PyccKüH Jiumepamypiiew KpumuKa _WHl-ncmajia XX eexa 1 B OtiptMC.ICMHM TpeX MCTOMHMKOB MCTHHHOH n033HM IbrOJlb, no BCeň BH- ;immocth, oiiMpaeTC» Ha nosHUHK) H.M. KapaM3HHa, KOTopwň noüoßnbiM 06-pa«3M onpeac.iM.i naiafla hckohhoíí pyccKOÍÍ o6pa30BaHHOCTH. 1 Pcsb HjicT 06 «Oae 6^a>KeHHbifl naMHTH íbcyflapbiHe MMnepaTpnue Anne KOMNOMM na noôcay Hafl TypKaMH h TaTapaMH h Ha B3HTHe XoTHHa» (1739) M.B. JloMOHocoBa. 1 11 n i .11.1 H3 nocjiaHHH A.C. riyiiiKHHa «)KyKOBCKOMy» (1818). 'ÄanHoe cyjtcaeHHe IbrojiH hbho nepemiHicaeTCH co cthxotbopchhcm ľlyiii-Klina «3xo» (1831). 5 ľloflpa lyMCBaioTCfl «rioBecTH EejiKMHa» ľlyujKHHa (1831) * «McTopHH cena TopioxHHa* riyuiKHHa (1830) npH nepBoií nyGflHKanMn b «CoiipL'MCHiiHKC» (1837) hoch/m na »Banne «PyKonHCb cefla lopoxHua». «Uap-CKHH apan» - HeotcoHieuHbifi poMan 1 IyiiiKitiia «Apan ľleTpa BaiHKoro» (1827). ' PcMHHHCiicHUHH M3 81.I.UIM poM3Ha b CTHxax «EßreHHÜ OHeran» A.C. ilyiij-Klina: A nepefl hum Boo6pa*eHbe Cboh necTpwň MeweT cpapaoH. * BflanHOM c/iywae R>ro;ib cjieayeT 3a rojikouaiuicM. KOTopoe aaji pyccKowy ciuiaflyyvta M.M. CucrHpeBbKHHre«PyccKHebcbohxnocjioBHuax»(M., 1832). BHCCAPHOH rPHrOPbEBHH 6E/1HMCKHH (181 1 — 1848) riJETA TE.ÍECKOII1Í. É BJ. Ec/IIIHCKHH 6blJl CbllIOM (J)flOTCKOrO Bpa'ia h BiiyKOM cbmiiichhhkh. noenc BblXO-aa b OTCTaBKy oTua ccMb« nocejiwiacb b npo- HHIUlHä/lbHOM IOpoaKC MeMÖap ľlCH 3CHCKOH ryoepuMii. Okohmhb rieH3cncKoe yinnHiuc, a 33TCM rHMHa3HK), BCJIHHCKMII CT3J] CTyilCH-TOM CVIOBCCMOrO OTACJICHHH (})H;iOCO(|)CKOrO (JiaKy^bTCTa MocKOBCKoro ynHBcpcHTCTa (1829-1832). B 1832 r. oh 6un hckjiiomch H3 yiiHBcpciiTCTa «no onaGoMy smopoBMO H npii- TOM no OrpaHHMCHHOCTH CnOCOÖHOCTCH». B 1833 r. Bc/ihhckhh cG/ih3h;ich c Kpy>KKOM CľaHKeBH'ia, na'iaji 3HaKOMHTbCH c ncMeu-Koft loiaccM'iecKori (punococpHCH, r;iy6oK0 ""•» HiynaTb 3CTeTHicy h Teopmo caobcchocth. JlHTcpaTypnaH aeHTe^bnocTb BcnmicKoro b KaMCCTBc ncpcBo/i'iiiica, pc-ucH3CMTa h KpHTHKa Hanaiacb b acypHane H.H. Haacxamia «TcflccKon» b 1834 r. Ero kphthmcckhm acöioTOM crafl uhiüi «JlHTcpaTypiiuc Mcrra-HHH (3flCTHH b npo3e)» (1834). Bccro3a flBac HcôoflbuiHM rcyia onoiiyô- JlHKOBafl TaM CBblllie 100 CTaTCH, DCUCH3HH, oC)30pOB, MMCTOK. B cTaTbc «0 pyccKoŕí tlOBCCTM h noBCCTHx r. ľbro;in» (1835) Bcamhc-KHH noiibiTa^cH caonaTb buboam o pycCKott jíHTcpaTypc ti ncKyccrec b UMOM, noapo6nooxapaKTcpn30Bantbop'icctbo A. BccTy*CBa-Map;iMH-CKoro, H. nojieBoro, H. naBJíoBa, H.Jla*ciHHKOBa. M. SarocKMua. am rfly6oKnií H oöTjC kth bi i i >i i i aHa/iH3 tbopmcctbíi ľoroAH - linearen« «*h j- HMaCHCTBHTCflbHOM» H OÖTjHBHA CIO r.iaBOii HOBOH pyCCKOH flHTCpaTypbl HiaBHue flocTOHHCTBa JiHTcpaTypbi im» Mononoro IQMRMBi - ncpiiocn. •ICHCTBHTC.IbHOCTH H HapOflHOCTI». ff^MHOHIMMIB ■XNOl nJ\H IlOHM-MaHHH HOBblX npHHUHnOB AypHaflHCTHKH H KpMTHKH BMMMBOBO CTMÄ erocraTbH «Hhmto o hmmcm» (1835) - nepBHl* onwT roAOBoro 06»pa. B 1836 r. 3a nyoViHKauMio .(pHAoccKpMwccKoro nncbMa» n.H. Maa-JacBa «TcviecKon» 6wa 3aicpbiT h Bcahhckhh oKaiaAC» hc y nen: nu-Taflc» rae-TO npncTponTbCH, HanHcaji yic6nnK no rpavtMaTMKC, npc-noaaßaj] pyccKHü h3uk b Kohct3hthhobckom mcjkcbom HMCTUTyre. B 1838 r. oh Hanaji paĎOTatb b xypHanc «Mockobckhh iiaöaioAaTCflb». 447 PyccKdH AumepamypHiiH Kfiutmuet _XVIII — HamiAa XX HI. 1,1 II f IK K11 If rač cran BcayuiMM kpmtmkom. iloc/ie npcKpameHH« H3ä3hhh «Moc-kobckoio na6jnoflaTc;iH» b 1839 r. Bcjimhckhh 6biJi iipMDiawcH b ľle-Tcp6ypr A.A.KpaciKKHM b ripno6peTeHHbiií h peopraHH30BanHbitt hm xypna^ «Ore'iecTBeHHbie 3anncKH». B «OTenecTBeHHbix 3anHCKax» obům onyGjíHKOBaHbi cTaTbH KpHTHKá o ľlyuiKHHe, JlepMOHTOBe, Ibro-;ie, rojioBuc o6o3pe»MH JiMTepaTypu c 1840 no 1845 n, hmcbujhc npo-rpaMMHOC 3HalicHne juih ocMbícneHHH coBpevieHHoro eMy JiMTepaTyp-noro npouecca h BbipaôoTKH npnHUnnoB peajiMcnmecKoií sctctmkh. Bna-ia/ic 1846 r. Bcjihhckhm yiiieji H3 «OTeiiecTBCHHbix 3anncoK» H3-3a imciíHbix n Ä&noBbix kohko xynojKCCTBenHoc, cKo;ibKo yienoe, KOTopoc oTpa3HJiocb h Ha ero no- 3HH, ItC.'k'.'IC I BHC CTO JIOXHblX nOHHTHH 06 HCKyCCTBC CmibHUH aB- TopHTCT ero 6e3aapHbix nocjieaoBaTc/ieti, h3 kohx MaBHCMiuMMM f>u.in CyMapoKOB m XepacKOB, nojuiepaca* h npo;icwi*HJi jto nanpawienMc He HMefl HM MCKpbl l'CHMH JlOMOHOCOBa, 3TH JHOAH HíWIbaOBa^HCb MC MCHbUJHM H Cíne MyTb m HC ÔOJIbUJMM, 'leM OH, aBTOpMTCTOM m coo6- mmiM lOHOii ^HTcpaType xapaKTep mnotcejio-nedoHmuHecKuu. CaM ücp-ucaBHH ian;iaTmi, k HecnacTMio, cahujkom 6o^bujyio aanb jroMy Ha-iipaHnenMio, wpe3 >ito mhoio noBpeaH/i m cboch caMoGuthoctm m cboc-My ycnexy b noroMCTBe. BaieacTBHe 3toto HanpaaneHMH ^HTcpai-ypa pai/itrimiacbna «oüy» h «3nH'iecKyio, himko iepon riOTOM TO^bKO M OHblUIHO 6bU10, K3K H3111 H JllipilKH, yniWÜHil, Oih- nenueM, no m.ip.i/KĽ 11 n io oaHoro H3 hhx, b cbomx iTWMoiviacHUx ouix BjanycKH 3acTaBJiH^n mmcambpeKu u CKOKambxomu... 