IO content - what you can find on this page for
Tuesday's lesson:
To master the methodology of a comprehensive
preventive examination and subsequent individualized lifestyle counselling to
reduce the risk of disease in general and to prevent cardiovascular and cancer
diseases and to have a non-pharmacological beneficial effect on body disorders
and diseases.
Preventive
lifestyle counselling is an undervalued activity by physicians, often
considered trivial and without much effect. Yet the opposite is true; it is one
of the most powerful and effective ways to reduce the risk of disease and
positively influence health overall. However, quality is an essential criterion
- any specific recommendation must be supported by adequate evidence within the
EBD framework. It is therefore not possible to make recommendations based on
subjective opinion alone.
It is also
important that the recommendations in the context of individual counselling are
also based on the patient's specific condition, i.e. based on knowledge of the
individual's risk profile. This also means that adequate counselling must be
preceded by 'diagnosis' in the form of a preventive examination. Its aim is not
only to detect any incipient, i.e. pre-pathological, changes in the body, but
above all to describe not only the state of the body, but also the lifestyle,
in its individual parameters. On this basis, it is then possible to recommend
individually optimal measures, "tailored" to the individual,
generally based on lifestyle modification, and at the same time corresponding
to the overall general recommendations, approved and substantiated.
Such
counselling is significantly effective not only for primary prevention, i.e.
preventing the onset of disease, but also for improving - enhancing the effects
of other therapies (e.g. pharmacological), or for the possibility of reducing
dosage (and side effects) while maintaining the therapeutic effect.
The overall content
of the lesson corresponds to this scheme - in addition to the introductory
information on the health consequences and the criteria for classification of
the factor, both methodological procedures for examination and general
recommendations are given. These should then be adapted according to the
individual risk profile.
During the
first two hours of class (8:00-10:00), prepare a presentation on the assigned
topic.
Stick to each
narrowly-specific topic as it is exactly assigned. Do not expand it to a more
general level, nor to a related but different topic (which someone else will
have).
You may use
the study materials to prepare your presentation - the teacher's slides embedded
here in the study materials (you may use complete whole slides, or adapt them),
or other sources (but only scientifically based, EBD).
Prepare your
presentation as a powerpoint file and have it ready to present by 10::00.
At 10:00, we
will meet in the seminar room (as scheduled), and you will be called upon
individually to give a prepared short presentation (up to 10 minutes).
For this
session, there are a total of 10 - assignments - topics covering selected
important areas.
If more than
one student is assigned the same topic, only one student will be invited to
present, randomly selected by the teacher. Optimally, all 10 topics should be
presented, but this is not strictly necessary (the teacher may select only some
topics, and the group will probably not present all of them).
Your
presentation of the assigned topic should benefit your colleagues, be clear and
concise, and cover the exact topic assigned.
(The actual practical
lesson may cover only a part of the relevant issues due to its scope, for the
preparation for the test (and other follow-up exams - state exams) it is
necessary to use self-study - see the attached study materials).
General preventive
examination and counselling:
A – Hygiene and Preventive Medicine
30)
Lifestyle-oriented preventive counselling - goals and implementers, main
steps. The importance of lifestyle factors as determinants of health,
attributable risk in etiology of major non-transmissible diseases. The
importance of an individual risk profile assessment.
31)
Smoking in lifestyle-oriented preventive counseling – main steps within
a short intervention: Diagnosis of the smoking status, tools for assessing the
degree of dependence. Rationale and argumentation for the patient. Methods and
assistance in quitting.
32)
Alcohol in lifestyle-oriented preventive counselling - the impact of
alcohol on health, an attributive contribution to the risk of major diseases.
Health problems related to alcohol use - differentiation of alcohol dependence
and health damage (without the presence of dependence). Defining hazardous
drinking, risk criteria. Alcohol screening - a distinction between identifying
alcohol-related problems and quantifying consumption. AUDIT questionnaires and
other short questionnaires. Determining the amount of alcohol, alcohol unit.
Recommendations for the population.
33)
Nutrition in lifestyle-oriented preventive counselling - recommended
methods for evaluating nutritional habits in common practice. Use of general
and individualized dietary (nutritional) recommendations. Critical summary of
alternative diets and dietary patterns, their possible benefits and risks
(Mediterranean pattern, vegetarianism, veganism, keto-diet and others).
34)
Physical activity in lifestyle-oriented preventive counselling -
recommended methods for evaluation of physical activity level (PAL) in common
practice, methods of quantification and categorization according to the
guidelines. Current recommendations of physical activity for the population.
Global recommendations on physical activity for health, WHO health, American
physical activity guidelines 2018. Individual prescription of physical
activity.
35)
Anthropometric examination and its evaluation in lifestyle-oriented
preventive counselling - importance, evaluation and use of main indicators,
their strengths and weaknesses. BMI, abdominal circumference, body fat
percentage. The limits of WHR index. Problematics of NWO (normal weight
obesity) and sarcopenic obesity. Link to behavioral recommendations.
36)
Prevention of cardiovascular diseases - counselling, recommendations for
the prevention of cardiovascular diseases through lifestyle. An overview of the
most important lifestyle factors affecting the risk of atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease. Based on sufficient evidence, current recommendations
(European recommendations 2016 and AHA American recommendations 2019), new
findings.
37)
Blood pressure - evaluation in the framework of preventive examinations
and lifestyle-oriented counselling, factors influencing the risk of
hypertension, possibilities of non-pharmacological intervention for favourably
influencing elevated BP.
38)
Blood cholesterol - evaluation as part of preventive examinations and
lifestyle advice. Factors affecting plasma levels, possibilities of
non-pharmacological intervention for favourably influencing blood cholesterol.
39)
Possibilities of primary prevention of cancer - the main causes of
cancer globally. Importance of the quality of evidence for risk assessment and
formulation of recommendations. A realistic look at the importance of the
carcinogens (class A). Smoking as a major controllable cancer risk. Effect of
nutritional and dietary factors (food groups), body weight and physical
activity. Summary of main recommendations for primary prevention of cancer.