Cyflbóbi jimepaTypbi pyccKOM aMurpaunn: «TpeTbfl BOJIHa» 3Ta 3apy6e>KHafl pyccxafl nuTepaTypa ecTb Bpe-MeHHO OTBefleHHbití b CTopoHy noTOK očmepyc-CKorí jiMTepaTypbi, KOTopbiŇ — npnfleT BpeMa — BO/ibeTCfl b o6u4ee pycno stoíí jwepaTypbi. f. CrpyBe HapOfl — 3T0 Mbl! flOJIOÜ CaM03BaHL|6B! A. eotbmhhmob riPOBEPbTE CBOM 3HAHMH ► ► BcnoMHMTe, kto H3 pyccKux nncaieneŕí XIX b. co3flan n3BecTHbie npo-n3Befl6Hi/!5^, Haxoflncb 3a rpaHnuerí. Koro M3 pyccKux ni/icaTeneüi npnHHTO Ha3biBaTb nepBbiM OMnrpaHTOM? nopasMbiLUJiHríTe, uMeeT nu 3Ha4GHi/i6 (n ecnu fla, to KaKoe), rn.6, b Ka-KOM CTpaHe 6bino co3AaH0 to nnn HHoe npon3Befl,eHne pyccKotí nuTe-paTypbi. Ha Bonpoc o tom, KaKoe JinTepaTypHoe hbjighhg CTano maBHbiM b koh-uß XX b., MOWHO CMejio OTBenaTb: B03Bpain6HHG JinTepaTypHOŇ sMurpaunn. Pa3Hbi-MM nyTRMM 0Ka3biBanwcb 3a rpaHnqerí pyccKue (TorAa — cobgtckhg) nucaTenn- AjieKCaHflP Con>KGHMI4blH 6blJ1 HaCUJIbCTBGHHO BblflBOpGH H3 CTpaHbi, Bacwnuří Ak- cghob u TGopruŇ B/iaflUMOB y3Hann o jihwghwu rpaxAaHCTBa, Korfla BbiGxann Ha 3anafl nn* htghhh tigkuhíí, BnaflUMnp Boííhobmm, AHaTOJiwíí ľnaflHrinH n Hropb ryöGpMaH 6bmn nocTaBJíGHbi nGpGfl pgujghugm «KOMnGTGHTHbix opraHOB» 06 ^x cpoHHOŇ AGnopTauMM, ApyrnG hmgjih nyTb óojibiuG bpgmghh Ha OTbG3fl. Kto-to, KaK CGprGíí floB/iaTOB, yGxan c oahhm HGMOAaHOM, ApyrnG, KaK Ahapgíí Chhhbckuw, no- JiyHUJlU B03M0)KH0CTb BblBG3TH OÓUJMpHyKJ ÔUÔJlUOTGKy B HGCKOJlbKO TbICflH TOMOB- > OKI Bcex 3TMX nucarejieM oô^mmo HenpiiHroe coBercKoŕí BnacTM Ohm km™ ;py*eHHb.e Huraien^MH Wx khmp m nMcare.eM. fla^raTB o ceo Mx paôOTB, ne nyôr.MKOBar.MCb b Cobötckom Co Jfnľ,^ .HßoTBopHecKMM npuHMHaM. Kopfla b 1966 r. eocéne* nena/ibHo 3HaMeHMTb,M npouecc Hafl AnflpeeM Chhhbckmm m ÍO/ineM flanns/ieM, b noc/ieflHeM cnoBe Cn- HHBCKHM 3a51BM/i: «Y MeHfl C COBeTCKOÍÍ BJiaCTbK) CTHJlMCTMHeCKHe pasHomacHfi» B3ToM3aíiBJieHHM, KOHeHHO, 6bma floira nyKaBCTBa: Mfleo/ioruHecKux paaHomacnŕí c rocnoflCTBOBaBLuen Mfleojiorneň ôbino He MeHbUJe. npoôneMa b .qpyroM: ctm/im- CTMHGCKUX pa3HOI7iaCMM 6blJ10 flOCTaTOWHO, HTOÓbl BJiaCTM npMHflflH peilieHUe Bbl- ópocnTb Toro min MHoro nncaTenfi 3a npeaenbi poflHoň CTpaHbi. TaKwe tuctem* onpaBflbiBa^MCb, KaK hu CTpaHHo, scTeTunecKoŕí Teopneň coBeTCKoro BpeivieHu: reopneŕí couna/iMCTMHecKoro peann3Ma. ,q03MpOBaHHOCTb npaBflbl H BbIMblCJia, OrpaHMHeHHOCTb (|3aHTa3MM, HenpM- me jiMTepaTypHbix noncKOB b o6/iacTH ctm/ia m b qe/ioM cfDopMbi — stm poflo-Bbie nepTbi CBoero TBopnecTBa npMBepweHMbi C0Mpea/iM3Ma fleMarornwecKu npMKpbiBa/iM BepHOCTbK) coLína/iMCTUHecKMM wflea/iaM, ncnojib3yq npuHunnbi n nojioxeHMfl «eflUHCTßeHHO Bepnori» TeopnM KaK no/inTHHecKy»o flyôMHKy npo- TMB «MHaKOMblC/lHU4HX». HanpuMep, ctom/io MonoflbiM riMcaTermM ľ. B/iafluMOBy n B. BoňHOBusy Hann-caľb npaBflUBbie, fleŕícTBMTe/ibHO peanmimecme npoM3Be,qeHMfl o >kh3hm paóo-Hnx (n3fiK)6neHHbix repoeB npnßep>KeHMeB coqMajiucTu^ecKoro pea/in3Ma) — «BojibLuafi pyqa» n «Xony ôbiTb necTHbiM», KaK Ha hhx oôpymujincb oobmhghm* b OMepHGHMM nepeflOBoro K/iacca coBeTCKoro oôwiecTBa m b K/ieBeTe Ha coBpe-MeHHbie hm TpyflOBbie 6yflHH. Pe3y/ibTaT nofloóHbix nojinTHMecKnx 3kuhh Mor ÖblTb JIMLUb OflHHM." aBTOpbl OTTiyHa/lMCb OT M3flaTe/lbCTB M, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, OT Mhophm b re Bpeiviena Kasa/iocb, hto bch 6efla - b rocyflapcTBeHHOM MOHono-w na MSflare^bCTBa n cpeflCTBa MaccoBoň MH*oPMaui*i. nPo6"TabRC™ 83aPy6exHb,e M3flaTe^bCTBa m*m 2) pacnpocipaH.Tb Matnom**. M3 pyK b PV^ a 3Tb, HTO flpaiViaTHHHOCTb «CaMM3flaTa» ^"^^K MaUJMH. 