3ro 6buio Mau-Hoe, xapaKTcpHCTHMCCKoe HanpaBjícHHe; ciuc Toraa *e m iiocjic 6u;ih h apyrne, xoth h He cTOJib cHjibUbie: KpwiOB poxian TbMy 6acnoiiMcucB, OlCpOB - TpamKOB, ^KyKOBCKHÍÍ - Ga/UiajlMCTOB, BniOlIlKOB - 3JIC- rwcTOB. Caobom, Kaxabiií 3aMeiiaTe^bHbiH Tanairr 3acraM>ui luiHcan. noa cboio nynay mmm 6e3aapnbix nHcaTCJieíí. Eme bck ™*cjioro cxo- I.K I II 11II i\l.i HC KOHMHJICH, CIUC OH 6bU\, K3K rOBOpHTCH, BO BCCM CIKK'M piurapc, KaK KapaM3HH ochobm HOByio uiKoay, aan aiiTcpaTypc hoboc HiinpaiuícHHc, KOTopoe, Biia>iane, orpaHMHMJio cxojiacTiiiiHJM, a bhoc-acacTBHH coBcpuieuHo yöHJio ero. Bot iTiíiiiiuiH h itc.'in'i.i(iuian 3aoiyra 3TOrO HaiipaBJICHHfl, KOTOpOC GblJIO HyttHO H nOACJHO K3K pcaKUHH H BpcAHo KaK HanpaBjícHHe noxHoe, KOTopoc, cflc^aBuiH cboc ncno, TpcGoBano, b cboio 0'icpc.ab, cn^bHoŕí peaKUHH. flo npHMHiic oipoMno-ro h flccnoľHMccKoro bahxhhh KapaM3Hna h MHOTOCTOpoHHrefl ero flHTepaTypnoňaeHTe^bnocTH, hoboc HanpaBncHHcao^roTflroTc^o h naa HCKyccTBOM, m HdR nayKoií, h nan xofloM nncí\ h ofiiuccTBCHHoro o6pa-•OBaiiHH. XapaKTep 3Toro HanpaßJtCHH» coctoha b cenmuMeiimaibHoc-mu, KOTopa« 6bwa oahoctopohhhm OTpaxeHHCM xapaicrepa CBponcHC-Kofl ^HTcpaTvpbi XVIII BeKa. B to bpcmh, Koraa 3TO cenmuMcnma.iMoe "anpaortCHHc 6bmo bo bccm UBCTy cbocm, )KyKOBCKMH bbc^ .iHTcpa- TypHblH MUCmUUU3M, KOTOpblíí COCTOH^ B Meimame.lbHOCmU. COCAM- "CHiioH c jio)KHbiM (J)cinmacmuwcKUM, ho KOTopwň, b caMOM-To utne, 6W.1 HC >ITO HHOe, KaK HeCKO-UbKO B03BbllllCHHblH, y.iy'INICHHWH m nofl- HORncHHbiii cenmuMeHmajiu3M, » xoth nopoJiH^ TbMy oeinapnwx noa-Pa*aTeacH, ho 6biJi bcjihkhm uiaroM Bnepeji*. C no iohmhu BToporo h HMeio b BKay HanpaBJíeiiMe, npoHiBc.iemmc hm na .iktc-I^Typy. a hc oucHKy ero /iHTcpaTypHwx 3acnyr. pa3yMC» ero 6ajuiuM m mh.ioc mmc-0 0PHr'iHaflbHbix ntec, a He ncpcBonbi booôiuc, kotopumm iiauia .iiiTcpnyp* no c"PaBC^HBOCTM rOpüHTCH. - (ľlpUM. iwmopu) { 448 449 PyccKOH Aumepamypuan tcpu»,,,, _XVIII liata jig XX \ |)| I.I.IIIIK KHÍ1 flCCMTMJICTMH XIX BCK3 COBepWCHHO KOHHMJiaCb 3T3 OHHOOÔpajHOCTb R naupaBJícHHH TBop'iecKoíí fleHTe^bHOCTH: JíHTepaTypa p336ex3aacb no paJHUM aoporaM. Xoth orpoMHoe bjihhhhc ľlyiiJKHHa (KOTopuii, cica-xcm MHMOXoaoM, cocTaBJíHeT, Ha nycTbiHHOM HeôocicriOHe Haujeň au-IMNrrypU, b m cctc c fle pxa b m h bi m h rpn6oenoBbiM, noKseanHCTBeimoc nojTM'iccKoc cojBC3flne, GaecTHmee mu BeKOB) h 3TOMy nepMoay Ha-ujcH cnoBccHOCTH cooöuiMao KaKoíi-TO o6wmm xapaKTcp, ho, Bo-nep-Bbix,caM llyuiKHH ôbiji camuKOM pa3HOo6pa3CH BTOHax h (J)opMaxcbohx lipOHJBCilCHHÜ, [10TOM, BJIHHHHC CTapblX 3BT0pMTCT0B CHIC HC nOTCpH-JIO CBOeft CHJIbl, H, HaKOHCU, 3H3KOMCTBO C CBpOnCÍÍCKHMH JíHTcpaTy- paMH noKa3ano HOBUe poaw n hobhA xapaKTep HCKyccTBa. BMcere c nojMoii nyuiKiiHCKOH) noHBHJiHCb — poMaH, noBecTb, ^pa.Ma, ycnatiaacb saern« m ne 6buiH 3a6biTbi — 6ai^aaa, ona, 6acHH, asxe c3M3h sKaora m MiliumHH. TcnepbcoBceM He to: Tenepb bch HswaaMTepaTypa npeiipaTiiaacbB pOMSM m noBCCTb. Oiia, siiHMecKaa no3M3, 63üJiaU3, 6acHH, aaxc ran na3biBacMaH, müh, ayMiue cKa3aTb, Ta k Ha3biBaBUjaflCH poMunmimecKa» noma, nosMa nyuiKUHCK.au, 6biB3ao naBoaHflBiiiaH m iioToruiHBinaH iiaím iíHTepaTypy, — Bce sto Tenepb hc 6oabLue, k3k BocnoMHHaHHC o Ká- KOM-TO BCCCilOM, HO iiaBHO MHHyBUICM BpCMCHH. PoMaH BCe yÔHil, BCC noraoTHa, a noBecTb, npHUje/miaH BMecTe c hmm, H3raaaHaa aa*c h Ciieiibi Bcero SToro, h caM poMaH c no-ľreHHeM nocTopoHimcH m aaa cfi iiopory BncpeaM cc6h. <...> B WM xe 3aKJiio>)aeTCH npMMHHa stom o6iucií noTpcÔHOCTii, aToro rocnoiicTByiouicro iiyxa BpcMeHH, KOTopbie Bce /iHTepaTypu noaBcan noii (Jiop.wy poManoB h noBecTen? ľl033HH ÄByMH, TaK CKa3aTb, CnOCOÖaMM OÔTjCMJieT M BOCnpOH3BO" AMT HBiicHMH XH3HH. 3th cnocoôbi npoTHBonoaoaaibi oiiMH apyrouv XOTH BCiiyr ic oíihom uean. ÍIost hum nepeco3iiaeT >KH3Hb no coôctbch-HOMy Miicaiiy, 33BHCHiiieMy ot o6pa3a ero B033pcnM» Ha Bemn, ot cio OTHOĽJCHHii K MHpy, K BCKy H HapOJiy, B KOTOpOM OH XHBCT, HJ1H BOC" npoM3BOiiHTee bo Bceň cc HaroTe m hctmhc, ocraBsacb BcpeH bccm noa-poöHocTHM, k p.u' K.i m m oireHKaM ee ÄCiícTBHTejibHOCTM. ľlo3TOMyno-33HIO mo)kho pa3.uejiHTb Ha üBa, Ta k CKa3aTb, OTjj.eaa — na udewibHyio* peajibHyto. <...