13 Autonomic nervous system Autonomic nervous system2 The role of nervous system Autonomic nervous system3 Input Integration Output REGULATIONREGULATION Potential input Potential output ANTICIPATIONANTICIPATION Sensor Effector Cortex Cortex Feedback regulation Autonomic nervous system4 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Autonomic nervous system5 http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MJ0CEYnSB4U/S99IJTUruOI/AAAAAAAAACs/NPzsh8ydzjQ/s1600/redistributionofbloodflow.jpg Autonomic nervous system6 http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MJ0CEYnSB4U/S99IJTUruOI/AAAAAAAAACs/NPzsh8ydzjQ/s1600/redistributionofbloodflow.jpg Somatic a autonomic nervous system Autonomic nervous system7 http://image.slidesharecdn.com/ans-130217134747-phpapp01/95/central-nervous-system-the-autonomic-nervous-system-7-638.jpg?cb=1361108947 ➢„Voluntary“ ✓Skeletal muscle ▪Direct connection between CNS and effector ➢„Involuntary“ ✓Cardiomyocyte ✓Visceral muscle ✓Gland ▪Autonomic ganglion inserted between CNS and effector Somatic a autonomic nervous system Autonomic nervous system8 http://image.slidesharecdn.com/ans-130217134747-phpapp01/95/central-nervous-system-the-autonomic-nervous-system-7-638.jpg?cb=1361108947 ➢„Voluntary“ ✓Skeletal muscle ▪Direct connection between CNS and effector ➢„Involuntary“ ✓Cardiomyocyte ✓Visceral muscle ✓Gland ▪Autonomic ganglion inserted between CNS and effector Visceral reflex loop Autonomic nervous system9 http://slideplayer.com/slide/2810792/ Visceral reflex loop Autonomic nervous system10 http://slideplayer.com/slide/2810792/ Autonomic nervous system11 Sympatthetic nervous system Fight or flight response Energy/store consumption Preganglionic neuron – Spinal cord -Thoraco - lumbar system Ganglia Paravertebral -Truncus sympathicus - Majority Prevertebral -Plexus aorticus Mostly diffuse effect Parasympathetic nervous system Rest and digest response Energy conservation/energy store production Preganglionic neuron – Brain stem and spinal cord – cranio-sacral system Ganglia Close to target organs or intramurally Mostly local effect Autonomic nervous system12 Sympatthetic nervous system Fight or flight response Energy/store consumption Preganglionic neuron – Spinal cord -Thoraco - lumbar system Ganglia Paravertebral -Truncus sympathicus - Majority Prevertebral -Plexus aorticus Mostly diffuse effect Parasympathetic nervous system Rest and digest response Energy conservation/energy store production Preganglionic neuron – Brain stem and spinal cord – cranio-sacral system Ganglia Close to target organs or intramurally Mostly local effect Autonomic nervous system13 Sympatthetic nervous system Fight or flight response Energy/store consumption Preganglionic neuron – Spinal cord -Thoraco - lumbar system Ganglia Paravertebral -Truncus sympathicus - Majority Prevertebral -Plexus aorticus Mostly diffuse effect Parasympathetic nervous system Rest and digest response Energy conservation/energy store production Preganglionic neuron – Brain stem and spinal cord – cranio-sacral system Ganglia Close to target organs or intramurally Mostly local effect Mediators of somatic and autonomic nervous system Autonomic nervous system14 https://www.google.cz/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=imgres&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwjujdLGieLPAhVJOhQKHay0BnUQjBwIBA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fimg.docstoccdn.com %2Fthumb%2Forig%2F105365259.png&psig=AFQjCNFxrUy63llCAlny-Vhlyse4FHDMaw&ust=1476801796194278 Acetylcholine Autonomic nervous system15 Preganglionic fibers • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic ✓ Nicotinic receptor – Ligand-gated ion channels – Na+, K+, Ca2+ – Neuronal (NN) and muscle (NM) type – Excitatory Postganglionic fibers • Parasympathetic ✓ Muscarinic receptor – G-coupled – Excitatory • M1, M3, M5 – Inhibitory • M2, M4 http://www.mdpi.com/marinedrugs/marinedrugs-12- 02970/article_deploy/html/images/marinedrugs-12-02970-g013-1024.png