2 Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system2 Evolutionary approach Evolution is not revolution Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system3 The role of nervous system Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system4 Input Integration Output REGULATIONREGULATION Potential input Potential output ANTICIPATIONANTICIPATION Sensor Effector Cortex Cortex Evolution of the nervous system Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system5 Four basic types of tissue ✓ Epithelial ✓ Connective ✓ Muscular ✓ Nervous Four basic types of tissue ✓ Epithelial ✓ Connective ✓ Muscular ✓ Nervous Input Integration Output Evolution of the nervous system Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system6 Four basic types of tissue ✓ Epithelial ✓ Connective ✓ Muscular ✓ Nervous Four basic types of tissue ✓ Epithelial ✓ Connective ✓ Muscular ✓ Nervous Input Integration Output Evolution of the nervous system Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system7 Input Integration Output Evolution of the nervous system Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system8 Input Integration Output Evolution of the nervous system Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system9 Input Integration Output Evolution of the nervous system Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system10 Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Input Integration Output • Polyp – Reticular NS – Nonspecific reaction on irritation Evolution of the nervous system http://xavierinterestingscience.weebly.com/cnidaria.html Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system11 • Polyp – Reticular NS – Nonspecific reaction on irritation • Jellyfish – Around propulsion part is nervous system into the ring – Coordinated contraction – coordinated movement Evolution of the nervous system http://xavierinterestingscience.weebly.com/cnidaria.html Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system12 • Polyp – Reticular NS – Nonspecific reaction on irritation • Jellyfish – Around propulsion part is nervous system into the ring – Coordinated contraction – coordinated movement Evolution of the nervous system http://xavierinterestingscience.weebly.com/cnidaria.html Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system13 Evolution of the nervous system • Worms – Segmented nervous system – Left – right coordination – Ganglia – „Brain“ ganglion – head – forward locomotion – food intake https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system14 Evolution of the nervous system • Insect – „Sophisticated“ NS – Coordinated movement – „Developed“ senses – Communication skills (bee) http://bilingualbiology10.blogspot.cz/2013/08/topic-11b-arthropods-izeltlabuak.html Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system15 Basics of behavior enabling survival • Multipurpose movements – The most basic actions of individual organisms ➢ Locomotion: to approach or to avoid something ➢ Orienting: towards or away from something ➢ Exploring/foraging/seeking (includes the first two plus motivation) • Background (maintenance) activity – respiration, temperature regulation, postural reflexes • Motivation Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system16 MIT - Brain Structure and Its Origins http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive- sciences/9-14-brain-structure-and-its-origins-spring- 2014/# Basics of behavior enabling survival • Multipurpose movements – The most basic actions of individual organisms ➢ Locomotion: to approach or to avoid something ➢ Orienting: towards or away from something ➢ Exploring/foraging/seeking (includes the first two plus motivation) • Background (maintenance) activity – respiration, temperature regulation, postural reflexes • Motivation Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system17 MIT - Brain Structure and Its Origins http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive- sciences/9-14-brain-structure-and-its-origins-spring- 2014/# Basics of behavior enabling survival • Multipurpose movements – The most basic actions of individual organisms ➢ Locomotion: to approach or to avoid something ➢ Orienting: towards or away from something ➢ Exploring/foraging/seeking (includes the first two plus motivation) • Background (maintenance) activity – respiration, temperature regulation, postural reflexes • Motivation Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system18 MIT - Brain Structure and Its Origins http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive- sciences/9-14-brain-structure-and-its-origins-spring- 2014/# Basics of behavior enabling survival • Multipurpose movements – The most basic actions of individual organisms ➢ Locomotion: to approach or to avoid something ➢ Orienting: towards or away from something ➢ Exploring/foraging/seeking (includes the first two plus motivation) • Background (maintenance) activity – respiration, temperature regulation, postural reflexes • Motivation Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system19 MIT - Brain Structure and Its Origins http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cognitive- sciences/9-14-brain-structure-and-its-origins-spring- 2014/# Evolution of the brain • Neural tube • Locomotion • Rostral receptors Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BYNC-SAHierarchy and evolution of nervous system20 Evolution of the brain • Expansion of hindbrain (Rhombencefalon - Medula oblongata, pons Varoli, cerebellum) • Input – Information form head sensors • Output – Motor system (Fixed action pattern reflex/instinct behavior) Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SAHierarchy and evolution of nervous system21 Evolution of the brain • Expansoin of forebrain 1 (Prosencephalon - diencephalon, telencephalon) (simultaneously with hindbrain) • Input – Olfaction (Approach/avoidance) • Output – Motor system (via corpus striatum) Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BYNC-SAHierarchy and evolution of nervous system22 Evolution of the brain • Expansoin of forebrain 1 (Prosencephalon - diencephalon, telencephalon) (simultaneously with hindbrain) • Input – Olfaction (Approach/avoidance) • Output – Motor system (via corpus striatum) Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BYNC-SAHierarchy and evolution of nervous system23 Evolution of the brain • Expansion of midbrain • Input – Vision, sense of hearing (distant senses) • Output – Motor system (Approach – contralateral m.) (Avoidance – ipsilateral m.) • Advantage – Speed – Acuity Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system24 Evolution of the brain • Expansoin of forebrain 2 (Prosencephalon - diencephalon, telencephalon) • Input – Nonolfactory systems connected to forebrain – Mainly vision and hearing • Advantage – Plastic connections of forebrain • Thalamus – Gating (Corpus striatum and cortex) Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system25 http://fourier.eng.hmc.edu/e180/lectures/v1/node2.html Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system26 Evolution of the brain • Expansoin of forebrain 3 • Neocortica expansion • Simultaneous expansion of – Neostiratum – Neocerebellum • Advantage – „High resolution“ information processing – Anticipation Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system27 http://www.rupestreweb.info/mimesis.html http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2013/12/27/frugal-to-the-point-of-vacuity/ Evolution of the brain ̶ Mammalians and humans ̶ Peak of NS development Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system28 Thalmus and neocortex • Thalamic nuclei – Nonspecific – Specific • Reciprocal connections between thalamus and neocortex http://what-when-how.com/neuroscience/the-thalamus-and-cerebral-cortex-integrative-systems-part-2/ Gating Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system29 Cerebellum Coordination Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system30 http://www.slideshare.net/HarshshaH103/cerebellum-its-function-and-releveance-in-psychiatry Hierarchy of central nervous system http://www.indiana.edu/~p1013447/dictionary/cns.htmHierarchy and evolution of nervous system31 Hierarchy of central nervous system https://rajugurusamy.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/memories1.gif?w=497 Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system32 Hierarchy of nervous system https://userscontent2.emaze.com/images/be175f0a-afae-4d7c-944c-f6376cf09fba/60c3e8a3-a6b9-4a3d- 943d-1841136a9ccf.png Hierarchy and evolution of nervous system33