MUNI MED MUNI MED 16 Neocortex II 2 Neocortex II Neocortex Association cortices Primary s*ri5ory and motor ar*as Primary areas v^Somathotopic organization Association areas SNo somathotopic organization 3 Neocortex II Primary somatosensory cortex Copyright® Psareon Education. Inc.. publishing as Beiiiam in Cummings http://www.emunix.emich.edu UNI ED Cortical functions Neocortex II Frontal lobe Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving, emotions and behavioural control, personality Motor cortex Movement Sensory cortex Sensations Parietal lobe Perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, spelling Occipital lobe Vision Temporal lobe Memory, understandin language http://www.modernfamilyideas.com UNI ED Cortical functions Neocortex II Frontal lobe Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving, emotions and behavioural control, personality Motor cortex Movement Sensory cortex Sensations Parietal lobe Perceptionjmaking world. Ming Occipital lobe Vision http://www.modernfamilyideas.com UNI ED Cortical functions Neocortex II Frontal lobe Executive functions, thinking, planning, orgy pr< ei Motor cortex Movement Sensory cortex Sensations Parietal lobe Pe rce pti onjm a k i n g yworld. Ming Memory, understanding language http://www.modernfamilyideas.com MUNI ED Communication Signal exchange S Smell S Visual S Acoustic Between individuals of S Same species S Different species Encoding S Simple - body size S Complex - dance of the honey bee Source Msg Encoding Msg Channel Msg Decoding Msg Receiver 7 Neocortex II Feedback https://www.mindtoolsxom/media/Diagrams/CommunicationsProcess.jpg Context MUNI ED Communication in human society Non-verbal - Hard to control - Influence of limbic system Verbal - Fully controllable - Neocortex Nonverbal Speaking Language • The most sophisticated tool of communication • Language is characteristic that defines the human species - No human society without language - No other species that have a language cud q. • Language was a precondition for development of complex society j and development of culture I 9 Neocortex II MUNI I MED I q. Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg 10 Neocortex II MUNI MED Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so • Complex hierarchic code > Syllable - Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg 11 Neocortex II MUNI MED Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so • Complex hierarchic code > Syllable - Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds > Word - Symbol with a meaning http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg 12 Neocortex II MUNI MED Language • The ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so • Complex hierarchic code > Syllable - Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds > Word - Symbol with a meaning > Sentence http://parsleysinmissions.org/images/postimages/language.jpg A group of words organized according to the rules of syntax 13 Neocortex II I ED Learning to speak Learning to speak takes a long time period Understanding - „sensoric" Speaking - „motor action" number of words 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 months 1- 14 Neocortex II Native 3-7 8-10 11-16 17-39 ■j|-"VjksTJ Age of arrival (years) UNI ED Learning to speak Learning to speak takes a long time period Understanding - „sensoric" Speaking - „motor action" • 7.-12. month - baby begins to understand simple orders 1. year - baby uses a couple of words 2. -5. years - baby maters syntax rules 6. years - child uses around 2500 words 15 Neocortex II number of words 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 _l_I_1_ 6 12 18 24 30 36 months 1- Native 3-7 8-10 11-16 17-39 ■j|-"VjksTJ Age of arrival (years) UNI ED Learning to speak Learning to speak takes a long time period Understanding - „sensoric" Speaking - „motor action" • 7.-12. month - baby begins to understand simple orders 1. year - baby uses a couple of words 2. -5. years - baby maters syntax rules 6. years - child uses around 2500 words • Adult vocabulary • Active: 3000 -10 000 words • Passive: 3-6x higher than active v. 16 Neocortex II number of words 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1- 6 12 18 24 30 36 months Native 3-7 8-10 11-16 17-39 ■j|-"VjksTJ Age of arrival (years) UNI ED Arcuate fasciculus Language areas Angular gyrus Broca's area Wernicke's area http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations There are two main language areas Broca's area (motor) S Close to motor cortex • Wernicke's area (sensor) S Close to auditory cortex Fasciculus arcuatus 17 Neocortex II UNI ED Arcuate fasciculus Language areas Angular gyrus Broca's area Wernicke's area http://www.slideshare.net/CsillaEgri/presentations There are two main language areas Broca's area (motor) S Close to motor cortex • Wernicke's area (sensor) S Close to auditory cortex • Fasciculus arcuatus 18 Neocortex II Broca's aphasia S Motor, expressive S Comprehension preserved, speach unarticulated Wernicke's aphasia S perceptive, sensor S Comprehension damaged, speech fluent, but not meaningful Conduction aphasia S Damage of fasc. arcuatus S Speech fluent, comprehension preserved S Problem with repeating words and sentences Dysarthria S Problem with articulation S For example, damage of vocal cord ... MUNI ED Broca's area 19 Neocortex II — in r- Area 45 http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeo/presentations S Semantic processing ^selection and manipulation with appropriate words" Area 44 S Phonological processing and language production ^selection and activation of particular motor centers" UNI ED Wernicke's area Area 22 S Three subdivisions http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeD/presentations 1. The first responds to spoken words (including the individual's own) and other sounds 2. The second responds only to words spoken by someone else but is also activated when the individual recalls a list of words. 