https://s-media-cache- ak0.pinimg.com/originals/ea/6c/3e/ea6c3e44afe638dca65fb4a3014bc095.jpg Acetylcholine Autonomic nervous system16 Preganglionic fibers • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic ✓ Nicotinic receptor – Ligand-gated ion channels – Na+, K+, Ca2+ – Neuronal (NN) and muscle (NM) type – Excitatory Postganglionic fibers • Parasympathetic ✓ Muscarinic receptor – G-coupled – Excitatory • M1, M3, M5 – Inhibitory • M2, M4 http://www.mdpi.com/marinedrugs/marinedrugs-12- 02970/article_deploy/html/images/marinedrugs-12-02970-g013-1024.png https://s-media-cache- ak0.pinimg.com/originals/ea/6c/3e/ea6c3e44afe638dca65fb4a3014bc095.jpg Norepinephrine Autonomic nervous system17 • Postganglionic sympathetic fibers • Adrenergic receptor – G-coupled – α type– generally excitatory (contraction) with an exception of GIT –  type – generally inhibitory (relaxation) with an exception of !!! heart !!! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/the-adrenal-medulla-of-the- adrenal-gland-epinephrine-norepinephrine-splanchic-nerves.jpg • Adrenal medulla – Modified sympathetic ganglion – „Transmitters“ (stress hormones) secreted into the blood stream • Norepinephrine • Epinephrine Norepinephrine Autonomic nervous system18 • Postganglionic sympathetic fibers • Adrenergic receptor – G-coupled – α type– generally excitatory (contraction) with an exception of GIT –  type – generally inhibitory (relaxation) with an exception of !!! heart !!! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/the-adrenal-medulla-of-the- adrenal-gland-epinephrine-norepinephrine-splanchic-nerves.jpg • Adrenal medulla – Modified sympathetic ganglion – „Transmitters“ (stress hormones) secreted into the blood stream • Norepinephrine • Epinephrine Norepinephrine Autonomic nervous system19 • Postganglionic sympathetic fibers • Adrenergic receptor – G-coupled – α type– generally excitatory (contraction) with an exception of GIT –  type – generally inhibitory (relaxation) with an exception of !!! heart !!! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/the-adrenal-medulla-of-the- adrenal-gland-epinephrine-norepinephrine-splanchic-nerves.jpg • Adrenal medulla – Modified sympathetic ganglion – „Transmitters“ (stress hormones) secreted into the blood stream • Norepinephrine • Epinephrine Brain centers controling autonomic nervous system Autonomic nervous system20 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Autonomic nervous system21 Brain centers controling autonomic nervous system • Most of the regulations are unconscious and originate from the hypothalamus • Strong emotional experiences or strong emotional memories can trigger autonomic response (usually sympathetic) http://slideplayer.com/slide/2810792/ Hypothalamus Autonomic nervous system22 • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/Hypo thalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Hypothalamus Autonomic nervous system23 • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/Hypo thalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Hypothalamus Autonomic nervous system24 • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/Hypo thalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Hypothalamus Autonomic nervous system25 • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/Hypo thalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Autonomic nervous system26 https://d26zfesik67yjk.cloudfront.net/361c35841d554b30a85962e9a342c8a9/c7af8f76e1dd465ba5b886ad34a65c20/e21bfc6faf2b4e4c82dd247369a7f260/40cbc004f494419eab4552fbc2 98e645.jpg?Policy=eyJTdGF0ZW1lbnQiOiBbeyJSZXNvdXJjZSI6ICJodHRwczovL2QyNnpmZXNpazY3eWprLmNsb3VkZnJvbnQubmV0LzM2MWMzNTg0MWQ1NTRiMzBhODU5NjJlOWE zNDJjOGE5L2M3YWY4Zjc2ZTFkZDQ2NWJhNWI4ODZhZDM0YTY1YzIwLyoiLCAiQ29uZGl0aW9uIjogeyJEYXRlTGVzc1RoYW4iOiB7IkFXUzpFcG9jaFRpbWUiOiAxNTc3ODY1NjAwfX19XX0 _&Signature=OOebw4KROVFSKJaiJxCjFmaoIrqY0gYGE--PMkJbJ5cdHF-twpl3a-1J~Ltufp4SQQI3~LyWEmkxqMhfq-WV-D3Z-y~yb- TDc~BWTFnf77cAbQdAm1CTrPbrHEqfB36ho4B5nZdKO4hit4WiR6kHloxXfZk69QrdJt5ulGuPrbbimAHLwGW-qRsx4bsW2nj41kxIN7Zd6MS8DIe7~- XMAPsuQ1UkmYlawBBEz~75vs4Q6cylCLePT3B2e8qBpVR8y54h9gY63Uw4iohFPk2mmoa~FAWmc6yfPZU9kK~u7cq~39~uJElYXKC8W5Vy2IsDGeBtJfkAg3qWYdV9N2bXiA__&Key- Pair-Id=APKAJY4Y3HIBJJ7SJ76A Hypothalamus Autonomic nervous system27 https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/5a/0a/78/5a0a78d64a682fcf9c5eb3b10d37a2a1.jpg Enteric nervous system Autonomic nervous system28 • aprox. 