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Endocrine function of selected organs
and tissues

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Hormones synthesized and secreted by dedicated endocrine glands
̶Pituitary Gland
̶Growth hormone (GH)
̶Prolactin
̶Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
̶Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
̶Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
̶Luteinizing hormone (LH)
̶Thyroid Gland
̶Tetraiodothyronine (T4; thyroxine)
̶Triiodothyronine (T3)
̶Calcitonin
̶Parathyroid Glands
̶Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
̶Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
̶Insulin
̶Glucagon
̶Somatostatin
̶Adrenal Gland
̶Epinephrine
̶Norepinephrine
̶Cortisol
̶Aldosterone
̶Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)
̶Hormones Synthesized by Gonads
̶Ovaries
̶Estradiol-17β
̶Progesterone
̶Inhibin
̶Testes
̶Testosterone
̶Antimüllerian hormone (AMH)
̶Inhibin

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Hormones synthesized in organs with a primary function other than endocrine
̶Brain (Hypothalamus)
̶Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
̶Oxytocin
̶Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
̶Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
̶Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
̶Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH)
̶Somatostatin
̶Dopamine
̶Brain (Pineal Gland)
̶Melatonin
̶Heart
̶Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
̶Kidney
̶Erythropoietin
̶Adipose Tissue
̶Leptin
̶Adiponectin
̶Stomach
̶Gastrin
̶Somatostatin
̶Ghrelin
̶Intestines
̶Secretin
̶Cholecystokinin
̶Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
̶Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2)
̶Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP; gastrin inhibitory peptide)
̶Motilin
̶Liver
̶Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)

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Hormones Produced to a Significant Degree by Peripheral Conversion
̶Lungs
̶Angiotensin II
̶Kidney
̶1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
̶Adipose, Mammary Glands
̶Estradiol-17β
̶Liver
̶Testosterone
̶Genital Skin, Prostate, Sebaceous Gland
̶5-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
̶Many Organs
̶T3
̶

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Cardiovascular endocrinology
ANP = atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP = brain natriuretic peptide; CNP = C-type natriuretic
peptide; ET = endothelin;  GDF = growth differentiation factor; IL = interleukin;
*Myostatin:
produced and released by myocytes
acts on muscle cells to inhibit muscle growth
require relatively large amounts of E/nutrients

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Natriuretic peptides
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311295
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)
dendroaspis-type natriuretic peptide (DNP)
urodilatin

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Natriuretic peptides
BP=HRxSVxTPR

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RAAS


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ADH
ADH
ADH

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Aldosterone
ALDOSTERONE

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RAAS


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Endothelial cells
Endothelial cells and organ function: applications and implications of understanding unique and
reciprocal remodelling; Moritz Reiterer and Cristina M. Branco; accepted 15 November 2019;
doi:10.1111/febs.15143

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Endothelial cells
Physiology of the endothelium; H. F. Galley and N. R. Webster; Br J Anaesth 2004; 93: 105-13
EC:
̶metabolic functions
̶synthetic functions

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Endothelins and their receptors
Endothelin: 20 years from discovery to therapy; Matthias Barton and Masashi Yanagisawa; Article in
Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology; September 2008; DOI: 10.1139/Y08-059
̶ETAR – vasoconstriction
̶ETBR – vasodilation

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Skin physiology
̶skin pH and skin integrity
̶4.1–5.8
̶pigmentation, age, localization and skin layer
̶microbiome
̶mechanical barrier
̶collagen
̶elastin
̶filaggrin
̶immune barrier
̶Langerhans cells, T lymphocytes, granulocytes, keratinocytes, fibroblasts and melanocytes, skin
associated lymphoid tissue
̶thermoregulation
̶photoprotection
̶endocrine function
̶
̶
̶

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Parathyroid hormone‑related peptide
Keratinocytes
Corticotrophin‑releasing hormone
Sebocytes, follicular keratinocytes, endothelial cells, dermal nerves
Urocortin
Epidermal and follicular keratinocytes, sweat glands, epidermal melanocytes, dermal smooth muscle
cells and fibroblasts, endothelial cells
Pro‑opiomelanocortin peptides
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Epidermal keratinocytes, melanocytes, outer root sheath of anagen follicles, dermal fibroblasts,
endothelial cells
Alpha‑melanocyte‑stimulating hormone
β‑Endorphin
Outer root sheath of anagen follicles, dermal fibroblasts
PRL
Dermal fibroblasts
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
Keratinocytes
Insulin‑like growth factor‑I
Dermal fibroblasts, melanocytes, keratinocytes of stratum gcranulosum
Sex steroids
Sebaceous and sweat glands with intracellular activation depending on expression of enzymes
Retinoids (all‑transretinoic acid)
Low amounts in keratinocytes
Vitamin D
Keratinocytes
Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclins and leukotriene)
Keratinocytes, sebocytes

Adobe Systems
Skin and CRH-ACTH axis
POMC: The Physiological Power of Hormone Processing; Erika Harno et al; Physiol Rev. 2018 Oct 1;
98(4): 2381–2430
Figure thumbnail gr1
POMC
↓
Pro-ACTH
↓
ACTH

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Endocrine function of adipose tissue


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Leptin - functions


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Adiponectin


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Resistin


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Thank you for your attention