06 °' Beflb ne 6b,/io hm KOMnbforepoB c npMHiepaiviM, hm Kon^OB^ ra/1k1Ha. 3T^ľCTPoKa «„3PMKa- ôeper nerb.pe ko™h. bhochoA^ B- BOMHOBMH Mp0HM3Mp0Ba/I, HTO ^^^^^^^ľHrcnOCOÔOM. «He BHM- Jgan, BnacTM komh.mmoht HaMÔo.ee 3a flpyrMM ,BaíOLUHeCH» B paMKM «eflMHCTBeHHO BepHOM Teop^^ i^aT- nony™pHafl MaPKa ^ ^ — T" MCb npoM3BefleHna, xoflnßiune b «caMH3,qaTe'>. JTJIABA 4 Cyflbôbi nuTepaTypbi pyccKoií aMMrpauMj* «TPeTbH f1?™?'! noKUAa/in PoflUHy. «Ha MAeo/ioruM He/ib3fl 3K0H0MHTb!» — yrBepxAajiM npHKoD xieHHbie cobgtckiig nponaraHAucTbi. í"1oa MAeo/ioruHecKyK) He3penocTb no^v1" jiMCb n MnpoB033peHne nucaTejifi, n CTM/ieBbie 3KcnepnMeHTbi, m nowcKM hoboÍo repofl, n noneT nucaTe/ibCKoří dpama3m. nocTeneHHO y roHUMbix caMOBJiio6rieHHoPi BnacTbK) nucaTeneň CKjiaflbiBa/iacb BbicoKaa penyTaunyi b HMTaTenbCKOŇ cpeAe. 3a KpaMO/ibHbíMM KHuraMii oxormiHCb BbinpaiunBann y HGMHornx mx oó/iaAaTeneíí, He noôOHBUJHXCfl npnB63Tn stu uz^^ M3 3apy6e>KHbix KOMaHAupoBOK mhu rpynnoBbix TypMCTunecKHx noe3AOK (nHflMBMfly. anbHoro Typn3Ma b cobpgmghhom noHHNiaHnn b Ty nopy hg cy mGCTBOBano). 3HaMe-HMTbiG SMurpaHTCKMG xypHanbi «Kohtmhght», «rpaHU», «CnHTaKCnc», «3xo», «Bpe. Mfl H Mbl», «HOBblíí >KypHan» ÔblJIH TaŇHOrí rOPAOCTbK) MHTGJlJlHrGHTCKHX 6n6/lH0TeK. B 3TMX yenOBMflX ÓbIJlO HGBGpOHTHO TpyAHO OMGHMTb nOAnMHHOG MGCTO TOTO MJ1H HHO- ro nucaTG/ifl b pyccKoií Ky/ibrypo: GAUHaa no R3biKy n o6pa3Hoc™ cnoBGCHOCTb pa3-AGíinxiacb Ha Asa HGConpuKacaBUJnxcři nHTopaTypHbix npoqGcca. ripMBGAGM JlMLiJb OAMH npHMGp: M3BGCTHblíí SMUrpaHTCKHČÍ KpMTMK fOpMÍÍ Ma/lb- mgb oópyLuuncR c ynpGKaMw b aApGC npGKpacHbix cobgtckhx nucaTG/iGíí KDpua Tpwc^OHOBa m BacMTiMfl LUyKLUUHa. Mx «BnncaHHOCTb» b JimGpaTypHbiři npoqecc MGTponojinn obrna, no>Kaíiyŕí, maBHbiM p a3Apa>KMTG n g m a^« kputukb, yMHoro m oóbiHHO Ae^nKaTHoro, ho npoKMBaBiuGro b MTaJiMM, t. e. b Anacnopc. A Be^b m TpUC^ohob, M LUyKLUMH n pOTM BOCTOflJl M rOCľlOACTBOBaBLUGŕí 3CTGTMMGCK0ÍÍ CHCTe-mg, C03AaBa?1 cboh yHUKanbHblG XyAO)KGCTBGHHblG MMpbl, 06paULia?1 HMTaTGTIfl — Ka->KAblŕí b cbogíí MaHGpG — K UCTMHG, CnpaBGAJlHBOCTH H MMJIOCGPAHK). SMurpaHTbi CMomu npoTMBonocTaBUTb rocyAapcTBGHHoŕí MOHononnn Ha Jime-paTypy gahhctbghho B03M0>KHyK) a/ibTGpHaTUBy — sctgthhgckvio. I/Imghho b 3Mur- pai4HM CMOmM BblXMTb T3KH6 HGnpMGMTlGMblG RHH MGTponOJIMM XaHpbl, k3k 3hth- yTonwH, naMdpneT n sccg. BbiAaKDinMGcn caTupnHGCKMG npon3B6AGHwa BnaAMMUpa BoŇHOBuna to>kg Mor/iw 6biTb onyónwKOBaHbi TO/ibKO 3a pyôGxoM, n sto no3B0Jin-jio coxpaHMTb pyccKyjo caTi/ipy. UpoHMHHbiŕí Ccprcň floBnaTOB CTan KyribTOBbiM nn-caTGJiGM KOHua XX b. To/ibKo 6/iaroAapfl SMwrpam-cKiiM