> TpyuHo 6biao 6bi pciiJHTb, KOTopoň H3 HHX jjoaxHO oTiiaTb npc HMymecTBO. MojKeT 6biTb, KaamaH m3 hmx paBHa apyroň, Koriia yaou-iieTBopacT yc iDiin h m TBopwccTBa, to ecTb Koraa udewwHan rapMOHiiP) eT c MyBCTBOM, a peaibnaa — c hcthhoio npeacTaBaHeMoM ckd *h3HH Ho KaxeTCH, ito nocaeanHH, poaiiBLusacsi BcaeacTBiie ayxa Hauie"10 450 noaoxHTeabiioro bdcmchm, 6oaee yaoaaeTBopHCTcro rociioacTHyioiucH^ llOTpcClIOCTM. BlipO'lCM, 3ÜCCb MHOľO 3H3MMT H MHilHBMiiyailbHOCTb HKy- ca. Ho, KaK 6u to hm 6bmo, b Haine iipcMH Ta m iipyra« panno bojmox- Hbl, paBHOÜOCTynHbl M nOHMTHbl BCCM; HO, CO BCCM 3TMM, HOC.ICatlHH ecu. no npcHMyuiccTBy no33Hn Hauiero bpcmchm, 6oíicc (iohhih.ui m AOCTynHafl íui« Bcex h Kaxaoro, 6oaee coraacHan c ayxoM m noTpcÖHo- CTHK) HaillCIO BpCMCHM. <...> Mtuk. (|)opMa m yciioBMH poMana yiioOnec íuih iiojthmcckoio upca-cTaBaciiMH 'icaoBCKa, paccMaipMBacMoro b othoiuchmh k oôiucctbch-hoh a n u i n. m bot, MHe K3)KCTCH, TaiíHa ero HcoôwKHOBciiHoľo ycncxa, croĎciycjioBiioro BJiaabmccTBa. Ho noBecTb? Ee 3H34chmc, Taiina cc BaaabľiccTBa, Tcncpi, accrio- TH'ICCKOľO, CBOCHp3BHOrO, HC TCpnHUlCIO COllCpHM'ICCTBa? HtO THKOC M flau McrosTa noiiccTb, 6c3 KOTopoü KH11KK3 xypnaaa ecTbTO xc, froöbui 6bJ MCJ10BCK B OÔUieCTBC 6C3 C3H0r H TdJICTyKa, 3T3 ÍIOBCCTb, KOTOpy» TC- ncpi, Bcc iinuiyT h bcc mmtsiot, KOTop3H BouspM^acb m b Ďyayapc cbctc- KOÍl KBHIIIHHbl M Ha ÍIHCbMCHHOM ČTOUC SariMCHOľO yiCHOlO, H3K0HCH, Tra noBCCTb, KOTopa« K3K 6yďľo BbiTccHMii3 caMbiH poMaH?.. Koraa-To H rac-To ôbiao npcKpacHO ck333H0, 1ito *noeecntb ecmt, wuioa ui focnpe ôe.ibiiou noíMM, cydeô He/ioeeieacux». 3to o'icnb itcpno; aa, noBCCTb — paciianiiiHiicH h3 msctm, HaTbicH'iM 'lacrcii, poM3H; raaiw Bbipiwunan Ma poMana. <...> EcTbcoöbiTHH, ccTbcay'ian, KOTopwx, TaxcxaiaTb, iicxna-Tnao 6bi Ha apaMy, hc CTaao 6i>i na po.wan, ho KOTopuc rayooKM, koto- PblC BOaHOM MrilOBCHMM C0CpCa0T0'IHB3IOTCTOabKO AH )HI1, CKOabKO HC MmiITb CC B BCK3: noBCCTb aOBMT MX M 3aiCaiOMaCT B CBOH TCCHblfl paMKH. EC (popwa MOJKeT BMCCTHTb B CC6c BCC, 'ITO XOTHTC, - M .'ICI'KIIM O'ICpK upaitoB, n KoaKyio capK3CTHiiccKyio H3CMCujKy naa 'icaoitcKOM m oGuíc-ctbom, h rayöoKoe T3HHCTBoayiuM, m ACCTOKyio Hrpy CTpacTcíi. <...> HTaK — MapaHHCKHii, Ohocbckhü, noroaMH, HoacBoii, HaiLioß. ľoroab — 3aecb noaHbiM Kpyr hctopmm pyccKoii hobcctm. — rioa-»uii, mo)kct 6biTb, wcpccMyp iioaHbiií; ho h roBopna laccb o bccx noBC-cthx, b K3KOM 6bi to HH ôbiaoOTHOUJCHHM (ípiiMCMaTcabHUX, a 3Ta npii- ^CMaTCabHOCTb COCTOHT He B OaHOÍÍ XyaOACCTBCHHOCTH, HO M BO BOC-MCHH I10HB.1CHHH, H BO II. DIU II HII. XOpOUJCM Witt flypHOM, Ha ailTCpaTy- Py. H b ôoabuicH nan MCHbincii CTcncHH TaaaHTa, H. h3kohcu, b c3mom xapaKTcpc h H3Hp3Bacniiii. 111 m \ic i ii hli 11 h i.iľ MHOK) aBTopu aoa*Hbi 6blTb ynOMHHyTbl B HCTOPMM pyCCKOlí nOBCCTM, no BCCM 3TMM OTHOUJC- hh«m, h cyTb HCTHHHbie ee npcacT3BMTcaH. OapyrMX, KOTopwx mhoto, WCHb MHOľO, yM;LTlHB3K), MÖO, npH BCCX CBOMX aOCTOHHCTBaX. OHM HC KacaioTCH npcaMCT3 Mocii cTSTbii, h noTOMy ncpexoxy k Toroaio. <...> 451 HHKO/TAH A/IEKCEEBHH HEKPACOB (1821—1877) COBPEMEHHMKT) 1857 A? I miiAPi. H.A. HeKpacoB Boineji b HCTopiaooi MeCTBCHHOH JIHTepaTypbl He TO/lbKO K3KK J1HKHM n03T, HO H K3K OpraHH3aT0p.iyiL, ^HTepaTypHbix chji, M3/j,aTe/ib xypm «CoßpeMeHHHK» (1846—1866) h «Otc (1850), b KOTopoňoH yKa3ajT Ham cnpaBcjuiHBo 3a6biT 3aMeqaTejibHbiM nosT, aBTop tpHJiocoie, nayMHbie, KpHTHHecKHe nyöjiMKauHM pasJWMHbix xypHiW e rn He> Hauja/imepaTypa, B03iiiiKiiiaH h yKpcnuniiiaHCH BcaMoc Koponcoc BpcMH, Haxo/niTCH yxc na tou crcncuH, Koi/ia míhiuiuh ipopMa momm taCTCH HC flOCTOHHCTBOM, a yCJIOBHCM HCOftXO/lMMUM. <...> HCCKO.II.KO /iCTTOMy najaji npii ohchkc ;niTcpaTypnoro mpohibcjichmh npcauic hccio oßpauuuiii iiHHMaiiiic 11a c/ior, riOTOMy mto xopoiiníH c.ioi ftu.i hmciiii CM pCJIKHM I TCnepb XC riO'ITtl HC lOBOpHT O CJlOrC, nOTOMy «ITO BCC I1H-IU>t6oJ1CC H JIM MCHCC XOpOHIO. HyiUKIIH H.'lcpMOHTOB.lOTaKOftCTCne- mm ycBOH/iH naiiJCMy HibiKy cTHXoTBopiiyKi opMy, «rro iiaimcaTb tc- IICpi. MaJICHbKOC CTHXOTBOpCHHC CyMCCT BCHKHH, M8J1CIOU1HH B HCKO-TOpOH CTCnCHH MCX3HH3MOM HlblKa; H I10TOMV MäílKOCM. M lipaBM.1l. nocTb CTMxa hc coctsmhiot yjKC 11 nanic bdcmh hm MajiCHiiicro jiocto- HMCTBa, a Ta K KaK CTMXOTBOpiiaH (J)0p\ia HClipCMCHHO CTCCHHCT ailTOpil. nc BMKynan HC/iocTaTKOB cm nponiBcacmiH, to bcci.mü iiohhtho. mid npoia, 6onee /locrynnaH no (Jiopsíc, npcACTaBJiHCT 6o.icc npocropa cro yMy. B3Mnay na bciuh h na6^ioaaTCJibHOCTM, na Koropuc oftpaftotan HOCTI. H3blKa HC HMCCT IUIHHHMH H KOTOpblC COCTaMHlOT HCOTbCMflC-MyiO, ^HMHyiO lipMHajlJlOKHOCTb nHCaTC^H... Bot r/iaiman npíľniiia, noMCMy hct ctmxob noofiinc Romcmv hct xopouíMx cthxob, TOMyapyra« ripn-iMna: HCTnorni'iccKiixTMaHTOBWiH HXCJ1HU1K0M ManO H OHH T8K>KC o6paTH.1MCb K lipoiC < ' ľcilcpi. »11(1 xa no/iojKHTejibHan. KaxKuA -IMTCpaTOp cctcctbchho xomct mimcii. "aiiöo^biiiyio Bbirony H3 CBOcroTanartTa, a npii bcco6ihcm paBiio,iyuiMn KCTHVIM II lipu HCIIOJMOXHOCTH MHOľO llHCaTl.