500 mil. neurons – (brain aprox. 100 bil.) – (spinal cord aprox. 100 mil.) • Plexus myentericus • Plexus submucosus • Sensory component • Executive component • Interneurons • High level of autonomy – „brain in the gut“ http://www.slideshare.net/carmencrivii/central-nervous-system-the-autonomic-nervous- system?qid=d1502190-93fe-4b05-9d92-6a42e3ca72fc&v=&b=&from_search=8 Enteric nervous system Autonomic nervous system29 https://kin450-neurophysiology.wikispaces.com/file/view/gut.jpg/187924395/gut.jpg • Autonomy – Control of motility – Control of secretion – Control of blood flow • Autonomic nervous system – Whole GIT regulation – Coordination of all organ systems activities Enteric nervous system Autonomic nervous system30 https://kin450-neurophysiology.wikispaces.com/file/view/gut.jpg/187924395/gut.jpg • Autonomy – Control of motility – Control of secretion – Control of blood flow • Autonomic nervous system – Whole GIT regulation – Coordination of all organ systems activities http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MJ0CEYnSB4U/S99IJTUruOI/AAAAAAA AACs/NPzsh8ydzjQ/s1600/redistributionofbloodflow.jpg ANS and cardiovascular system 31 Cardiac output Blood redistribution Autonomic nervous system http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MJ0CEYnSB4U/S99IJTUruOI/AAAAAAAAACs/NPzsh8ydzjQ/s1600/redistributionofbloodflow.jpg ANS and cardiovascular system Autonomic nervous system32 • Local regulatory mechanisms play major role in vasoreactivity • Sympathetic regulation – Skin vessels contraction – Muscle vessels dilatation • Parsympathetic regulation – GIT vessels dilation Artery 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 1 Strong sympathetic tone Smooth muscle contraction Vasoconstriction Weaker sympathetic tone Smooth muscle relaxation Vasodilation Sympathetic nerve fiber Vasomotor tone (a) Vasoconstriction (b) Vasodilation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. http://www.slideshare.net/getyourcheaton/autonomic-nervous-system-and-visceral-reflexes ANS and cardiovascular system Autonomic nervous system33 • Sympathetic regulation – Heart rate increase – Contractility increase – Conductivity increase • Parasympathetic regulation – Heart rate decrease – Contractility decrease – Conductivity decrease https://medwrite.biz/58603_vagus_nerve_anatomy/ Baroreceptors a chemoreceptors Autonomic nervous system34 https://i.ytimg.com/vi/RAhqTAcdh_4/maxresdefault.jpg Baroreflex Autonomic nervous system35 ANS and urinary bladder Autonomic nervous system36 • Sympathetic regulation – Detrusor relaxation – Sphincter contraction • Parasympathetic regulation – Detrusor contraction – Sphincter relaxation http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations ANS and male reproductive system Autonomic nervous system37 • Parasympathetic reg. – Erection • Sympathetic reg. – Ejaculation http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations ANS and female reproductive system Autonomic nervous system38 82. The basic division and functions of autonomic nervous system Autonomic nervous system39 • Definition of autonomic nervous system • Somatic and autonomic nervous system comparison (function, synapse reflex circuit…) • Comparison of sympathetic and parasympathetic division • Basic charateristics of neurotransmitter and receptor systems (description of autonomic inervation of particular systems is covered in each organ system separately) • Examples of brain centers controlling the autonomic nervous system (both in hypothalamus, brain stem…) • Pupillary light reflex • Role of hypothalamus in essential regulations • Brief characterization of enteric nervous system and its specifics