nyôJiMKaunfiM. yAMBMTG/ibHaH TpaHccfDopMai4nyi npon3oiujia b SMurpauMU c Mocmc|dom Bpofl-ckum. Hg/iobgk, hg okohhmbulimm b CCCP Aa>K6 BOCbMM/iGTHGŕí LUKonbi, npGnoflaBaJi b KpynHGMUJMx aMGpuKaHCKMx yHUBGpcuTGTax. Eiviy obi/in nocBRLAGHbi MHome m-TepaTypoBGAHGCKUG paôoTbi, c hum 0Ka3a/incb CBa3aHbi HOBbiG HaAG>KAbi pyccKoií no33MH. TpyAHO ôbi/io npGAnonaraTb, hto M3BGHHbiŕí JiGHUHrpaACKMŕí HGyflaHHUK, nGpGÔHBaBUJMŕíCfl JIHLUb CJiyMailHblMH 3apaÔ0TKaMH M nOHTM HG mmgbujum b03m0)k-HOCTM M3AaBaTb CBOM npOM3BGAGHHř1, CT3HGT 6G3yCJ10BHblM, aÔCOJIKDTHbIM aBTOpU" tgtom b no33nn, k c/iOBy KOToporo 6yAyT npMCJiyujMBaTbCfl caMbiG pa3Hbie JiioflU- COTHH TbICflH nOKTIOHHUKOB n033MH BO BCGX KOHLjaX cbgt3. nGpBOŇ ny6/iMKauMGíi ctmxob Mocnc|Da BpoACKoro Ha poamhg da/ia HeôoJibiua* noAôopKa b xypHajiG «HoBbiŕí Mnp» (1987. Hq 12). YBbi, OHa hg oópaflOBaJia BpoA" CKoro, m6o hg 6bma c hmm comacoBaHa. Oah3ko ônaroÁapji stoíí nyó/iMKaaMU > 88 r,»BA „mí ' Cyflb6u nwTepaTypbi pyccKo«_3Mnrpai4MM:« 0it HMTare/ib cwor no3HaKoMMTtina — mm, r„T„epa h Mac m^J" P°ACKnň no£^ «*-^S^ P*fl flHKTaropoa B KOHue 80-x - HaMa^e 90-x rr. XX a. 6b,™ c*,™ flOKyMeHTanbHb,e *,nbMb, l|M3iM « TBopMecrae BpoflCKoro, c óoflbiuMM ycnexow noxaaaHHbie no ueHTpam-„bw TeneBM3HOHHbiM KaHajiaM. flByxTOMHMK BpoACKoro uspánu b MwHCKe sareM TOMUina onepeflb conwflHbix npoKOMMeHTupoBaHHbix Ki3AaHMň, xpuTHnecKvut n nu- TepaTypoBefl4ecKMX pa6oT, rnyfioKiix ,ccnefl0BaHMň M moho pa^T nocemi™ Hbix ero TBopnecTBy. B 3tom Benzoe .Hiepeca k cthxbm bhS^* B6o*ecTBeHHoe npeAHa3HaHeHne noosuu. Saftonro flo paaaana CCCP Bonpocb" flyXOBHOrO B03P0)KAeHH^ CTPaHbl 06cy>KAaj1MCb Ha CTpaHMMax SMUrpaHTCKHX *vd-H3J10B B aTM0C(|3epe OTKpbITbIX AHCKyCCMÍÍ, HGB03M0)KHblX B MeipOHOHMU Pas/IMH- HbieTOHKM 3peHna — HopManbHaa aha HMTepaTypHoro npouecca Bemb, ho Henpu-BbNHbíM k 3T0My Ha poAUHe pyccKUM 3MnrpaHTaM npmmiocb coBepujMTb ycwine, HToóbi comacnTbCfl c sthm. XapaKTep AncKycckiň y>Ke TorAa c oneBUAHocTbio no-Ka3biBaji, hto MCTopunecKoe pa3BMTne Pocenu HMKaK ne nyTb b «CBeTnoe 6yay-^ee», k «3hjik)li4hm BbicoTaM» (A. 3uH0BbeB) KOMMyHH3Ma. O 6yAymeM Pocenu no-npe>KHeMy cnopnnM 3anaAHHKH n cnaBflHocjDHnbi, ho y>Ke HOBbie 3anaAHHKM M HOBbie CJiaBflHOCjDWlbl. B aMMrpaunn Bbipocno noKoneHne kphthkob, pasHHBwwxca CBoeíí MeTOAO/iorn-sfi, ho OAnHaKOBO A&neKO yweAUJHX ot rocnoACTBOBaBiuero b Meipononnn «pe-a/ibHoro HanpaBJieHHfl» (Bopnc ílapaMOHOB, rieip Bawib n AneKcaHflp TeHnc 3tm kputukm noMorann BbiWHBaTb tohkomy cjiokd cobbtckwx uHTermnreHTOB BycJiOBnax AMKTaTypbi. MHTennnreHT HMKorAa He accounnpyeT ceóa c BiiacTbio, 0H- BcerAa b CTopoHe, a #opMnpoBaHUfl TaKOíí pobhuhu Heo6xoAnMa oco-^ očpasoBaHHocTb, oTnuHHaa ot o6pa30BaHHOc™ cTaHAapTHoň. Tanue nepeAa-HM> kbk «noBepx 6aPbepoB», TaKne xypna/ibi, kbk «KoHTHHeHT», <>, •*aflMaTb ABa», «BpeM* n Mbi», BbicTpanBann nnyK) uJKany jimepaTypHbix uen-Hoc^, napaiuienbHyio ocDMuna^bHoíí nepapxnn n c nananoM «nePecTPOMK,» cww* s aMnrpaHTCKon n^epary^ ~ ^- OTKPbmacb AaPBHOP>Ke,aHHa, BoaMO.HOCTb cyaom ne nnTepaTyPHb.x huhobhmkob, ne napTnnHbix MAeonoroB, py JfS^ 3a