Physiology of every day life
INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY


EXAMS  ARE  COMING…



Short term regulation
 BAROREFLEX


msoDBE03
Stanovení citlivosti baroreflexu
      Valsalvův manévr
Ganong WF, 2005




•
•2 basic types:
üNervous regulation
üHumoral regulation
üFeedback control  -   negative
ü                                 -    positive
ü
•   autoregulation – local regulation – system regulation

Feedback regulation
bal_simple_loop
http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations

REGULATION VS. ADAPTATION
REGULATION
ADAPTATION
•kind of response to long-acting stimulus
•evolutionary process
•management of living systems
•at all system levels
REGULATION  vs. ADAPTATION
TIME

REGULATION
1. local/autoregulation
3. hormonal
4. nervous regulation
2. metabolic
•physical or chemical
•are largely autonomous
•regulated by metabolic products
•belongs to local regulation
•central nervous system
•periferal nervous system
Blood flow regulation
1.Bayliss effect (myogenic autoregulation) or NO
2.pO2, pCO2
3.Adrenaline, noradrenaline, RAAS
4.Sympathetic
endocrine secretion
paracrine secretion
autocrine secretion

•Autoregulation – the capacity of tissues to regulate their own blood flow
•Myogenic theory – Bayliss phenomenon (as the pressure rises, the blood vessels are distended and
the vascular smooth muscle  fibres that surround the vessels contract; the wall tension  is
proportional to the distending pressure times the radius of the vessels – law of Laplace:
• T=P  x  r)
•

•Metabolic theory – vasodilator substances tend to accumulate in active tissue, and these
metabolites also contribute to autoregulation
–ending products of energetic metabolism – CO2, lactate acid, K+
–effect of hypoxia (circulation: vasodilatation  x pulmonary circulation: vasoconstriction)
–Adenosin – coronary circulation: vasodilatation
•

TYPES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATIONS
parallel feedback
serial feedback
feedback

FEEDBACK
+
-
direct feedback
indirect feedback

FEEDBACK



FEEDBACK



Exercise
Static
(isometric)
Dynamic
(isotonic)
muscle develops force, but muscle length does not change
muscle length varies continuously, but force does not change
Auxotonic
strength and muscle length are changing

DYNAMIC
POZITIVE
NEGATIVE
muscle shortens against constant or rising resistance, some of the energy in the muscle is
converted into kinetic or potential energy
muscle during contraction is driven by external force, the bulk of the energy is converted into
heat

parameter
rest
workload
CO (l/min)
5-6
HR (t/min)
70
SV
(ml)
70

SBP
(mmHg)
120
DBP
(mmHg)
70
25(35)
210
(250-190)
Age dependence
115
↑
↑ or ═ or ↓
REACTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TO WORKLOAD
115
... reserve = maximum .../resting…

AUTOREGULATION OF THE CARDIAC MUSCLE
Heterometricautoregulation
(Frank-Starling):
Homeometric autoregulation:
(Bowditch phenomenon)
•serves to immediately compensate for natural variations in the filling of left and right chambers
•due to homeometric autoregulation increase of heart rate leads to increase the force of
contraction
Rest heart filling
higher heart filling
extremal heart filling
time
Force of contraction
Bowditch phenomenon

parameter
rest
workload
CO (l/min)
5-6
HR (t/min)
70
SV
(ml)
70

SBP
(mmHg)
120
DBP
(mmHg)
70
25(35)
210
(250-190)
115
↑
↑ or ═ or ↓
115

 REGULATION AND ADAPTATION TO EXERCISE
CARDIOVASCULAR
RESPIRATORY
parameter
rest
workload
CO (l/min)
5-6
HR (t/min)
70
SV
(ml)
70

SBP
(mmHg)
120
DBP
(mmHg)
70
25(35)
210
(250-190)
115
↑
↑ or ═ or ↓
parameter
rest
workload
MV (l/min)
6-12
BF (d/min)
12-16
BO
(ml)
0,5-0,75

blood flow
(l/min)
5,5
intake O2
(ml/min)
250-300
90-120
40-60
2
20-35
3000

METABOLISM RESPONSE TO WORKLOAD



CARDIOVASCULAR  SYSTEM
Athletic heart :
•Hypertrophy + dilatation
•Increased volume reserve (1,5x)
•Increased chronotropic reserve
„Physiological“ hypertrophy
•Extending muscle fibers and increasing their thickness
•Remodeling accompanied by normal or increased contractility