Physiology department1
Evaluation of the nutrition state
Physiology department2
Adipose tissue
̶ White (for storing dietary energy as TAGs)
̶ Brown (for ability to convert chemical energy into heat)
̶ Beige = harbored
Steadystate
Physiology department3
Fat tissue functions
̶ Thermogenesis
̶ Lactation
̶ Immune responses
̶ Fuel for metabolism
Physiology department4
Structure of adipose tissue
̶ Adipocytes
̶ Non-fat cells:
̶ inflammatory cells (macrophages)
̶ immune cells
̶ preadipocytes
̶ fibroblasts
̶ Connective tissue matrix
̶ Vascular tissue
̶ Neural tissue
Physiology department5
Abdominal fat
The abdominal fat is present in two main depots:
̶ Subcutaneous (80% of all body fat)
̶ Intra-abdominal (10–20% of total fat in men and 5–8% in women)
Physiology department6
Adipocytes
̶ New smaller adipocytes act as a buffers. They are more insulinsensitive
and have high avidity for FFAs and TGs uptake, preventing
their deposition in non-adipose tissue (SCAT)
̶ Large adipocytes are insulinresistant, hyperlipolytic and resistant to
anti-lipolytic effect of insulin (VAT)
Physiology department7
Clinical and prognostic differences
̶ Metabolic risks
̶ Metabolic syndrome
̶ Vascular risk and cardiovascular events
̶ Prediction of mortality
Physiology department8
Anthropometric indexes of abdominal
adipose tissue mass
̶ WHR
̶ Waist circumference
̶ Abdominal sagittal diameter*
Waist circumference (cm)
Category Men Women
Normal value ≤ 94 ≤ 80
Necessity to decrease body mass 95–102 81–90
Medical assistance with decreasing of body mass necessary > 102 > 90
WHR: for women < 0.80
for men < 1.00
Physiology department9
Imaging techniques
̶ Computed tomography (CT)
Abdominal sagittal diameter*
̶ L4 – L5 region
̶ V/S ratio
̶ V/S≥0.4 (V group)
̶ V/S<0.4 (SC group)
Physiology department10
Imaging techniques
̶ Computed tomography (CT)
̶ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
̶ Ultrasound (US)*
Physiology department11
Bioimpedance measuring
̶ Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS)
̶ Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
Physiology department12
Indexes calculated from anthropometric
parameters
̶ Broca´s index (ideal body mass):
̶ ♂: height in cm - 100 or (height in m)2  23
̶ ♀ : (height in cm - 100) - 10 % or (height in m)2  21
̶ Quetelet´s index or body mass index (BMI):
̶ 𝐵𝑀𝐼 =
𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑘𝑔)
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑚)2
Obesity degree % ideal body mass
mild 115–129
moderate 130–149
severe 150–199
morbid  200
BMI (kg.m-2)
Category Men Women
Underweight < 20 < 19
Healthy 20–24,9 19–23,9
Overweight 25–29,9 24–28,9
Obesity 30–39,9 29–38,9
Morbid obesity > 40 > 39