OA,,ABa roAa hotok 3-P« ^° PYKonnceří. > 89 r hab A 4 I Cyflbčbi jinTepatypbi pyccKoü 3Mwrpaukw: «TpeTbfl Bo/iHa OKOHHaHne «xonoAHOM BOMHbi», 3aBepiüHBiueMCfl pacnaflOM HeKorfla rpo3HOr0 CoBeTCKoro Coi03a, >k©ctokhm o6pa30M c«a3a/iocb Ha cjDľiHaHCwpoBaHnn 3MMr paHTCKMx nenaTHbix n3AaHnří. nepeexaB b Pocchio, 3HaMeHMToe n3,qaTenbCTBo «noceB», lunpoKo n3flaBaBLuee He TOJibKO xyAOwecTBeHHyK) jimepaiypy, ho h xyp. Hanbi «rpaHM» m «noceB», öyKBanbHO 3aTepRnocb cpefln Tbican HOBbix H3fla. TGJibCTB1. HenerKne BpeMeHa HacTynn/in n nnn flpyrwx )KypHa/ioß. HanpMMep, C03flaHHbM B/iaAMMUpOM MaKCHMOBblM >KypHa/l «KOHTMHeHT» J1MLUMJ1C51 CfcUHaHCH- poBaHU« co CTopoHbi reHeparibHoro cnoHCopa — HeMeuKoro KOHLjepHa «UlnpnHrep Oep/iar». MHorne SMurpaHTCKne w3AaHUfl npocTO 3aKpbiBanncb. B 3TMX ycjiOBMflx, a TaKxe Ha BOJiHe nHTepeca k jiereHAapHbiM UMeHaM MHorne nwcaTenn-SMurpaHTbi npuHsqjin peweHHe o B03BpameHnu Ha poAMHy. Tepoŕí aBTo-ÓMorpacfDMHecKOM KHnrn B/iaAUMupa MaKCMMOBa «ripomaHne H3 HnoTKyAa» Muxa-nji TopAeeBMH BapMMH ropbKo pa3MbiujrmeT 06 SMurpaHTCKoPi Aone: «3Mnrpai4Ym — rerro ppn noóexAeHHbix, 33koh ppn OTCTynaiomHX, aHKjiaB fljia 6aHKpoTOB. B Hew, K3K Ha BOíiHe nun b jiarepe, b nenoBeKe o6Ha>KaeTCfl xwBOTHoe, oöpaiAeHHoe CBoeň cyinHOCTbK) k OAHOÍí-eAUHCTBeHHoŕi Menu — Bbi>KHTb. OTciofla Bee 3TH 6one3HeHHbie npeTeH3nn, 3Ta ynopHan CTpacTb BbiAaTb ceöa 3a HenTO óojibiiiee, HeM Tbl ecTb Ha ß,ene, 3Ta non™ MaHnaKajibHaa noA03pnTe.nbHocTb...» AjieKcaHflp COJUKEHML|blH ► Hto Bbi 3HaeTe 0 >kh3hh n TBopnecTBe A.H. ConweHnubiHa? KaKue ero npon3BefleHHFi HUTann? BbicKa>KHTe ßawe OTHOLueHne k npoHmaHHOMy. B 1970 r. A^eKcaHAP McaeBMH ConxceHULjbiH 6bin yAOCToeH Hoöe/ieB-CK0Í1 npeMMn no JwepaType, b 1971 r. n3AaHa nepßaa peß,aKuy\f\ «Ab-rycTa HeTbipHaAUaToro». B pe3yjibraTe BJiacTM oôpywnnn Ha nucaie-rm HOByK) BoriHy npecjieAOBaHnň m KneBeTbi. B ceHTflópe 1973 r. KľB 3axBaTbiBaeT TaňHnK c pyKonncbfo «Apxnnenara...», nocne nero Co/i-xeHUMbiH AaeT cnman o nyônuKaunu khw~h b «UMKA-npecc» (napu*). nepBbiií tom BbixoAUT b cbgt b KOH14G AeKaópa, a y>Ke 12-13 dpeapann 1974 r. ConxeHnubiH apecTOBaH, jinweH rpa>KflaHCT-Ba v\ BbicnaH b QPr. flo 1976 r. oh *hji b Urcpnxe (LUßeciMapnfl), 3a-TeM b BepMOHTe (CLLIA). JluLUb b 1989 r. peAaKTopy «Hoßoro Mupa» C.n. 3a/ibirnHy yAanocb nocne flOJi-roň 6opb6bi HanenaTaTb «Hoöe/ieBCKyio nenmno», a 3aTeM oToópaHHbie aBTOpoM maBbi «Apxnnenara...» («HoBbin Mnp». 1990. N° 7-11). C 1990 r. npo3a ConxeM- 1 Ha oceHb 2003 r. b Pocchu aKTMBHo fleŇCTBOBa/in 6ojiee 6000 M3flaTenbCTB a aaperMCTpupo eaHbi n nojiynn/iM H3flaTenbCKyio jini4eH3HK) ôojiee 11 000. ----> 90 00* -fl Cyflböbi nMTepaiypbi pyccraofl SMwrpauw: «TpeTba ß0jiHa» lHa ^.poKO neHaraerca Ha PoflMHe. 