Limbic system Neocortex I Limbic system - Neocortex I2 The role of nervous system Limbic system - Neocortex I3 Input Integration Output REGULATION Potential input Potential output ANTICIPATION Sensor Effector Cortex Cortex Hypothalamus Limbic system - Neocortex I4 • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/Hypo thalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Hypothalamus Limbic system - Neocortex I5 • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/Hypo thalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Limbic system Limbic system - Neocortex I6 Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Limbus = border Concept of the limbic system Limbic system - Neocortex I7 • Voluntary • Automatic https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Blausen_0614_LimbicSystem.png Concept of the limbic system Limbic system - Neocortex I8 • Voluntary • Automatic Potencial conflict https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Blausen_0614_LimbicSystem.png Concept of the limbic system Limbic system - Neocortex I9 • Voluntary • Automatic Potenciálni konfliktLimbic system Control Modulation https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Blausen_0614_LimbicSystem.png Concept of the limbic system Limbic system - Neocortex I10 • Voluntary https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Blausen_0614_LimbicSystem.png • Automatic Potenciálni konfliktLimbic system Control Modulation Limbic system Limbic system - Neocortex I11 Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Limbus = border Limbic system - Neocortex I12 Prof. Gerald Schneider Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Limbic system - Neocortex I13 Prof. Gerald Schneider Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Limbic system - Neocortex I14 Prof. Gerald Schneider Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Limbic system - Neocortex I15 Arousal type 1 (somatic) ARAS (ascendent retikulation activation system) • Effect of stimulation – Habituation – Minimal activation of „reward/punishing“ system • Ascendent connections – Somatosensetivity, visual s., auditory s., vestibular s., cerebellum • Descendent connections – Neocortex, corpus striatum, thalamus Arousal type 2 (limbic) • Effect of stimulation – Minimal habituation – Strong activation of „reward/ punishing“ system • Central gray area –CGA - negative • Ventral tegmental area – VTA – positive • Ascendent connections – Mainly viscerosenzitivity, pain • Descendent connections – Hypothalamus and other limbic areas, amygdala Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Limbic system - Neocortex I16 Arousal type 1 (somatic) ARAS (ascendent retikulation activation system) • Effect of stimulation – Habituation – Minimal activation of „reward/punishing“ system • Ascendent connections – Somatosensetivity, visual s., auditory s., vestibular s., cerebellum • Descendent connections – Neocortex, corpus striatum, thalamus Arousal type 2 (limbic) • Effect of stimulation – Minimal habituation – Strong activation of „reward/ punishing“ system • Central gray area –CGA - negative • Ventral tegmental area – VTA – positive • Ascendent connections – Mainly viscerosenzitivity, pain • Descendent connections – Hypothalamus and other limbic areas, amygdala Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Limbic system - Neocortex I17 Arousal type 1 (somatic) ARAS (ascendent retikulation activation system) • Effect of stimulation – Habituation – Minimal ctivation of „reward/punishing“ system • Ascendent connections – Somatosensetivity, visual s., auditory s., vestibular s., cerebellum • Descendent connections – Neocortex, corpus striatum, thalamus Arousal type 2 (limbic) • Effect of stimulation – Minimal habituation – Strong activation of „reward/ punishing“ system • Central gray area –CGA - negative • Ventral tegmental area – VTA – positive • Ascendent connections – Mainly viscerosenzitivity, pain • Descendent connections – Hypothalamus and other limbic areas, amygdala Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Acetylcholine Limbic system - Neocortex I18 • Nucleus basalis (Meynerti) abd other nuclei • Nicotin receptors • Muscarin receptors http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • Sleep/wake regulation • Cognitive functions • Behavior • Emotions Norepinefrine Limbic system - Neocortex I19 • Locus coeruleus • Nuclei raphe caudalis • Vigilance • Responsiveness to unexpected stimuli • Memory • Learning http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Dopamine Limbic system - Neocortex I20 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • Nigrostriatal system – Movement – Sensory stimuli • Ventrotegmentno-mesolimbicfrontal system – Reward – Cognitive function – Emotional behavior • Tubero-infundibular system – Hypotalamic-pituatory regulation • D1 receptors – excitatory • D2 receptors - inhibitory Serotonin Limbic system - Neocortex I21 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • Nuclei raphe rostralis • Nuclei raphe caudalis • Anxiety/relaxation • Impulsive behavior • Sleep Sleep and wakefulness Limbic system - Neocortex I22 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations RPO/RPC – nucleus reticularis pontis oralis/caudalis Sleep Limbic system - Neocortex I23 http://anchortime.com/portal/images/stories/MNZ_sleep_cycles_1.jpg Sleep Limbic system - Neocortex I24 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Priyanka_Abhang3/publication/281801676/figure/fig4/AS:305025248186371@144 9735094401/Fig-4-EEG-waves-for-different-signals.png http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/arti cle-3042230/Sleeping-habits-world- revealed-wakes-grumpy-China-best-quality- shut-eye-South-Africa-wakes-earliest.html http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations https://connect.garmin.com/modern/ Sleep and wakefulness Limbic system - Neocortex I25 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Brainstem nuclei responsible Neurotransmitter Activity state WAKEFULNESS Cholinergic nuclei of pons-midbrain junction Acetylcholine Active Locus coeruleus Norepinephrine Active Raphe nuclei Serotonin Active NON-REM SLEEP Cholinergic nuclei of pons-midbrain junction Acetylcholine Decreased Locus coeruleus Norepinephrine Decreased Raphe nuclei Serotonin Decreased REM SLEEP ON Cholinergic nuclei of pons-midbrain junction Acetylcholine Active Raphe nuclei Serotonin Inactive REM SLEEP OFF Locus coeruleus Norepinephrine Active Hypothalamus Limbic system - Neocortex I26 • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/Hypo thalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Hypothalamus Limbic system - Neocortex I27 • Key center of autonomic regulations and coordination • Integration of the information from inner and outer environment • Behavioral modulation • Regulation of autonomic nervous system • Maintenance of homeostasis http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/Hypo thalamus.htm http://www.slideshare.net/physiologymgmcri/hypothalamus-15-apr-2016 Influence of hypothalamus on neocortex Limbic system - Neocortex I28 • Via neuromodulating systems – Consciuosness (see above) – Mood • Via thalamus – Via nucleus mediodorsalis to orbitofrontal cortex (influence on decision making) – Influence gating function of other thalamic nuclei • Papez circuit http://ausm.org.uk/wp- content/uploads/2015/02/Dopamine_Norepinephrine_Serotonin.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitofront al_cortex Orbitofrontal cortex Papez circuit Limbic system - Neocortex I29 http://www.slideshare.net/drsunilsuthar/neurobiology-of-emotion Papez circuit Limbic system - Neocortex I30 Prof. Gerald Schneider Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Acces sed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Papez circuit Limbic system - Neocortex I31 Prof. Gerald Schneider Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Acces sed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Papez circuit Limbic system - Neocortex I32 Prof. Gerald Schneider Gerald Schneider. 9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins, Spring 2014. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Acces sed). License:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Learning and memory Limbic system - Neocortex I33 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ Learning and memory Limbic system - Neocortex I34 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ Learning and memory Limbic system - Neocortex I35 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ Learning and memory Limbic system - Neocortex I36 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ Location oriented: Where am I and what has happened here? Object oriented: Can I eat it and how to eat it? Amygdala Limbic system - Neocortex I37 http://proprofs-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/images/FC/ user_images/1406217/9806788916.png http://1.bp.blogspot.com/- DTBzUhiQrAE/Uz_bIohLgII/AAAAAAAAADU/kFhO3Eeq 6B8/s1600/amygdala-bypass.gif • Connections to all major cortical and subcortica lstructures • Modiffied corpus striatum • Plasticity – memory formation • „Influence of information from outer environment on limbic system“ • „Amygdala hijack“ • „Affective tags“ – Both possitive and negative – Higher responsiveness to negative Amygdala Limbic system - Neocortex I38 http://proprofs-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/images/FC/ user_images/1406217/9806788916.png http://1.bp.blogspot.com/- DTBzUhiQrAE/Uz_bIohLgII/AAAAAAAAADU/kFhO3Eeq 6B8/s1600/amygdala-bypass.gif • Connections to all major cortical and subcortica lstructures • Modiffied corpus striatum • Plasticity – memory formation • „Influence of information from outer environment on limbic system“ • „Amygdala hijack“ • „Affective tags“ – Both possitive and negative – Higher responsiveness to negative Neocortex Limbic system - Neocortex I39 Cerebral cortex Limbic system - Neocortex I40 • Paleocortex (1%) – 3 layers – rhinencephalon • Archicortex (4%) – 3-4 layers – hippocampus • Neocortex – 6 layers http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Neocortex Limbic system - Neocortex I41 http://www.emunix.emich.edu Primary areas ✓Somathotopic organization Association areas ✓No somathotopic organization ✓Unimodal ✓Polymodal ✓Association areas are thought to be the anatomical substrates of the highest brain functions—conscious thought, perception, and goal-directed action Organization of neocortex Limbic system - Neocortex I42 • Specific inputs/outputs to/from each layer • Vertical and horizontal connections in each layer • Each layer usually contains cells with similar functions • Local differences in cytoarchitecture were used by Brodmann for construction of the map of brain areas http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Brodman areas Limbic system - Neocortex I43 Broadman's # NAME FUNCTION 17 Occipital Lobe Visual Projection Cortex 18 Visual Association Cortex 19 Posterior Parietal Lobe Visual Association Cortex 37 Tempero-parietal-occipital area General Sensory Association Cortex 39 Angular Gyrus Word Recognition 40 Supramarginal Lobe Somatosensory Association Cortex 1,2,3 Postcentral Gyrus Somatosensory Projection Cortex 5, 7 Superior Parietal Lobule General Sensory Association Cortex 41, 42 Middle 1/3 of Superior Temporal Cortex Auditory Projection Cortex 22 Superior Temporal Gyrus Auditory Association Cortex 21, 20, 38 Inferior Temporal Cortex General Sensory Association Cortex 4 Precentral Gyrus Primary Motor Cortex 1,2,3 Postcentral Gyrus Somatosensory Projection Cortex 6,8,9 Premotor Cortex Motor Association Cortex 41, 42 Middle 1/3 of Superior Temporal Cortex Auditory Projection Cortex 44,45,46 Broca's Area Motor Association Cortex - Specific to speech 10 Preftontal Cortex General Motor Association Cortex 11 Orbital Gyri General Motor Association Cortex Limbic system - Neocortex I44 https://www.trans-cranial.com/docs/cortical_functions_ref_v1_0_pdf.pdf Cerebral cortex and thalamus Limbic system - Neocortex I45 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations • Close cooperation between cerebral cortex and thalamus • Bilateral connections • Almost all sensory information reaching cerebral cortex is gated by thalamus • Exception - olfaction http://www.modernfamilyideas.com Cortical functions Limbic system - Neocortex I46 Association areas Limbic system - Neocortex I47 • Neither receptive • Nor effector • Integrative function • Limbic • Parieto-occipito-temporal • Frontal http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Signal processing algorithm Limbic system - Neocortex I48 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Aferentation Limbic system - Neocortex I49 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations ✓ Unimodal sensory inputs diverge on multimodal association areas Eferentation Limbic system - Neocortex I50 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations ✓ The Sequence of Information processing Is Reversed in the Motor System Limbic association area Limbic system - Neocortex I51 • Integration of information from inner and outer environment • Hypothalamus • Emotions • Motivation • Instinct behavior http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/enger/student/olc/art_quizzes/ge nbiomedia/0665.jpg Parieto-occipito-temporal association area Limbic system - Neocortex I52 • Linkage and interpretation of information from several sensory modalities • Visual – acoustic – sensory analysis • Object recognition and categorization • Language comprehension • Attention http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Lateralization of cerebral functions Limbic system - Neocortex I53 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Lateralization of cerebral functions Limbic system - Neocortex I54 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Aphasia Acalculia Tactile agnosia Conceptual apraxia Ideomotor apraxia Orientation disorders Constructional apraxia Anosognosia Neglect syndrome Frontal association area • Executive function – Motor / behavioral – Cognitive • Mostly developed in human •1. Australopithecus robustus 2. Homo habilis 3. Homo erectus 4. