Endocrine function of selected organs
and tissues
Hormones synthesized and secreted by
dedicated endocrine glands
̶ Pituitary Gland
̶ Growth hormone (GH)
̶ Prolactin
̶ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
̶ Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
̶ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
̶ Luteinizing hormone (LH)
̶ Thyroid Gland
̶ Tetraiodothyronine (T4; thyroxine)
̶ Triiodothyronine (T3)
̶ Calcitonin
̶ Parathyroid Glands
̶ Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
̶ Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
̶ Insulin
̶ Glucagon
̶ Somatostatin
̶ Adrenal Gland
̶ Epinephrine
̶ Norepinephrine
̶ Cortisol
̶ Aldosterone
̶ Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)
̶ Hormones Synthesized by Gonads
̶ Ovaries
̶ Estradiol-17β
̶ Progesterone
̶ Inhibin
̶ Testes
̶ Testosterone
̶ Antimüllerian hormone (AMH)
̶ Inhibin
Hormones synthesized in organs with a
primary function other than endocrine
̶ Brain (Hypothalamus)
̶ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
̶ Oxytocin
̶ Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
̶ Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
̶ Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
̶ Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH)
̶ Somatostatin
̶ Dopamine
̶ Brain (Pineal Gland)
̶ Melatonin
̶ Heart
̶ Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
̶ Kidney
̶ Erythropoietin
̶ Adipose Tissue
̶ Leptin
̶ Adiponectin
̶ Stomach
̶ Gastrin
̶ Somatostatin
̶ Ghrelin
̶ Intestines
̶ Secretin
̶ Cholecystokinin
̶ Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
̶ Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2)
̶ Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP; gastrin inhibitory peptide)
̶ Motilin
̶ Liver
̶ Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)
Hormones Produced to a Significant Degree
by Peripheral Conversion
̶ Lungs
̶ Angiotensin II
̶ Kidney
̶ 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
̶ Adipose, Mammary Glands
̶ Estradiol-17β
̶ Liver
̶ Testosterone
̶ Genital Skin, Prostate, Sebaceous Gland
̶ 5-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
̶ Many Organs
̶ T3
Cardiovascular endocrinologyEndocrine
hormones
ANP Natriuresis and vasodilation
BNP Natriuresis and vasodilation
GDF-15 Inhibiting body growth
Myostatin Reducing skeletalmuscle mass
Autocrine/paracrine
factors
CNP Vasodilation
Activin A Protecting cardiomyocyte
ET-1 Promoting cardiomyocyte survival
IL-33 Antihypertrophic and antifibrosis
ANP = atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP = brain
natriuretic peptide; CNP = C-type natriuretic
peptide; ET = endothelin; GDF = growth
differentiation factor; IL = interleukin;
*Myostatin:
produced and released by myocytes
acts on muscle cells to inhibit muscle growth
require relatively large amounts of E/nutrients
Natriuretic peptides
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311295
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)
dendroaspis-type natriuretic peptide (DNP)
urodilatin
Natriuretic peptides
BP=HRxSVxTPR
RAAS
ADH
ADH
ADH
Aldosterone
ALDOSTERONE
RAAS
Endothelial cells
Endothelial cells and organ function: applications and implications of understanding unique and reciprocal remodelling; Moritz Reiterer and Cristina M. Branco;
accepted 15 November 2019; doi:10.1111/febs.15143
Endothelial cells
Physiology of the endothelium; H. F. Galley and N. R. Webster; Br J Anaesth 2004; 93: 105-13
EC:
̶ metabolic functions
̶ synthetic functions
Endothelins and their receptors
Endothelin: 20 years from discovery to therapy; Matthias Barton and Masashi Yanagisawa; Article in Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology;
September 2008; DOI: 10.1139/Y08-059
̶ ETAR – vasoconstriction
̶ ETBR – vasodilation
Skin physiology
̶ skin pH and skin integrity
̶ 4.1–5.8
̶ pigmentation, age, localization and skin layer
̶ microbiome
̶ mechanical barrier
̶ collagen
̶ elastin
̶ filaggrin
̶ immune barrier
̶ Langerhans cells, T lymphocytes, granulocytes, keratinocytes,
fibroblasts and melanocytes, skin associated lymphoid tissue
̶ thermoregulation
̶ photoprotection
̶ endocrine function
Endocrinefunctionofskin Parathyroid hormone-related peptide Keratinocytes
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone Sebocytes, follicular keratinocytes, endothelial cells, dermal nerves
Urocortin
Epidermal and follicular keratinocytes, sweat glands, epidermal melanocytes,
dermal smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, endothelial cells
Pro-opiomelanocortin
peptides
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Epidermal keratinocytes, melanocytes, outer root sheath of anagen follicles,
dermal fibroblasts, endothelial cellsAlpha-melanocyte-stimulating
hormone
β-Endorphin Outer root sheath of anagen follicles, dermal fibroblasts
PRL Dermal fibroblasts
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) Keratinocytes
Insulin-like growth factor-I Dermal fibroblasts, melanocytes, keratinocytes of stratum gcranulosum
Sex steroids
Sebaceous and sweat glands with intracellular activation depending on
expression of enzymes
Retinoids (all-transretinoic acid) Low amounts in keratinocytes
Vitamin D Keratinocytes
Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclins and leukotriene) Keratinocytes, sebocytes
Skin and CRH-ACTH axis
POMC: The Physiological Power of Hormone Processing; Erika Harno et al; Physiol Rev. 2018 Oct 1; 98(4): 2381–2430
POMC
↓
Pro-ACTH
↓
ACTH
Endocrine function of adipose tissue
Leptin - functions
Adiponectin
Resistin
Thank you for your attention