16 aerycia roro *e rofla ynaaoM HpeanfleH-CCC? nkicaTe/ifO BOSßpameHO rpa>KflaHCTBO. KHMa b npecrynne-Tx npoTUß coöcTBeHHoro Hapofla n mgjiobbhhoctu. ^ >KaHP KHum aBTop onpefle/inn KaK «onbiT xyAO*ecTBeHHoro MccjieAOBaHiia» BocnoMMHaHMři 227 6biBiiinx ysHUKOB CTanuHCKMx ^arepeň, noMHO)KeHHbie na TParnMecKnŕí jiMHHbin onbiT nucaie/iyi, — bot hto cocTaBii/io ocHOBy stcto rpaH-nno3Horo no 3aMbicjiy n MacwTaôy Bon/iouieHH* npon3BeA6Hna, sanenaTneB-^ero TparnnecKMM onbiT pacTJieHua Pocenu KOMMyHMCTnnecKUM pe>KHMOM. f"lc-cjie OKT^öpbCKori peBO/iK)UMn Hapofl jinwn/ica HpaBCTBeHHoPi ochobw, a noTOMy meonomn T0TannTapn3Ma He Hauu/ia b HapoflHbix Maccax Heo6xoflHMoro co- npOTMBJieHMil. flOKyMeHTa/lbHafl OCHOBa KHW"H nOflnepKMBaeTCa BKJlfOHGHHblMM B TKaHb npon3- BefleHUfl cTeHorpaMMaMM OTKpbiTbix cyAGÓHbix npoqeccoB — sTanoB BOuapeHna cTpaiuHOM penpeccMBHOň CHCTeMbi. flßaAMaTb jibt noHafloönnocb cTpaHe, HToöbi oKOHHaTGJibHO norpy3HTbCfi bo TbMy 6e33aKOHHH. 1937 rofl — 3Ta Bexa BMecTe c 1918 roAOM Con>KGHML|biHa peuiařomaa. EiAe b Hana/ie XX b. pyccKwe nuca-tgjim MHoro pa3Mbiuunfljin o TaK Ha3biBaeMOM «amohuchnckom Hanane» >kh3hm. BHaiueň AßwcTBMTenbHOCTn oho npoHBJiflercfl, no Co/DKeHnqbiHy, b HenpepbiBHbix B3anMonpGBpainGHMíix nanana n jkgptbm. CeroAHflWHwři nanan mo>kgt 3asTpa CTaTb xGpTBoŕí, xepTBa eAßa nn He BcerAa roTOBa CTaTb nananoM. OTCJOAa — npo-4BeTaHne Bceoömero AOHOCMTe/ibCTBa, cjiewKH flpyr 3a ApyroM. floHocHTe/ibCTBO u ecTb ocHOBHa« cpopMa coynacTwa rpaxAaH b npecTyn/ieHiiax rocyAapcTBa npo-TUB CBOGro HapoAa. 3Ta KHnra He CTana 6bi hctuhho BenmoiÁ, He 0Tpa3MCb b hgíí aBTopcKaa cyAb-& Korfla BCfl CTpaHa BTflrnBamcb b nynuHy CTpaxa, b aTM0cc|>6py KOMMyHucTune-CK°ro MpaKoöecn«, Co/DKeHUMbiH, OKa3aBWncb b TwpbMe, c nGHoří y pia noHana/iy ®mmn MapKCM3M u flOKasbißaji, hto CraiwH Jiwujb ucKasuji ryMaHncTWHGCKoe *hmhcko0 yneHne. TpexTOMHaa anonea o MynHTe/ibHOM npospeHnn npeAaHHoro te^uwBbiM nflea/iaM ne/ioBeKa CTa/ia rnaBHbiM TpyAOM A.M. Co^eHnqbiHa. rfí nMcarenb co3flaji cneuna/ibHbíň *oha b ÜJBGMqapun, «m Hanpaaimnuch> bcg H°Papb. OT ny6AHKaunn «ApxMnenara» b paanbix cTpanax. flem,™ ms aroro 4>oh-fla^nojib30Banncb noAflep>KKH nonnraaKnioMeHHbix n nx cgmgu. ny(°AHaKo BjiacTM BOBce ne Lum* c B03BPa^eM, b™ KaK H3M OÔyCTpOHTb POCCMK)? ^^Bi^p npennoKHna M3flaTb ee ™pa*o»> 27 m= ^ Bck> **3Hb, fla M caMa paôora npeflcraa^mcb eMy Hpe3BHHa«H r--------------------> 91 rJiABA 4 !_Cyflb6bi /iMTepatypbi p^Kofl aMwipauww: «TpeTba BonHa» > Beflb b Hew npeflCKa3biBa/icfl 6yf\yn\m pa3Ba/i CoBeTCKoro CoKm n npeAnara-riMCb nyTM cnpaBe/yinBoro, no mhohuk) nucaiejuR, Teppi/iTopna/ibHoro AeneHnq cTpaHbi n npOBefleHMii HOBbix rpaHnq. KaK pa3BHBaTb o6pa30BaHne, Kyribrypy, 3K0, HOMUKy, oxpaHy 3AopoBba, KaK nocTapaTbca n36e>KaTb HaqnoHa;ibHbix pacnpeŕi — bot o HGM nuca/i 3flecb Co/i)KeHM^iH. Hpe3BbinariHO otbotctbghho OTHecca oh k 3Toň paóoTe: min mmm «HaKOHen, h caM h3öik cTaTbM. Hejib35í OTuaTbca 3aTpenaHHOMy ra3ei-HOMy «3biKy, k KOTopoMy yjKe Tax aepeBHHHO npHBbiK cobctckhh HHTaTejib uojihth-qecKOH jíHTepaTypw. IlHííry co^Hen h apne, b /ryxe xoro BOjmeHHH, 6e3 KOToporo Hejib33 roBopHTb o ceroÄHauiHeň cobctckom oöcTaHOBKe, — m cjihiukom yßjieKc« Bbipa3HTejibH0CTbK> jieKCHKH. „Mbi Ha nocjiejmeivi xjoKaTe" — HacTOJibKO KaracTpo-(J)inHbiM yace Toraa Ka3ajiocb h mhü, KaK mhoitim, cocToaHHe crpaHbi, — h eme He npeflnojiaraji, Kaicne ate 3anacbi pa3Bana naM npe^CToaT». OflHaKO