Topics for the examination - Immunology in Dentistry
(third year 2024/2025)


 1. Antigen. The basis of antigenicity and immunogenicity. Epitope, Hapten. Cross reactivity of
antigens.  Antigens of medical importance: Antigens of microorganisms. Allergens. Auto-, allo-, and
xeno- antigens. Protective and non-protective antigens.
 2. Phagocytosis. Cells involved in the process of phagocytosis. Stages of phagocytic process.
 3. The complement system. Classic and alternative pathways of activation of the complement system.
Complement inhibitors. Clinical significance of the complement system.
 4. Inflammation. Initiation, regulation, consequences for the organism. Treatment of
inflammation.
 5. NK cells, Interferons
 6. Interleukins and other cytokines. Cytokine and anti-cytokine treatment.
 7. HLA system, structure, genetic aspects, clinical significance. The role of the HLA system in
immune reactions.
 8. Cells involved in the immune response.
 9. Primary and secondary organs of the immune system.
10. Clonal selection theory. Rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes. Somatic hypermutation of
immunoglobulin genes.
11. B-lymphocytes, development of B-cells, production of antibodies, isotype switching.
12. T-lymphocytes, Th-cell subsets, their effector function, Regulatory T-cells
13. CD8+ cells, effector function
14. Antigen-presenting cells, antigen presentation
15. Immunoglobulins, structure, function. Classes of immunoglobulins. Reaction between antigen and
antibody.
16. Reaction of antigen and antibody in vivo. Consequences of this reaction in.vivo.
17. Regulation of the immune system. Th, Treg cells, check-points of the immune response, clinical
implication.
18. Immunity to viruses. Mechanisms of the host defence. Immunopathological consequences of the
reactions against invading organism.
19. Immunity to bacteria. Mechanisms of the host defence. Immunopathological consequences of the
reactions against invading organism.
20. Mucosal immunity.
21. Vaccines, vaccination.
22. Primary defects of antibody production. Deficiencies of the complement and phagocytic system.
Hereditary angioedema. DiGeorge syndrome. Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment.
23. Non-AIDS secondary immune deficiencies.
24. HIV-disease, pathogenesis, diagnostic approach, clinical manifestation
25. Passive immunisation. Specific immunoglobulins and antisera.  Non-specific immunoglobulin
derivates and their clinical use.
26. Atopy. The role of IgE. Mediators of the allergic reaction. Early and late phase of  type-I
immunopathological reaction. Allergens.
27. Diagnosis and therapy of atopic diseases.
28. Type-III hypersensitivity, Immunocomplex diseases
29. Type-IV hypersensitivity, its role in pathogenesis of diseases Tuberculin test.
30. Immune tolerance. Autoimmune reactions: mechanisms of triggering the autoimmune reaction.
Genetic and environmental influences.
31. Autoimmune diseases Laboratory tests for the detection of autoantibodies. Clinically important
autoantibodies.
32. Transplantation immunology. Organ transplantation. Bone marrow transplantation.
33. Immunological aspects of blood transfusion. Polysaccharide and protein blood group antigens.
Adverse reactions to transfusion.
34. Immune system and tumours, mutual relations. Tumour antigens. Protective mechanism against
tumours. Immunotherapy in oncology. Immunological diagnosis in oncology.
35. Manipulation with the immune system - immunopotentiation, immunosuppressive agents.
36. Monoclonal antibodies. Production, properties, therapeutic and diagnostic use.