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis 5. Homo sapiens sapiens http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 55 Limbic system - Neocortex I Phinease Gage (1823 – 1860) Limbic system - Neocortex I56 http://65.media.tumblr.com/553d3c3f3f579f57273b8598ec6739ab/tumblr_o11oqt0MUK1uaq7mqo1_1280.jpg • 1848 – work injury • Before injury ➢ Reliable ➢ Friendly ➢ Responsible ➢ Polite • After injury ➢ Unreliable ➢ Hostile ➢ Irresponsible ➢ Rude • 1860 – died from status epilepticus Frontal lobe https://d2gne97vdumgn3.cloudfront.net/api/file/edAV1gWAQ2uYSdYHSiPj Limbic system - Neocortex I57 Frontal association area Limbic system - Neocortex I58 • ~ 1/3 of neocortex • One of the evolutionary youngest cortical areas • Late development in ontogeny – Differentiation during the 1st year of life – Mostly developed around the 6th year of life – ? End of maturation around the 20th year of life? Limbic system - Neocortex I59 • Input from association cortex – P-O-T association area – Limbic association area • Reciprocal connections: – prefrontal processing modulates perceptual processing – „Loops“ • Input to premotor areas http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations Frontal association area Functions of frontal association area Limbic system - Neocortex I60 ➢ Motor/non-motor planning/organization - strategy - anticipation ➢ Thinking – mental models processing ➢ Attention – „information filtering“ ➢ Behavioral control – Facilitation of „wanted“ – Inhibition of „unwanted“ http://thenextweb.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2015/03/jerry1.jpg http://thenextweb.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2015/03/jerry1.jpg 1. Motor planning / organization Neocortex I61 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ • Frontal association area • Premotor area ✓ Close cooperation with motor cortex ✓ Planning and preparing of complex motor action (in cooperation with Basal ganglia) ✓ Close cooperation with P-O-T area which sends visual-acoustic-sensory-spatial information ✓ Voluntary motor control http://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/brain_icon.html?mediapopup=14828479 2. Thinking skills Neocortex I62 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ • Organization – The ability to arrange information in a meaningful system • Planning – The ability to create a strategy for reaching goals • Time management –The ability to estimate time needed for reaching goals • Working memory – The ability to hold information in awareness while performing a mental operation http://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/brain_icon.html?mediapopup=14828479 3. Attention Neocortex I63 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ • Selective attention –The ability to filter information • Sustained attention –The ability to actively attend to a task • Divided attention –The ability to attend to two tasks at once • Shifting attention –The ability to shift attention between two or more tasks http://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/brain_icon.html?mediapopup=14828479 4. Behavioral control Neocortex I64 • Connections of striatum and hippocampus are plastic • Plasticity is a base of learning • Learning is a forming of long- term memory • Declarative memory (explicit) – Based on hippocampus – Explicit information is stored and later recollected – „Construction of the maps (relationships)“ – spatial or abstract • Procedural memory (implicit) – Based on striatum – Habitual learning – motor skills, but also social habits – „Construction of the algorithms“ • Facilitation/ initiation of „wanted“ (re)action • Inhibition of „unwanted“ (re)action –Anticipation –Self-regulation x procrastination • Flexibility – The ability to revise plans when it is needed • Goal-directed persistence –The ability to self-motivate • Social brain –Mentalization –Empathy ➢Social behavior - frontal association area ➢Instinct behavior - limbic association area http://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/brain_icon.html?mediapopup=14828479 Frontal lobe and mental arousal Limbic system - Neocortex I65 •Right frontal lobe –Bilateral influence –Inhibition •Left frontal lobe –Unilateral influence –Activation •Left frontal lobe damage –Reduced spontaneous activity –Reduced self-control; impulsive instinct behavior http://www.anna-om-line.com/BRAIN-GRAPHICS-by-annaOMline.jpg Frontal lobe functions Limbic system - Neocortex I66 Motor Cognitive Behavior Arousal Voluntary movements Memory Personality Attention Language Expression Problem solving Social and sexual Eye movements Judgment Impulse control Initiation Abstract thinking Mood and affect Spontaneity