c/iuLUKOM cn/ibHbi 6bmn cTepeoTHnbi npexHero MbiLuneHHH, n paöoTa Co/i)KeHML4biHa He nonynnna Aon>KHoro BHMMaHwa. Bonee toto, TorflaniHnŕí /ínflep CTpaHbi M.C. TopčaneB 3aflBHJi, hto ConxeHnqbiH b cbohx «coo6pa>KeHHflx» Bbidy-naeT KaK ctopohhhk MOHapxnn, xoth b TeKcre 06 stom He rOBopuTca. HeafleKsaT-HOMy npoHTeHUK) 6poLUK)pbi cnocoöcTBOBa/ia n TexHHHecKaa onenaTKa: b Haôope 6b\n yTpaneH BonpocnTe/ibHbiŕí 3H3k b Ha3BaHHit, m TeM caMbiM n3MeHMJiacb TOHa/lbHOCTb — C flUCKyCCMOHHOM Ha flHpeKTMBHyK). B03MOKH0, M 3TO CnpOBOUMpO- Bano oneBMflHoe HenoHUMaHwe nAeŕí nncaTem 3aflep>KKa c B03Bpau4eHneM Ha PoAHHy mviena ne TonbKO TBopnecKue nocnefl-ctbha Ana A.M. CojixeHMMbiHa. MHorne b CTpaHe cHrnann, hto, He BepHyBwncb b Poccmk) MMeHHO TorAa, Ha pyôexe 1980-1990-x, nncaTe/ib ono3Aan BKnioHMTbCfl b aKTMBHyio nonuTMHecKyK) >KM3Hb n o6peK ceôn Ha po/ib 3aTB0pHMKa. CnycTa noHTM 15 JieT A.M. Con>KeHMi4biH oóbncHRji c/iyMUBLueecn TaK: mn ■ «B Pocchm m npe>K£e — a b HbrneiuHeii 3aBep™ ocoöeHHO — BJiHHTb Ha coöhthä, Bee™ MX MOiKeT TOJibKO tot, b qbHx pyKax nOBOßbfl BJiaCTH. M äjih bchko-ro — h äjw Mens, ecjin 6 n ceňwac Hbipnyji Tyna mthobchho, — e^MHCTBeHHbift nyrb noBJiM3Tb — npoÖHBaTbCH k ueHTpy BJiacTH. Ho 3TO MHe — h He no xapaKTepy, h He no jacejiaHHK), h He no B03pacTy. TaK — a He noexaji b momcht HaHBbicuiHx nojiHTHnecKHx oxujxamíPi mchh Ha poflH-He. H yBepeH, hto He oujmöch Tor^a. 3to obrno pemeHHe nHcaTejia, a He noJiMTHKa. 3a nojiHTHMecKoii nonyjinpHocTbio a He raajica HMKorna hh MHHyrbi. Bot ecjiH 6bi „OöycTponcTBo" oôemajio nepeMCHHTb crpaHy - to HeMeiUieHHo! m caMoro 3TOTO OöycTpoMCTBa. OjiHaKO oho npouijio HenpHHHTbiM, HeHyacHbiM. Hero He ^ocrar nepoM, toto ropjioM — He HaßepcTaTb». 27 Ma* 1994 r. «BepMomcKHM 3aTBoPHHK», k3k nasbiBa™ Con)KeHMMb.Ha na aanafle, oKOHnaie^bHO Bepnynca b Pocchkx nepefl penaipua^ePi niicaieiib ieepuJ^ cbokd MHoroTOMHyio anoneio «KpacHoe Ko/ieco», nocBameHHyio TParn-HecKHM cípaHUuaM pyccKO* ucTopiw XX b. Bo3BpameHne Co/ittenuubíHa cia/io ^neííuJMM KynbTypHbíM co6brrneM b hoboíí Poccmm, 3ktom npusHaHK* fleMOKpa-TuqecKHX npeo6pa30BaHHn b dpaHe. npoexaB Ha noesAe no BcePi cípaHe, ot B/ia-nneocTOKa flo MocKBbi, CojDKeHMLjbiH BHAe/i Tonnbi npMBGTCTBOBaBiunx ero nmeu, ^cKpeHHe nuKOBaBiunx no noBOAy B03BpameHkm BbiAatomerocfl pyccKoro nucaie-^ A.H. Co^)KeHMUbiH nbnaeTca ynacTBOBaTb b očmecTBeHHoíí *u3hh, BbiciynaeT B napnaMeHTe, BeflBT uhkji TenenepeAas. Oh no-npexHeiviy He AonycnaeT bo3mo>k- HOCTM COTpyflHklHGCTBa C KOMMyHWCTaMM, HO M pecfiOpMbl npe3MfleHTa B.H. E/lbMM- Ha pewnTeJibHo ocyxAaeT, KaK h paHbiue, nocTOHHHO KpuTUKyeT BnacTb. B cem-só-pe 1995 r. 6bm 3aKpbiT mmkji TejienepeAan CojiweHHUbíHa Ha KaHane OPT. nuca-Te^b TaK n He ciari coio3hmkom BnacTu, 6onee toto, 0TKa3ajicn npnHATb rnaBHyK) rocyAapCTBeHHyio HarpaAy — opAeH AHApea ílepB03BaHHoro. B wypHane «HoBbiíí MMp» nenaTajincb ero nuTepaTypHO-KpiiTMHecKue acce o E.H. 3aMflTMHe, B.C. TpoccMaHe, E.H. HocoBe, KD.M. HamčuHe m APyrnx nucaie-jiíix, oTKpbiBaBLUne nx TBopnecTBO c Hen3BecTH0íí npe>KAe CTopoHbi. OrpOMHblří