ťlHV.lMM. KOHC'lllo. H|V. a npcncTaaiHeT 6oace yaoôcTB b jtom othouichmm <...> M coiHaBau. ""o b Matne iipc m h tojimco no3TH'iccKHH Ta-iairr. pamihift iiyiiiKiiiu k«> My, Mor 6u aocraBHTb aBTopy h CaaBy h Renbiu, oh ripcflno'iMTacr pac nopunwTbCH iiHaie: no3THMCCKyio ncKpy cboki pa iboamt om na mhojkc-CT*o npoiaH'iecKHx craTCH; oh nnujcT noBcem, peueinuM, (J)CJtbrroMU h. naiyia» aa hhx c xnaeHbi. <...> HecMOTpa Ha 3araaBne HauíMX CTaTeň («PyccKHe «mopocm«-nemibie noSTH»), mu peiiiHTeabHO othochm Ta^aHT r. O. T—ßa k p>c-ckhm nepBOCTeneHHbiM no3TM'iecKHM TajiarrraM n noBTopneM to.uko iaccb Hauie coxaaeHwe, mto oh Hanncaa cjihujkom Majio. <...> 3aicaio'iHM HamycruTbioxejiaHHeM, moöbi CTHXOTBopenMn r.O.T.6bun n laanid orae^bHo: mm MoxeM pynaTbcn, hto 3Ty MaaeubKyio khidkcto KiUK/lblH JIlOOHTCJlbOTCieCTBeHHOH JIMTepaTypbl nOCTaBHTBCBOeiiOHfrlMO- TĽKepHAOM c jiymiMMH npoiuBeaeHMHMH pyccKoro no3TMiiecKoro reHHH nPHMEHAtlHH Biii-piiMc ony6;iHKOB;iHo b xypHaae «CoBpeiueHHHK» (1850, N?l). ľlciaia CTCH c coKpauicHHHMH no inaaimio: HeKpacoe H.A. riojiH. co6p. COH B 15t. -T. 11. —JI.", 1990. 1 HcKpacoH npiiBojiMT b craTbe CTMXOTiiopeHMH üCMCTBMTe/ibHO BTopocrcncH-iiwx II03TOB - r. H.Cn. (no3ra H. Cnnraa30Ba), H.CoaH-na (BACojiohmuhiu -nojra n iicpcBoamiKa), r. JlHiaitaepa (KOK Mo^oflbix moneto, yßjic- 'ICHMblX HilCHMM COUHajIbHOH CnpaBCiUlHBO- CTH h npco6pa30BanHH MHpa. B 1834 r. mho-mc H3 i m v obrnu apecTOBaubi, b 1835 r. Teplicu 6bui Bbicvian b ľlepMb «noacTporoc na- dlK);iCHHC Ha'UUIbCTBa», 33TCM IICPCBCACH B BwTKy h TO^bKo Hepc3 TpH roaa no xonaTari-aBy B.A. yKvKOBCKoro eMy pa3pcujH^H nc-pCCtnHTbCH bo B/iaoMMMp. HaHHiiaflc 1840r. [^pueHCOTpyaHHHaa B^ypna^c «Oic-icctbchhijc uiiiHCKM» noa hccbuohhmom McKaiwep, rac 6w\h onyGanKomiiM cro nopiibíc xy/ioxecTBeHHbie npon3BCiieHHfl: «3ariHCKH oanoro Moaoaom HcioBCKa» (1841 —1842), hobcctm «floKTop KpynoB» (1846) h «('opo-u-BopoBKa» ( 1846 ), poMaH «Kto BHHOBaT?» (1847). B HHBape 1847 r. TepueH c ceMbcíí yexaa bo Opanunio, hc oconia-MH, mto noKHjiacT poüHHy HaBceraa. B 1850 r. oh otbcthji otkbwm h» TpCÖOBaHHC IipaBMTCJlbCTBa B03Bp3THTbCH B POCCHK) H, lipVtHHB IIIBCH- uapcKoc rpaxcnancTBO, CTaa noaHTii'iecKMM 3MHrpaino\i BneMaTJiCHMM OT BCTpC'IH C pCBOaiOUHOHHOŕi EBponoíí H MyOOKHH ayXOBHblH KpH nie "HcaTcao Hamaw OTpaxeHwe b ero «ÜHCbMax H3 OpamiHH h Ht&ihm» (1847—1852), UHKjie «C Tora 6epera» (1847-1850) h iipyrMX npoMiK-iCHHHx. Haeaau couHaabHovi cnpaBcaviMBOCTH, jihmhoh cboooäu, Kyab-i?PHoro nporpecca, BaoxHOBaHBiune TepueHa. b neHcTBMTCabHocTM "•uuaancbyTonHeii. 3a paJO-iapoBaHMCM b npcacHHx Haeaaax nocicao-w^a aHMHaa apaMa: oh noTepaa MaTb, Maaauiero cwna n *cny. Bciio-M»na« coobiTHH 1847-1852 rr., TepueH nncaa: «Bcc pyxiiy^o - oOuicc h "lacTHoe, CBponciicKaH pcBoawuHH m aoMauJHHÍi KpoB. CBoOoaa Miipa m iHMHoe CHacTbe». B Haqaae 50-x rr. rmcaTeab o6paT»wcfl k mucium o Pt*CMM - crrpaHe, chocoöhoh opraHimccKH bociipmhiiti, jivmuihc aoe-WWHHH MHpOBOH KyabTypbi h nporpcccHBHUC noaHTH-iecKHc WICH, og 517 PyccKüH JiumepamypnaH Kpumm pyccKOM napoae, xHByweM caMo6biraoH «oöiuhhhom» XH3Hbio. Ho boč noHHMaHHc oTCMecTBeHHOíí HCTopMH Hauiao OTpaxeHne Bero pa- ÔOTC «0 paíBMTHH pCBOahOUHOHHblX VÍRtVl B POCCHH» (1851), Tue 3Ha- •iHTC/ibHoe BHMMaHHC 6buio yaeaeHO p33bhtmk) nporpeccMBHoit oöujc ctbchhom Mbic^H, a TaioKe aaHbi apKHe nopTperbi nHcaTcneii, Kpimi KOB, oömecTBCHHbix aeHTeaeň: ľlyuiKMHa, JlepMOHTOBa, Ibrojwi, 4aa-aaeBa, Bc/iMHCKoro m apyrax. Ocenbio 1852 r. TcpueH BMecTe c ceMbefi nepeexaa b JIohüoh, ran 1853 r. ocHoiuui BoabHyio pyccKyioTOnorpa(J)HK) (b 1865 r. - nepeBcic na b LU Be ii napu K)), a b 1855 r. npnerynna k H3aaHHK) aibMaHaxa «llo-;inpnaH jBcaaa». Ha oôJioxKe anbMaHaxa 6braH H3o6pa>KeHbi npajin.