20th year of life? Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex85 • Input from association cortex – P-O-T association area – Limbic association area • Reciprocal connections: – prefrontal processing modulates perceptual processing – „Loops“ • Input to premotor areas http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Frontal association area Functions of frontal association area Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex86 ➢ Motor/non-motor planning/organization - strategy - anticipation ➢ Thinking – mental models processing ➢ Attention – „information filtering“ ➢ Behavioral control – Facilitation of „wanted“ – Inhibition of „unwanted“ http://thenextweb.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2015/03/jerry1.jpg http://thenextweb.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2015/03/jerry1.jpg Frontal lobe and mental arousal Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex87 •Right frontal lobe –Bilateral influence –Inhibition •Left frontal lobe –Unilateral influence –Activation •Left frontal lobe damage –Reduced spontaneous activity –Reduced self-control; impulsive instinct behavior http://www.anna-om-line.com/BRAIN-GRAPHICS-by-annaOMline.jpg Frontal lobe functions Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex88 Motor Cognitive Behavior Arousal Voluntary movements Memory Personality Attention Language Expression Problem solving Social and sexual Eye movements Judgment Impulse control Initiation Abstract thinking Mood and affect Spontaneity http://www.modernfamilyideas.com Cortical functions Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex89 http://www.modernfamilyideas.com Cortical functions Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex90 Learning to speak Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex91 • Learning to speak takes a long time period • Understanding – „sensoric“ • Speaking – „motor action“ • 7.-12. month – baby begins to understand simple orders • 1. year – baby uses a couple of words • 2.-5. years – baby maters syntax rules • 6. years – child uses around 2500 words • Adult vocabulary • Active: 3000 -10 000 words • Passive: 3-6x higher than active v. http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Learning to speak Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex92 • Learning to speak takes a long time period • Understanding – „sensoric“ • Speaking – „motor action“ • 7.-12. month – baby begins to understand simple orders • 1. year – baby uses a couple of words • 2.-5. years – baby maters syntax rules • 6. years – child uses around 2500 words • Adult vocabulary • Active: 3000 -10 000 words • Passive: 3-6x higher than active v. http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Language areas Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex93 There are two main language areas • Broca´s area (motor) ✓ Close to motor cortex • Wernicke´s area (sensor) ✓ Close to auditory cortex • Fasciculus arcuatus http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations • Broca´s aphasia ✓ Motor, expressive ✓ Comprehension preserved, speach unarticulated • Wernicke´s aphasia ✓ perceptive, sensor ✓ Comprehension damaged, speech fluent, but not meaningful • Conduction aphasia ✓ Damage of fasc. arcuatus ✓ Speech fluent, comprehension preserved ✓ Problem with repeating words and sentences • Dysarthria ✓ Problem with articulation ✓ For example, damage of vocal cord … Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex94 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Algorithm of sound processing ✓ Wernicke´s area ✓Broca´s area ✓P-O-T association cortex Sound Yes Human voice No Syllable Yes No Real word - meaningful Pseudo-word - No meaning Integration of auditory, visual and somatosensory information Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex95 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Lobulus parietalis inferior - Interpretation of sound - Interpretation of visual signal - Interpretation of somatosensation - Interpretation of spoken/read word Categorization P - O - T association cortex Language functions lateralization Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex96 • Broca´s and Wernicke´s area is localized in the left hemisphere in 97% of people • Localization of B-W areas is not fully linked to left/right hand lateralization ✓ 90% of people are right handed ✓ 95% of right handed people have B-W area in the left hemisphere ✓ The majority of left handed people has B-W areas also in left hemisphere • Some scientists suggest that the left hemisphere dominance for language evolved from this hemisphere’s better motor control • The language specialization develops in the left hemisphere, which matures slightly earlier Language functions lateralization Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex97 • Broca´s and Wernicke´s area is localized in the left hemisphere in 97% of people • Localization of B-W areas is not fully linked to left/right hand lateralization ✓ 90% of people are right handed ✓ 95% of right handed people have B-W area in the left hemisphere ✓ The majority of left handed people has B-W areas also in left hemisphere • Some scientists suggest that the left hemisphere dominance for language evolved from this hemisphere’s better motor control • The language specialization develops in the left hemisphere, which matures slightly earlier Right hemisphere language functions Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex98 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • Non-verbal aspect of language ✓Prosody – intonation, stress… • Non-literal language aspects ✓Irony ✓Metaphors • Understanding to discourse / complex speech ✓Lecture, discussion Women and language Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex99 • Females’ speech is more fluent – they can pronounce more words or sentences in a given amount of time • Women have the reputation of being able to talk and listen while doing all sorts of things at the same time • Women language is more widespread in both hemispheres while in men more left lateralized – more nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of their brains, which also suggests that more information is exchanged between them. • The males’ higher levels of testosterone, which delays the development of the left hemisphere – 4 times more boys than girls suffer from stuttering, dyslexia Functional diagnostic methods Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex100 • Detection of electrical activity – Higher neuronal activity - higher electrical activity – Electroencephalography (EEG) • Detection of regional blood flow – Higher neuronal activity – increased blod flow – Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) – Positron emission tomography (PET) – Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) EEG Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex101 • Detection of neuronal electrical activity • monopolar arrangement: – active electrode – indifferent electrode = referential recording • bipolar recording – lead (channel) – ground electrode • EEG voltage in microvolts (vs. in mV in neurons) http://www.slideshare.net/kj_jantzen/biophysical-basis-of-eeg http://www.mdpi.com/sensors/sensors-12- 01211/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-12-01211f1-1024.png EEG Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex102 http://www.slideshare.net/akashbhoi12/eeg-53489764 http://tidsskriftet.no/2013/05/evoked-potential-tests-clinical-diagnosis https://www.google.com/search?q=GRAND+MAL+EEG&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved =0ahUKEwjyr82Im6veAhUliaYKHfquClkQ_AUIDigB&biw=1222&bih=574#imgrc=nCNGCX88H 3K7ZM: EEG Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex103 http://www.slideshare.net/akashbhoi12/eeg-53489764 http://tidsskriftet.no/2013/05/evoked-potential-tests-clinical-diagnosis https://www.google.com/search?q=GRAND+MAL+EEG&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved =0ahUKEwjyr82Im6veAhUliaYKHfquClkQ_AUIDigB&biw=1222&bih=574#imgrc=nCNGCX88H 3K7ZM: Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex104 • Injection of radionuclide labeled substances • Short half live of radionuclide – Necessary to prepare shortly before application – Nuclear medicine department • SPECT – Single photon emission computer tomograhy – radionuclide is the source of gamma rays – Low resolution (around 1 cm) • PET – Positron emission tomography – radionuclide is the source of positrons – Positron annihilation produces two gamma photons – higher resolution (around 2mm) http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/Articleimage/2 013/CS/c3cs60086f/c3cs60086f-f4.gif PET a SPECT Functional regions of te brain Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex105 http://www.chroniclebooks.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/brain-scan.png fMRI Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex106 • Different atoms (nuclei) have various magnetic properties when exposed to strong magnetic field • Hydrogen • fMRI uses different magnetic properties of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin • reduced hemoglobin becomes paramagnetic, change the signal emitted by blood, we can measure the amount of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin as an indicator of the blood flow • High resolution (up to1mm) • No radiation https://www.cs.sfu.ca/~stella/papers/blairthesis/main/node11.html fMRI Autonomic nervous system - Limbic system - Neocortex107 Kim, K. H. S., Relkin, N. R., Lee, K.-M. & Hirsch, J. Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages. Nature 388, 171–174 (1997).