OÓlAeCTBeHHblíl pe30HaHC Bbl3Bafi AByXTOMHHK A.H. C0Jl>KeHHl4blHa «flBecTH JieT BMecTe». B HeM nwcaTejib BbiCKa3an cboíÍ ezrnnp, Ha 200-jieTHK>K) nc- TOpMIO B3aMMOOTHOliieHHM pyCCKOFO M eBpeííCKOrO HapOAOB. nyÓJlUUUCTUHeCKUÍÍ nacjDOC 3TOM KHurn ocHOBaH Ha coócTBeHHbix MCTopnHecKux w3bicKaHnnx nucaTena. OflHaKO yneHbie-HCTopMKU He npkiHfl/iw MCTopunecKyio KOHuenquK) stočí paóoTbi, oďbhhub nncaTejifl b 3aBeAOMOŇ npeAB3HT0c™, b HaMepeHHOM umopupOBaHnn Tex wctohhukob, KOTopbie npoTHBopeHU/iH ero B3mflAaM. He ocTaBíiaeT A.H. Con-xeHni4biH m coócTBeHHO JwepaTypHoro TBopnecTBa, onyóJiMKOBaB HecKOJibKo «flByxMacTHbix» paccKa30B, HanaTbix eme b BepMOHTe, a TaK*e KHury BocnoMUHa-hmíí «YroAmio 3epHbiiUKO npoMe>K AByx *epHOBOB», craBUJHX CBoeo6pa3HbiM npo-AOnxeHneM khw-h «&0Aancfl TeneHOK c Ay6oM». BnaAMMMp BOMHOBMH CnPABKA HposaKK, cwHapucT, „paMaTypr, nySjnmHCT Bna„KKHp HpncojiaeBHH BoňHOBHH poBincfl b 1932 r. b HymaHSe llwnwl. B Mae 1941 r. o otHo» nepeexan b 3anopo*Be, hotoh « » CTaapoHonBCKO* finneLt o6nac™, t BonoroncKOií o6nacT», b KpuHy, b MocKBe. PaeoTan nacxyxoM, «^e™°M' ™yK" topom paiíMcnonKOMa, penaKTopoM ____________________> 93 rjIABA 4 Cyflböbi /imepaTypbi pyccKoŕi OMnrpaqnn: «Tpetbfl BonHa» > rofla y^MncH b nenarornnecKOM MHCTMTyTe. B apMMM Ha-nan imcäTb ctmxm, 3aTeM nepeiuen Ha npo3y. üepBaa noBecTb «Mbi 3flecB ämbcm» yBMflena cbst b sffypHajie «Ho-BhivL Mnp» b 1961 r. 3aTeM 6hjih onyöjiiiKOBaHH paccKa3&i vi noBecTM «PaccTOÄHne b nonKHnoMeTpa», «Xo^ry 6htb ^ecTHHM», «flBa TOBapuma», «BnaflKraMua», «CTeneHB HOBepMH». B 19 62 r. npMHHT b Com3 nMcaTeneß. Ojmy M3 pexoMeHHaiiiiM eMy nan Bmktop ünaTOHOBiiH HexpacoB, b 1974 r. TaKHce OKa3aBiiniiíc.H b 3MnrpaipiK (b üapirate). B 1968 r. 3a npaB03amnTHy» neHTentHOCTB n caTMpMHe-CKoe M3o6paHteHne coBeTCKOÄ HeücTBMTenbHOCTM b poMaHe «SM3HB M K6 O ÖLIH aÜHBI 6 npHKJIMHeHJlH connaTa HBaHa HOH- KMHa» noflBeprancH npecneflOBaHnaai. B 1974 r. MCKJiM*ieH W3 CoM3a nucaTeneM CCCP. B flexa6-pe 1980 r. npnHyscneH SMwrpHpoBaTB. Xmji b ochobhom b repMdHHH, HSKOTopoe BpsMü — b C1IIA. 3a rpammeo ony6nnKOBaHH khmpm o íOHKHHe, «IlyTeM B3anMHoii nepe-nncKM», «HBaHbKHafla», «manica», «MocKBa 2 042», «AHTHCOBeTCKHH COBeTCKHM COM3», OCTpoyMHHe nteCBI «Tpw6yHan» m «4>mktmbhhm 6paK». npow3BeneHMH Bomhobh-na. nepeseneHH Ha 30 h3bikob. C 1993 r. imcaTejiB StHBeT B MOCKBe. BnaflMMMp BořÍHOBKH, OflUH M3 CaMblX flpKUX COBpeMeHHblX CaTMpMKOB, aKTMBHO BKJHOHMJICa B JIMTepaTypHytO )KM3Hb nepeCTpOeMHOÍÍ POCCMH. BOJlbUJOM o6- LuecTBeHHbiŕí pe30HaHC Bbi3Bann ero HOBbie poMaHbi «3aMbicen», «MoHyMeHTanb-Haa nponaraHfla», n ocoöeHHo cKaHAanbHaa KHkira «üopTpeT Ha cpOHe MHCpa». B Hen B. Bomhobmh nbnaeTCH o6beKTHBHo npoaHann3npoBaTb sbojikdlimk) oömecT-BGHHo-nojiMTMHecKMx B3r/iHflOB A.W. Coji>xeHni4biHa, a TaKxe onpefle/inTb Mecro nncaTe/ifl b iiCTopnn pyccKoň nmepaTypbi. Xota nHbie kpmtmkm ynpeKann Bomho-BMMa b npeflB3aTOCTn, MHorne noflflepxnBann caiviy nfleio ncKpeHHero accencTMMe-CKoro BbipaweHua CBoeŇ no3nqnn n CBoero MHeHna o JwepaTypHbix coöbunflx no-cneAHen TpeTM XX b. BjiaflnMMp Boííhobhh — aBTop 3HaivieHMTOM «necHM KOCMOHaBTOB» («3anpaBJie-Hbi b n/iaHweTbi KocMnnecKMe KapTbi...»), KOTopyio XpymeB BApyr 3anen Ha bck> CTpaHy Ha MaB30/iee bo Bpeivm necTBOBaHH* nepBoro KOCMOHaBTa \Opvm TarapMHa. CaMa Bbicbi/iKa nncaiena conpoBowAa/iacb ApaMaTi/mecKUMM oöcTonTeribCTBa-mm: b oflMH fleHb yMep/in poAHTe/in ero xeHbi, caM oh ncnbrra/1 i^enbm npnciyn 6o/ie3Hn eepflua. OopManbHO oh Bbiexa/i no npnmaiueHMK) BaBapcKoň aKafleMUM ncKyccTB. B TepMaHnn ero n 3acTaji yKa3 n.M. Bpe>KHeBa o jinweHnu coßeTCKoro rpa>KA3HCTBa. I--------------------> 94 tato -jjSTTLCy^b. .nmepaiypw pyccKo* ******* „TDeThfl HncaTe/ib 3a cjiobom b KapwaH He none3- «a Ran aio ero He 6onee h6m c^kuho* rpaMorofi -n^J"*3* He npM3Hat0 " « BPe>KHeBy. - K)pnflHHecKn oh npoTUBosaKOHeH 7^ °H B 0TKpb,T0M ™CbMe ckwm nucareJieM ki rpa*AaHHHOM, TaK m M ocTaHvl nn CKM * KaK 6b,n Pyc-cne Hee. yCb fl0 caM0M CMep™ H ^ no- Byflymi yMepeHHbíM onTUMMCTOM, * He coMHeBafoch m . Bce Baujn yKa3bi, mma^e Hawy 6eAHyK> pWHV ^ J^tw?^^ bp6mehm 6yAyT 0TMeHeHbi». puMMHy ee Ky^bTyPHoro aocto^hma. B 1991 r. cneunaxibHbíM yKa30M M.C. ropóaneBa rpa^aHcreo b h r„- gyjio B03BpameHO. h«*flaMC7B0 b.h. BoHHOBMsy Bo MHomx otholughhhx npopowecK.M OKa3anca ero poMan «MocKBa 2042- (1987). Oamh M3 repoeB khmpu - JleujKa EyKaweB. Bb.Bw™ «higcthagcathuk • ta npnH^TO HaabieaTb HHie/i/iureHTOB, hb* TBopsecKa^ aKTUBHocib 6bma oko**** aTMOcefcepoíí «OTTene/in» paHHux 60-x toaob, cBwaHHbix c OKOHMaie/ibHbíM *3k TorAa Kasa/iocb, pa3BeHHaHU6M KyjibTa jimhhoctu CTajwHa), oh dálnic* M re-Hepa/iOM KrB, i/i «reHnannccnMycoM», npaBmejieM BbiAyMaHHoro B. BoúHOBHseM yTonunecKoro rocyflapcTBa. I/Imghho ByKaiueBy npwHaA/ie>KaT pa3MbiiujieHna o co-BeTCKOM HapoAe: SPI *áfc& ■ «#pyr moh, o KaKOM Hapoae tm roBopnuib? H Boo6me, mto rakoe poií? M ecTb jih BOo6me pa3HHua Meacay HaponoM, Hace/ieuncM, oGmecTiOM, t nOH,HaUHeíl hjih MaCCaMH? H k.3K Ha3BaTbMHJUIHOHbIJllO;ieÍl. KOTOphM HOCTOp*CH- ho 6eryr 3a cbommh cyMacuienuiMMii boxjihmh, hcch mx 6ec4wcjieHHbie noprpena i mmmpysi hx 6e3yMHbie ji03yHrH? Ecjim tu xoneiiib cicá wrb, mio caMoe wyorn hto ecTb cpe^h 3TMX mhjijihohob, 3TO m ecTb Hapoii, to Torna tu jxawen npn jimi HTO HapOfl COCTOHT BCerO M3 HeCKOJlbKMX 4CJ10BCK. Ho CC.1M HapO.l - 3TO CxVlblllMH- ctbo, to a Te6e ao/ixeH CKa3aTb, hto HapoA nnynee o/moro ne.ioKCKa. > iucmi. o moro qejroBeKa mamotckoíi 3aTeeň HaMHoro TpyjiHee, MeM Becb Hapoji», BocnonbsoBaBUJMCb «KOCMonnaHOM», Apy™ řepo* aioro P°M^-J^ Hukhthh Kapuee OTnpaB/iaGTca b óyflymee. na 60 nei ™^ m CaeTAce fiyflyuie nPoB03rnaLueH0 b o= hc^»°™ZZZ* ckom ropofle - MocKopene, Mockobcko, opa ™ ^^HyaHM,TPMMeCKafl nap™ OMMyHMCTMsecKo* pecny6nMK8. njw^^J^^ « CBo,x ocho-r°cyAapcTBeHHOki óesonacHOCTM — KMi d cMbiKanne opTOAOKca^b- ^eueň Mucyca XpucTa. TaK nucaTejib nPeflC^3bnDl/lCBOeHlie eoflbuiewicTCKoŇ H0-KOMMyHMCTHHecKMX m 4ePKOBHb.x fle«TeiieM. np.cBoen ^eojiorneří KaHOHOB npaeocAaBU^. D0MaHe BoííHOBHMa b cTpyKTypo- nfi HapoAupoBaHne M3 nPneMa npeepamaeicm mCaw«*o* acTem- ^PaaVKHMMií npMHUHn, CTaHOBMTCfl KAKOHOM K nOCTWK _______---> 95