™ hutu KajHCHHbix acKaôpncTOB, a nporpaMMHoií ue/ibio - «pacnpocr-paiicHHe b Pocchh CBo6oflHoro o6pa3a Mbicaeii». C 1857 r. TepueHH OiapcB npMCTyľiHjiH k Bbinycicy ra3eTbi «Kojiokoji», Ha 10 JieTaaBUJCn 1 Lim i i>i m peBOjiiouHOHHbiM neqaTHbiM opraHOM. «KoaoKoa» buxo/jw I- 2 pa3a b MecHuc 3nnrpacpOM «Vivos voco!» — «3oBy >KHBbix!», a 3aTeM «3cm-au h bo/ih», mo OTpaxaao counaabHO-noaHTMwecKHe naearibi us.wc ncPi. nocaeaHne roau >kh3hm IepueH npoaoaxaa paöoTy Haa r/iaBHUv TpyaoM cBoeü >km3hh — khhi-oh «Ebiaoe h ayMbi», HanaTofi eine b hi Mane 1850-x rr. B neu cnHTe3npoBaHbi naeiiHbie noncKM h xyaoxeaBcii Hbie OTKpbiTHfl nHcaTcaa h nyôjTHUHCTa, 0Tpa3HBUJnecH bo Bcex cto Kpynubix npoH3BeaeHHHx. CMepTbnoMemajia repueHy saBepLUHTbcno* Klímy. On ckohhcUich b napHxe b Hanaae 1870 r. O i>kchhh cto-mo iipaBHTCJTbCTBo; OTHbme paaoM c hhm naeT übophhctbo. <• ■> BcKope nocjie bohhu b oöiuecTBCHHOM mhchhh oôHapyxmacb 6o.ii>-DM iiepcMCHa. iBapfleiícKHe m apMeňcKHe cxpwuepbi, xpaöpo noncraai«»-mne rpyab noa HenpHHTeabCKHe nyan, 6biaH yxs He tok noKopHbi, Hei» cioBop-iHBbi, KHK npeacK. B oömecTBe craan nacro npoflBJíflTbca pwuap-kmc 'ivBCTBa MecTM n aHMHoro aocTOHHCTBa, HeBeaoMbie ao Tex nop p>«^' apHCTOKpaTMH aneoeiicKoro nponcxoxaeHna, BO3HeceHH0íí Haa Hapa** Mn.iocTbiorocyaapeH. Braxe BpeMaaypHoeynpaaneHne, npoaaJKHOCTb-nf HOBHI1KOB, nojnmcíicKHíi rHeTCTíuiH Bbi3biBaTbBceo6uinH ponor CaM canap *caaa yaynueHHŕi, ho He 3Haa, KaK npHcrynMTb k hmm. <• <...> 518 A.M. TEPUEH Jlioan jncprM'iHbie n cepbC3Hbie hc craan xjiim, oKon'ianMH jthx HCCOblTO'lllblX lipOCKIOM, OHM yaOHjlĽTBOpMJlMĽb CMyiMUM IRMOIKUI. ciiioM h nocTapaiiHCb BOcnoab30BaibCH hm iio-HHoMy. Ohm kuvvixui coiaaTb óojibinoe Tanitoc oöuicctbo. 3to o6uicctbo ao;i*iio 6biao ja- iiiM.II Iii >l HOJIMTMMCCKMM BOCIlHTaUMCM MOaoaOľO IIOKO/ICHMM, paCII(X)- cipaHHTb naem CBOöoabi h TiuaTc^bno M3yiaTb c^oauum iwnpoc paaw-KiUibHoii h noaHOH pc(|)opMi>i o6pa3a npau/ieHHH b Píkcmh. Hcyaouoab-ciiioHaiiuiHci. oanoM aHiubTeopucn, ohm b to yne h|K'mh optánu mna m CHOC OÖIUCCTBO TaKMM OÖpa30M, HTOÖbl BOCHOWbJOBaibCH HCpilblM yflOÖ- iii.im c^yiacM m MOKoacôaTb MMiiepaiopcKyio BJiacTb. Bcc casioc 6:iaio-pojiiioe cpean pyccKOM Mo^oaoKM — Moaoawc bochhuc, KaK llctic n.. (J)onilH3MH, HapbILUKMH, EOlUHCBCKMH, MypaBbCB, Op^OH, CaSfUClK)- tafUC JiMTcparopbi, KaK PbiaecB m BecTy>KeB, iiotomkm caMUx c.ian- MWXpOaOB, KaK KHH3b060aeHCKMM,Tpy6cUK0H, OaOCBCKHM. Bo.ikoh CKHH. ipa<|> 'lepHbiiucB1, — nocneinnan BCTynnib b pnau jtom ncpw>H (|)a^aHrn pyccKoro ocBo6o>KaeHMfl. Bna'iaac oôuicctbo iipunmio na nw-HHc «CoK)3a GaaroaeHCTBHH»2. <...> 3to öbiaa nepBa« noncTHHe pcBo^iounonnaH onnoinuHH. co-naiiauiuaHCH b Pocchh. <...> Ctojikhobchhc Mc^ay noKpoBHTCJicM — .1CCI10TH3MOM H nOKpOBHTeJlbCTByCMOH — HHBHjlM tailHCll Clil In lU'MII nycMbiM. ncpBan 6htb3 MOKay hhmh npoH3ouwa 14(26) acicaGp«. Ho-öc^htc^cm ocTaacH a6coaiOTM3M, noKa3aB. KaKoii cH.ion pacno laia i ona/iH npH'iHHCHHH 3aa. <...> BpcMH aan TaHHoro noaHTH'iecKoro oöiuccTBa 6btao Bbiöpano iipc-KptCHO bo Bcex oTHOLueHHHX. JlHTcpaTypiiaM nponaranaa Bc^acbO'icHb icHTC^bHO. JXymoü ec 6bia 3HaMCHHTbirt PwaccB; on n croapyii»« npn-•ia.iM pyccKoü aiiTepaType 3HcpriHO n BOoayiucBJicHHC kotopijmh ona HHKoraa hc oöaaaaaa hh paHbine, hh no3*e. To6uaH ne toulko c^obu, to 6bian aeaa. 3Haan, hto npHUHTO peuiCHHC, mto ccTb onpcncicnna« »c/ib h, He 3aöayxaaHCb oTnocMTeabno onacuocTii, uiaH TncpawM ina-roM, c BbicoKo noaHHTOii roaoBOü, k HeoTBpaTiiMon pa ibh jkc. V Hapoaa, amueHHoro oGuicctbchhom cBoGoau, ^HTepaTypa - ClMlICTBCHHaH TpHÖyHa, C BbICOTbl KOTOpOH OH 3aCTaiU1HCT fMIMIll ÍPHK CBOCrO B03MyUiCHHH H CBOCii COBCCTM. B^HHHHeaHTepaTypbi b noaoönoM oôuicctbc npno6pcracT pa »Mcpu. •TaBnoyTpa'ieHHbieapyrHMHCTpanaMH Ebpoiih. Pciw.ikmiho.....jcctmxh PbbiccBa n nyuiKHHa moäho naŕíTn b pyKax y MOjioaux ^loacH. b ca-* He mchcc pciiiMTCJibHbiM 6buio aeiicTBHe 3aroBopa 14 aeKa6pn na caMoc npaBMTejibCTBo; ot IleTpa ao HnKoasa npsBHTeabcrBO bmcoko aep>K3ao iii.imh iiporpecca h uHBHaH33UHH; c 1825 roaa — HHierono-xoxcro: anacTb mnbKO o tom h ayMaeT, KaK 6bi 3aMeaamb yMCTneimoc annxeuHe; yxe uc cjiobo «nporpecc» nnmeTCH Ha HMnepsTopciwvi uiTaiijiapTe, a cnoBa «C3Moacp>KaBne, npaBocaaBire h HapojiHOCTb» --jto Mane, fares, takel aecnoTH3M33, npHMeM nocaeaHne aB3 caoBacro- I i II T3M TOJlbKO WW npCHpOpMbl. PejlHTHH, ri3TpH0TH3M 6bIJlH BCCTO ;iHiiib cpeacTBOM yKpermTb caMoaep>K3BHe, Hapoa HHKoraa ne o6\ia-iibiiiaacH nacMCT HauHonajiH3Ma HnKoaaa; flpiiaiiiijce Bbipa>KCMMC cro uapcTBOBanHH — ACBH3 aecnoTH3Ma: «riycTb norn6HeT PoccHH.aHWk f)u anacTb ocTsascb HeorpaHHMeHHoii h HepyniHMOH». 