20 Neocortex ii 3. The third sub-area seems more closely associated with producing speech than with perceiving it UNI ED Algorithm of sound processing Sound V Human voice Broca's speech area CAuditory interpretative ^-Visual interpretative Primary visual Wernicke's area 21 Neocortex II S Wernicke's area S Broca's area S P-O-T association cortex Real word meaningful Pseudo-word - No meaning MUNI ED Lobulus parietalis inferior ST S ■fa o 22 Neocortex II prtnaiyautitory mm Gyrus supramarginalis (Area 40) Phonological and articulatory processing of words Gyrus angularis (Area 39) Semantic processing Rich communication with Broca's and Wernicke's areas (triangular communication) Integration of auditory, visual and somatosensory information UNI ED Integration of auditory, visual and somatosensory information 23 Neocortex II P - O - T association cortex Lobulus parietalis inferior Interpretation of sound Interpretation of visual signal Interpretation of somatosensation Interpretation of spoken/read word Broca's speech p^ad area _.1(j\toiV I interpretative 1 Auditory^- i Vjnterpretative j i Wernicke's area Primary visual Categorization u E I D Lobulus parietalis inferior • Late evolutionary as well as ontogenic development • Fully developed at the age of 5 - 6 years - Children usually cannot „activelly" read before this age (understand the meaning of the text which he/she reads) 24 Neocortex MUNI MED Lobulus parietalis inferior • Late evolutionary as well as ontogenic development • Fully developed at the age of 5 - 6 years - Children usually cannot „activelly" read before this age (understand the meaning of the text which he/she reads) • The language functions algorythms are also involved in complex „inner" categorization • The language („both spoken and inner") enabled development of complex (abstract) thinking and development of culture 25 Neocortex MUNI MED Lobulus parietalis inferior • Late evolutionary as well as ontogenic development • Fully developed at the age of 5 - 6 years - Children usually cannot „activelly" read before this age (understand the meaning of the text which he/she reads) • The language functions algorythms are also involved in complex „inner" categorization • The language („both spoken and inner") enabled development of complex (abstract) thinking and development of culture • The human society development is linked to information technology development S Spoken language S A system of writing S Printing press ^ Internet MUNI E D Language functions lateralization Broca's and Wernicke's area is localized in the left hemisphere in 97% of people Localization of B-W areas is not fully linked to left/right hand lateralization S 90% of people are right handed S 95% of right handed people have B-W area in the left hemisphere S The majority of left handed people has B-W areas also in left hemisphere Language functions lateralization Broca's and Wernicke's area is localized in the left hemisphere in 97% of people Localization of B-W areas is not fully linked to left/right hand lateralization S 90% of people are right handed S 95% of right handed people have B-W area in the left hemisphere S The majority of left handed people has B-W areas also in left hemisphere Some scientists suggest that the left hemisphere dominance for language evolved from this hemisphere's better motor control The language specialization develops in the left hemisphere, which matures slightly earlier Right hemisphere language functions Left and Right Brain Functions Non-verbal aspect of language S Prosody - intonation, stress... Non-literal language aspects S Irony S Metaphors Understanding to discourse / complex speech S Lecture, discussion Left-Brain Functions Analytic thought Logic Language Science and math Right-Brain Functions Holistic thought Intuition Creativity Art and music http://www.slideshare.net/drpsdeb/presentations 29 Neocortex II UNI ED Women and language • Females' speech is more fluent - they can pronounce more words or sentences in a given amount of time 30 Neocortex MUNI MED Women and language • Females' speech is more fluent - they can pronounce more words or sentences in a given amount of time • Women have the reputation of being able to talk and listen while doing all sorts of things at the same time • Women language is more widespread in both hemispheres while in men more left lateralized - more nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of their brains, which also suggests that more information is exchanged between them. 31 Neocortex MUNI MED Women and language • Females' speech is more fluent - they can pronounce more words or sentences in a given amount of time • Women have the reputation of being able to talk and listen while doing all sorts of things at the same time • Women language is more widespread in both hemispheres while in men more left lateralized - more nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of their brains, which also suggests that more information is exchanged between them. • The males' higher levels of testosterone, which delays the development of the left hemisphere - 4 times more boys than girls suffer from stuttering, dyslexia 32 Neocortex MUNI MED Functional diagnostic methods • Detection of electrical activity - Higher neuronal activity - higher electrical activity - Electroencephalography (EEG) • Detection of regional blood flow - Higher neuronal activity - increased blod flow - Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) - Positron emission tomography (PET) - Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) EEG Detection of neuronal electrical activity monopolar arrangement: - active electrode - indifferent electrode = referential recording bipolar recording - lead (channel) - ground electrode EEG voltage in microvolts (vs. in mV in neurons) 34 Neocortex II Scalp Skull Dura mater Arachnoid Subarachnoid space Pia mater Afferent axons Efferent axons http://www.mdpi.com/sensors/sensors-12- 01211/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-12-01211fl-1024.png Inion UNI ED Beta(ß) 13-30 Hi Frontally and parietally Alpha (a) 8-13 Hz Occipitally Theta (0) 4-8 Hz Children, sleeping adults ,Ved Pote http://tidsskriftet.no/2013/05/evoked-potential-tests-clinical-diagnosis Beta(ß) 13-30 Hi •^^■^^^^ Frontally and parietally Aipha(a)8i3Hz /Wyvwww^^ Occipitally Theta (0) 4-8 Hz Children, sleeping adults Delta (5) 0.5-4 Hz Infants, sleeping adults Spikes 3 Hz Epilepsy - 200 - petit rnal vim 100 - o -J 36 Neocortex II 0 12 3 http://www.slideshare.net/akashbhoil2/eeg-53489764 Time [s]4 http://tidsskriftet.no/2013/05/evoked-potential-tests-clinical-diagnosis ]100 u,v Grantf mal epilepsy https://www. google. com/search?q=GRAND+MAL+EEG&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved =0ahUKEwjyr82lm6veAhUliaYKHfquClkQ_AUIDigB&biw=1222&bih=574#imgrc=nCNGCX88H 3K7ZM: UNI ED PET a SPECT Injection of radionuclide labeled substances Short half live of radionuclide - Necessary to prepare shortly before application - Nuclear medicine department SPECT - Single photon emission computer tomograhy - radionuclide is the source of gamma rays - Low resolution (around 1 cm) PET Positron emission tomography radionuclide is the source of positrons Positron annihilation produces two gamma photons - higher resolution (around 2mm) 37 Neocortex II SPECT OJ W) re t £ 'euD It |8 > 00 £ 3 i- m O u UNI ED fMRI • Different atoms (nuclei) have various magnetic properties when exposed to strong magnetic field • Hydrogen • fMRI uses different magnetic properties of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin • reduced hemoglobin becomes paramagnetic, change the signal emitted by blood, we can measure the amount of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin as an indicator of the blood flow • High resolution (up tolmm) • No radiation 38 Neocortex II MED A Early bilingual B Late bilingual 39 Neocortex II Kim, K. H. S., Relkin, N. R., Lee, K.-M. & Hirsch, J. Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages. Nature 388, 171-174 (1997). MUNI MED J Neurosei 2019 Sep 25:39C39J:7722-7736. doi: 10.1523WNEUROSCI.0675-19.2D19. Epub2019Aug 19. http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2019/08/22/reading-listening-activate-same-brain-regions/#.XbhBsppKiOO The Representation of Semantic Information Across Human Cerebral Cortex During Listening Versus Reading Is Invariant to Stimulus Modality. Deniz F1-3'3-4 Nunez-Elizalde AO1, Huth AG1, Gallant JL6'3. + Author information Abstract An integral part of human language is the capacity to extract meaning from spoken and written words, but the precise relationship between brain representations of information perceived by listening versus reading is unclear. Prior neuroimaging studies have shown that semantic information in spoken language is represented in multiple regions in the human cerebral cortex, while amodal semantic information appears to be represented in a few broad brain regions. However, previous studies were too insensitive to determine whether semantic representations were shared at a fine level of detail rather than merely at a coarse scale. We used fMRI to record brain activity in two separate experiments while participants listened to or read several hours of the same narrative stories, and then created voxel wise encoding models to characterize semantic selectivity in each voxel and in each individual participant. We find that semantic tuning during listening and reading are highly correlated in most semantically selective regions of cortex, and models estimated using one modality accurately predict voxel responses in the other modality. These results suggest that the representation of language semantics is independent of the sensory modality through which the semantic information is received. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Humans can comprehend the meaning of words from both spoken and written language. It is therefore important to understand the relationship between the brain representations of spoken or written text. Here, we show that although the representation of semantic information in the human brain is quite complex, the semantic representations evoked by listening versus reading are almost identical. These results suggest that the representation of language semantics is independent of the sensory modality through which the semantic information is received. Copyright © 2019 the authors. KEYWORDS: BOLD; cross-modal representations; fMRI; listening; reading: semantics PMID: 31427 393 PMCID: PMG676420B [Available on 2020-03-25] DOI: 10.1523/JN EURO SCI. 0675-19.2 019 40 Neokortex MUNI MED 86. The basic characterization of neocortical functions - language and social brain, basic overview of functional diagnostic methods used in neurology • Communication and language • Language areas - localization and fuctuion including lobulus parietalis inferior, aphasia.. • Lateralization of language functions, gender differences Social brain Human is a social beeing, so the brain has to be designed accordingly Frontal lobe and limbic system in behavioral control Triune brain theory whole brain model, mentalization, dehumanization ■ , SPECT, PET, • Fi fr 41 The Highest Functions of Nervous System II MUNI MED