3tot aHKapc-khh /1CUM3 ycTpaiiMCT Bee Hcaopa3yMeHMH, hmchho 14aeKa6pH npwiy- J1M/IO lipaiiHTCabCTBO OT6pOCHTb aHUeMepMe M OTKpblTO IipOB03niaCHTl> ;iCCHOTH3M. Hc3aaoaro ao MpaMHoro uspctbobshhh, KOTopoe Hanaaocb Ha pyc-ckoh, a npoaoaxaaocb Ha noabCKort kpobm4, noflBHJicH BejiHKHH pyc-ckhh H03T riyuiKHH, a noHBHBUJHCb, cpa3y craa Heo6xoanM, cjiobho pyccKaH jimepaTypa hc Moras 6e3 Hero o6oMTiicb. MMTaiiH apyrwx no-3TOB, BocToprajiHCbmmh, ho npoH3BeaeHHH riyuiKMHa — BpyicaxyKa*-aoro oGpa ioBanHoro pyccKoro, h oh nepeMHTbiBaeT hx bcio cboio IKMfc Ero noj3HH — y*e uc npo6a ncpa, HeanTepsTypHbiii onbiT, hc ynpa*-Hemic: ona — cro npH3B3HHe, h oHa cTaHOBMTca 3pejibiM HCKyccrBOw; o6pa30BaHHa« MacTb pyccKoti hsuhm o6peaa b neM BnepBbie aap no-JTHMCCKOrO caoBa. riyuiKHH KaK ncjib3H 6oaee naunoHaaeH hbtojkc BpeMfl noHXTCH HHOcTpani in\ i Oh peaKo noaaeabiBseTCH noa npocTopcMHC pycooi* iieccn. oh ncpeaacT cboio Mbicab t3kom, KiIkoii OHa bo3hhk3CT b hcm riojloGllO BCCM BCJ1HKHM nOSTSM OH BCema Ha ypOBHC CBOCrO MMTaTCJI'-OH CT3HOBHTCH BejIHM3BblM, Mp3MHbIM, rp03HbIM, TpSTHMHblM, CTHX CH) UJyMHT, K3K MOpe, KaKaeC, p3CKaMHB3eMblH 6ypeK), H B TO Xe BPCMHOH HceH, npoip3Men, CBepKaeT, nojioH xaxaotf Hacaa>KaeHMH h ayuicm 11u'11ii 11. PyccKHH no3T peaaeH bo BceM, b hcm hct hhhcto6oae3Hcn-noro, HHHerooTToro npcyBCJiHMCHHoro naTOJiorHMecKoro ncuxoaonu-M3, OT-roro a6cTp3KTnoro xpHCTHSHCKoro cnHpHTyanH3Ma, KOTOpbie TaK «»acTO BctpewaioTCH y hcmcukhx no3TOB. My33 ero — He 6jieflHoe co- 520 A.H. fEPUEH laaHHC c paccTpoeHHbiMH HepBaMH, saKyranHoc b caBan. a nu^Kaw ACHIUHH3, CHHK01U3H 3aOpOBbeM, C^HUIKOM OOniTaH llo.lj nil M I.I Mil 'l\l. crnaMH, 'itoGn HCKaTb iioaaeabnux, h flocraTOHHo HccHacTnaM. tto6ij HMCTb Hyxay B BbiayMamibix hcch3Cti.hx. y riyuiKHna f)U.I.I iiamciu IH'(CCK3H H 3nHKypCliCKaH HaTVpa rpcieCKHX I103T0B, H0 6bLl Bcronyinc ii D^cMeHT BnojiHe coBpeMeHHbiH. yoy6a«HCb n ce6n, on h.ixo in i n iicapax jiyiiJH ropbKyio ayMy BaiipoHa, cnKyio iipoiuiK) nauicro bcm. <. ..> K KOHUV CBOCrO)KM3HCHHOrO nyTH riyiliKHH H BaiipOH COBCpillCIIIKi oTaanHKircHapyroTapyra, h noBecbManpocTOHiipii'iHiic: l>aupoH6u^ ao ray6HHbi aymH anniM>iaHHH, a flyiUKHH — jio r/iyfinnbi ayiim pyc-ckhh,— pyccKHii ncTep6yprcKororicpnoaa. EMyfibi.nH bcaomn ncccip;i-jiatiHH unBnan30Baniioro MC.ioBCKa, ho oh o&na/iaji Bcpott b fiynyiuec. KOTopoii 'icjiobck 3ati3a3 y>Ke aHUJHac». <...> TC, KTOrOBOpflT, MT0 nyillKHHCKHH «OnerHH» — 3T0pyccKHH «i!oii-)KyaH», uc noiiMMsioT mm Baiipona, hh nyiiiKHiia, hm Atir.iiiii. iih Poc-chh: ohh cya«T no (|)opMaiibiibiM npn3iiaK3M. «Ohcihii» — caMoc ma HHTC.ibiioc TBopcHHe riyiiiKiiH3, noraoTHBincc noaoBMiiy cro MHOL BojHHKHOBCHHe '3TOH H03Mbl OTHOCHTCH HMCHHO K TOMy llCpHOAy, KO-TOpblH HaC 33HHM3C1, 0113 COipCJia IHV1 I1J1HHHIICM MC'l.i II.MI.I\ ICI, IHK JicaoBaBUJHx 33 14acKa6pH. M kto>kc iiobcpht, mtoiioaofiiKK upon ibc-acHHe, noiTH'iecKaH aBTo6noip3(|)HH, mokctSuti. npocruM noapa*a- HHCM? OiierHH — 3to hh TsMacT, hh 03ycr, hh Man(J>pca, HH (Xk-psiaH. HII TpcHMop, hh Kapa Moop5; OHcrnir — pyccKHH, oh bo3M0*cm aniub b Poccmh; TaM oh Heo6xouHM, 11 TaM cro BCTpciacuib Ha icaiimoM iiiary OiieniH — HcaoBCK npa3aHbiH, noTOMy, hto oh miKoraa » hmhcm hc 6u.n 33hht; 3to i mi 111 ii ii MeaoBCK b toh cpcae. mc OH HaXOflWTCH, Me ofiaaaaa Hyxnoii cn.ioii xapaKrcpa. ■nofibi m.ipnaiKH 111 hoc mi- J10BCK, KOTOpblii HCnblTblB3eT )KH3Hb BIiaOTb 30 C3M0H CMCpTH II KOTO- puft xoTea 61,1 oTBcaaTb cMepTM, '11061.1 yBHacTi., hc aynmc an ona M1 mm Oh bcc H3MHHan, ho HMMcro hc aoBoawa ao Konua; oh km (xmmiic PasMbiuiana, mcm MeHbiue aeaaa, BflBaauaTbacT oncTapiiK, a Kcrapo-cth oh MoaoaccT 6aaroa3p« aioGBH. KaK h bcc mu. oh ikktohhmoxaaa •Kro-To, 1160 MeaoBCK He TaK 6c3yMeH, mtoOw BcpnTb b aaMTcabHocrb Hacroauicro noaoxeHMH » Pocchh... Hhmto hc npmiiao. a *MJHb yxo-•iHaa. 06pa3 OHcniHa HacroabKO iisunoHaacH. -rro BCTpcHacTCH bo bccx Powansx h nosMax, KOTopbie noayiaioT KaKoc-aH6o npinnanMC b I'ik-c"m, h hc noTOMy, mto xoTeaH KonnpoBaTb cro. a noTOMy, mto ero no-^hhho HaxoaHUjb B03ae cc6h naH b ce6c caMOM. 521 i 83 PyccKaH Jiumepamypnan tpmm _XVIII — Hanajia XX ., 862) — rpacj), ijich «K)>KHoroo6iuecTBa», yHacTBOBaa b AeftTe/ibHocra .Ci-hcp*. 10 oOtuccTBa*. J PaHce «Coio3a 6/iaroflencTBH«» (1818) Gbtji co3aaH «Cok>3 cnaccmu. (1816). I Mane, fares, lakel - 3™ cnoBa, no 6n6/ieiicK0My npeaanHto, 6buiH na'icpu iii.i orncHHOH pyKoii na cTCHe bo BpeMfl BajnacapoBa nitpa h npeABewamt in w.M, Hairaeapy n croaepxaue — Bann.'ioiiy. repnen capKacTHMCCKHCOOTHOl n\ e (|>opMy:ioii «oq^nniiajii>noH napoanocra». 4 Mmcctch b BM/ry pacnpaBa c aeKaGpttcTaMH, 03HaMeHoi)amna>i ncryn.ic HMe Ha npccTOJi HnKo/ta$i I, h pa3rpoM nojibCKoro BoccraHMH 1830—1831 rr 5 Tepuen naibmaeT H3BecTiibix B eaponencKon /iHTepaiype repoeB, pan™ ponumn I jkm3iim, Mpaiinbtx n oahhokhx. MaH(t>pea - rjiamiuii repoii mho-hmciiiioh apaMbi Banpoiia (1817); 06epMaH - repoii oanoHMetiHoro poMl (I'paiiiiyjcKoro nKCBXep 3. CeHaKypa (1804); TpeHMop- repoii poManayK.O.: •JlejiHH» (1833); Kapji Moop — repoii apaMbi LUnjuiepa «Pa36oMitHKH»(l78li 6 Mo.wdoii nymemecmeemtuK — MBaH Bacn/ibeBHH, nepcoHa* robccih B.A. Co/uiory6a «TapaHTac». ' llcro'iiiati uiiTaTa H3 «EBrenna Oiternna* (rjt. VI, crpoqba XVI). * FlepeMHCJiiiH nojTOB h nncaTejieii, IepueH aonycra/t iteKOTopwe i|mm» ■lecKHe iicto'ihocth. ' HMeercH b BHjiy eBaitrejibCKoe CKa3anne o roHeHnax, KOTopuM nojwpi /inct> nocjianiibie B MepycanHM «npopoKM, n Myapwe, n kiimskiimkh* (Enamc ane ot MaTcpen, tji. 23; ot JlyKH, rji. 13). 10 B 1834 r. 0.14. Cchkobckhm ocHOBaa OKeMecaHHbiii *ypHai «6ii6.iho'c Ka ami MTenHH», inaaTeaeM KOToporo 6bui A.O. CMnpaHH. " Tcpnen HMoer B Biaay craxoTBopenne riyuiKHna «repoii» («/la. c.w iipnxoTHx BOJlbHa»), noBoaoM m» Koioporo HBHJiocb npnGbune uapa b Moa* BO BpeMH xojiepnoii 3iinaeMHit 1830 r. JXba nojWTi-mecKrixcrnxorBopeiiiw- - •!> po.'tHHCKaH loaOBIUHHa» H «KjICBeTHHKaM P0CCHH». II HMecTca b BHay khh™ H.B. loro/ia «Bbi6panHbie MecTa M3 nepeiiHcm; apy3bHMH». " B «n^ocoi})HMecKOM ciHCbMe* MaaaaeB nncaa: «Mu ihjih, mw xhk» KaK ik' 11!kmi ypoKanaoTaanenHbtxnoTOMCTB, KOTopueBOcno/ib3yK>TC>uiw«; npCMDHHO, HO B HaCTOHUieM BpeMeHH, MTO 6b! HH rOBOpMJIH, Mbl COCTaMK" upoOea ii nopH/iKe pa3yMeHHji» 14 *OmMmeitbe, eocydapb, ontMiueiibeU— IinTaTa H3 TpareanH tppaHuy**'1 ^ apaMarypra )Kana PoTpy (1609-1650) «BeHuecaaB». BbiJia Mcno/ibWiuw' KasccTBC anm-pacpa .. HeKoropbix cnncKax cthxotbopchhh M.K). JlepMOHi'* «CviepTb nojTa». 15 Koujhxmh (Kotouihxhh) IpHropHM KapnoBHi (ok. 1630—1667) - no"* ■mil nocoabCKoro npimasa, BcTyriHBiriHii b TafiHbie cHoweHHH co LUwii»c" " B^M3Kiie no cMbicny BbicKa3bit)aHH$i rorojin coaepxaTCO b «TeaT|ul^", pa3bciac» ii b «McpTBbixayuiax» (ni.7). 536 A/1EKCAH/j\P BACH/lbEBHM APyiKIIIIIIII (1824—1864) A.BJlpy*nnHH poanacH b ncTcpĎypre bcc-MMBHAHoro 4HHOBHHK&. On noay(iHa npcKpac-iioe AOM8UJHGC o6pa)OBanHC, a 33tcm 6bia on-peacacH b ria>KccKHM Kopnyc, nocac oKOnna-iiiiii KOTopoio b 1843 r. cayxn/i ripaiiopmiiKOM b ii>i.iHHacKOM noaKy. B 1846 r. M3-3a caa6oro uopoBbH h cTpcMacHHH k aHTcpaTypnoMy Tpy-ay Buujca b oTdaBKy. JlHrcpaTypnuři aeGioT HpyxHHHHa - noBecTb «rioaHHbKa CaKC», on^iHKOBannaH b «Cobpcmchhhkc» b 1847 i. n CTaBUiao GccrccaacpoM. B 1840-c - na«iaac 1850-xrr.XlpyxHHHH ony6anKOBaji b«Cobpcmchhhkc> iic.ii.ih ptiactO HX npOH3BCaCHltH: 0630POB, OMCpKOB, (JObCTOHOB II laMCTOK. B Haiane 1850-x rr. ZlpyxHHtnt coTpyaiiH-tiLi ti *ypnaac •BhG.iho KKa anH 4tchhh», oaitaKO 6/ih>kc CMy 6ua «Kpyr» «Con|XMeiiHHKa» llaiiGoncc 6aH3KticapyxccKHc othoiuchha y hciocao^aniicbc rpiim- POBHMCM, AHHCHKOBbIM II BoTKHHbtM. B 1856 1". flpyXHHHH tipilHM I npcaaoxcilHc B03raaBHTb «5n6anoTCKyaaH tX)KO OUCHHTb CB0C0Gpa3MC TBOp-ICCKOÍÍ JIHMHOCTM MHOt HX II HICI I HuxpyccKHx H03TOB h nHcaTCJieii. 'ito itaiuaooTpa*cHHC BCTau.nx «rio-kcth h paccKa3bt M. TypreHCBa* (1856), .Comhhchhh A. Ocijxmicko ro. (1859), .Cthxotbopchhh A.A. OcTa» (1859). OailHM H3 /HoGlIMblX "HcaTcacit JlpyxHHHHa 6bia H.A. ToiftapoB. B iviatinoM icp»x: cto |xi »«Ha «06aoMOB» kphthk yBHaca oTpaxennc mcpt naunonaibHoro xa- PíKTCpa H OGlUCMCaOBCMCCKOH HpaBCTBCHHOCTH. flocie yxoaa H3 «BH6aHOTCKH aa« mtchhh* b 1860 r. JlpyxMiiiin "TOUlcn OT .lk Ml lil ION aHTCpaTypHO-KpMTHMCCKOH aC«TCUHOCTtt. ll<> "Poaamai tiHcaTb h nyGaiiKOBaTboGwpbi 3ap>fx:xHOH aitTcpaTypw h "tf.lMU.MCTMKH, 3aHHMaaCH nCpCBOaaMH. /IpyAHIIHH II1BCCTCM KaK&ic- "iiumíí 3H3TOK h ncpcBoa-tiiK aHr.iHncKOH .iHTcpaTypbi (nepcoca no-Bccro UJeKcnHpa). Ero nepy npnHaaacxaTo6cTo«TcabHMC TpyaM. 537 PyccKOH JiumepamypuaH npn _XVIII-tiauajig XXi riiocBHincnnue TBopiecTBy B. llJeKcnHpa, H. flMKKeHca, V. Tempa, ;ipyrnx. HccoMnenHoři 3acnyroH ApyxHHMHa nepea pyccKoň jihtcis- TypOlí HBJIHCTCÍI M TO, MTO OH 6bUl HHHUHaTOpOM M OflHHM H3 OCHOMT: ^ch n 1859 r. OGmccrBa jma nocoĎHH HyjicaaiouxMMCfl JWTepaTopaM * yiCMWM («JlnTCpaTypHblíí (pOHfl»). «06aoMOB». PoMaH H.A. roiivnpoua <...> CHJlbHblií n03TeCTb nOCTOHHHbIH npOCBCTMTe^bCBOCrOKpj, npoCBCTHTtnb TeM 6oJice aparoucHHbiň, mto oh HHKoraa hc Hayif xy/io.wy, HMKoryia HcaacTHaM ripaBiibi, KOTopan nenonHa hcobpcmc hcm mojkct CTaTb HenpaBnoio. B nepnofl TpeBoxHoii npaKTHMeciio* ilCHTC/lbHOCTH, npH CT0J1KH0BCHHH HayMHbIX H nOJIHTHMeCKHXTCOpilH B 3110X11 COMHCHHfl MJIM OTpHLOHHH — B3)KHOCTb H BCJIHMMe HCTHHHW nojTOB B03pacTaioT HanepeKop BceM KaxymuMca npenHTCTBHííM. H; mix oGiucctbo, b nojiHOM CMbicjie cjiobs, ycTpcMJiaeT «cboh no.iHi>< oAn/iaiinn omh»' , h ycTpeMJineT hx BOBce He noTOMy, mto6 jkjuioo: noaTOB pa3raflKH Ha cboh comhchhh hjih HanpaBJíeHHH ju\h cmtt npaKTHHccKoň aeflTejibHOCTH. 06mecTBO BOBce He nMTaeT tskhi HCHcnOJlHHMbtX (paHTa3Híi h HHKoraa He^acT no3Ty pojih KaKoro-mi-Gyjib 3aKonoflaTcaa b cqbepe cbohx o6bmeHHbix nHTepecoB. Ho ok iiacT cMy Bepy h B/iacTb b aejiax CBoero BHyTpeHHero MHpa h Heouw- ĎCTCH B CBOeM flOBepHM. UOCJIS BCHKOrO HCTHHHO XyaOKeCTBeHHOrí co3jiaHHfl oho MyBCTByeT, hto nojiyMH.no ypoK, caMbiň cjiaaKHÍi H3ypo-kob, ypoK B OflHO H TO xe BpeMH npOMHblH H CnpaBeiUIMBbIH. 06uic ctbo 3HaeT, xoTfl h CMyTHO, mto ruionbi TaKoro ypoKa He nponajyr11 : HCT/ieiOT, ho nepeií/iyT b ero BeMHoe h fleHCTBHTejibHO noTOMCTBCinw flOCTOHHHC <...> <...> Ho bot «06jiomob» r. ToHMapoBa. Tpy/iHO nepecMHTarb fc; uiancbi, co6pannbie npoTHB 3Toro xyao>KecTBeHHoro co3/J.ann«. 0» ncMaTa/iocb noMccHMHo, crajio 6biTb, nepepbiBajiocb TpH m/ih mctwí< paia. riepBafl KHHHH ■lapoBa; mto xe ao^xeH 6un nepciyBCTBOBiiTb tasí amop, iiokj pciun ,iacbc>7ib6a khhth, KOTopyio oh 6o^ee acchtm ^ct močili h chocm cepji-uc. Ho onacenHH Sujih HanpacHbi. >Ka*;ia ciiCTa 11110 j 111ti bj»wa c»oc n ■ ■ 111' im iHTaJOUlCM Mupc. HanepeKop bccm iipciihicthhhm •O&iomob* IlOOCflOIIOCIIO 33XB3THJ1 C060K) BCC CTpaCTM, BCC HHMMailMC, BCC IIO-MUOlbl 'IMTaTC;iCÍÍ. B K3KMX-TO IKipOKCM IMaX liaciaXICMIIH BCC ip.lMdl Hbic^ioiiH npoMJiii «06;ioMOBa». To^iii»mioach, kiik Oy/iTo wcro-TO mmb- UIHX, lliyMHO KMHy/lHCb K «06;iOMOBy». BC3 BCHKOIO II|K-N IIC.llťli-MIHI WUňn rril"i 111 'ito h iiacTOHiuvK) Mimyry no bccm 1'oi.cmh mci mm o i noro Maieiimcro, 6c3ye3aHoro, 3amTaTHciiuicio ropová, ivic Om mc 'im 1MH «D6^0M0B3», HC XBaHH^H «06^0MOBa», HC CMOpiLill of) •(Xl.lOMO BC». <...> riocTapacMCH xe, no Mepe ch^ Haiunx, paibHCHinb no HCKoropol) crcncMH npHHHHy HCoObiKHOBennoro yenexa «06^omob B iiMcaTC/ie, noaapHBUJCM namcií c^obcchoctm •OAuKiioHciniyK) HCTopnio* m «06^0M0Ba», mu Bceraa Biuie^H m biwhm Tcncpb ojihoio mcHJibHeiiu.iiix coBpeMCHHbix pyccKHX xyfloxiíMKOB — c HDM cy*- JCHMCM, 6e3 COMHCHHH, COmaCMTCH BMKHH MC^OBCK, yMCK)IIIIIM C 10.1 KOM HMTaTb IIO-pyCCKH. 06 OCOĎCHHOCTHX IOM'iapOBCKOIO JiapOBilllMM TO)KC ĎO^bUlHX CHOpOB 6bITb He MOttCT. ABTOp «0fM0M0Bil». BMCC1C C .ipyiHMH UCpBOKJiaCCHblMH npeaCTaBIITC^HMII pOAMOIO MCKyCCTM. — CCTb XyaOJKHHK "IHCTblíí M MCl.lllllCHMI.nl. XyflOXHHK 110 lipil IBiIMMK) II 110 Bceii uenocTH Toro, mto mm cacnaHO. Oh pca^Hcr, no cro ocíliihm noCTOHHHO COrpCT r^yĎOKOií n033HCIO; nOCBOCH Ha6/IK)iUITCJIbHOCTH M wanepe TBopMccTBa oh aoctohh Guti. npc.icraiiHTCiCM caMOfl Manpxii. hoh ujkovu, McamyTCM KaKero^HTcpaTypiioc MKniiTaimc h MM no33HH flyuiKHHa, ^K)6nMeiíuiero H3 ero yMHTCJicn, HaBCKM oTiianmoT ot r. ToHMapoBa caMyio B03MoxnocTb Oecnioónou h cyxott MaTypiLii.no- CTH. <...> HCCMOTPH Ha HCKOTOpbIC HCCOBCpUieHCTBa BblMO-IMCMMH, O KOTO-PWX Mbl 6yaCM lOBOpHTb HHXC HCB3MP3H Ha BIWHMOC BCCM MCCOI l.lc HC "cpBoii MacTH poMaHa co Bcc.MH nocjicAywuiMviM, muo M^bM M.IbMMa (^0M0B3 BMCCTC C MHpOM, CrO OKpyjKaiOIHlIM, KaK HC^blH (xwcc non- TBepstoiacTcoSoií Bce iiaMii ceiíMac cKa3annoc o.iapoiwiiiiii i lnii'i.i|v> » O6V1OMOB H OČnOMOBUlHUa: 3TH OlOBa HCJWPOM 0fl.1CTCJlH BCK) POCCMK) H cacjiajiMCb C/10B3MH, HaBceriia yKopcuMBiiuiMiicfl b naiiicH pcin Ohm W1MCHILFTH H3M UeJIblH Kpyr flBJTCHHM COBDCMCHHOrO H3M 06lUCCTBa, OHM "ocraBiLiM ncpeii iiaMH ue^biii mhp luei), oópaJOB m noapoĎHOCTCH. cmc "tlaBHO H3MH HC BnOJlHC C03HaHHblX. HBn«BUIHXCH H3M K»(tyjTOB^TytM- hc Cmíoíí CBoero Tpyaa mcjiobck c rjiyfioKHM noaniMccKUM ,xipoi«hhcm 539 5 PyccKaa jiumepamypHan Kpumut. _XVIII-Hangjia XXj,,,'. caejian aaa HJBCCTHoro oTaeaa HanieH coBpeMeHHOH xh3hh to, hto cxi> jim poilCTBCHHbie CMy (pJiaMaHJIUbl CO MHOrHMH CTOpOH3MH CBOCH poiHOi JICHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH. OGjlOMOBa H3y4HJI h y3Haji uejibiH Hapoa. n. iipenMyuiccTBy ooraTbifi o6jiomobiumhoh, — m Mano raro, hto y3Hai. * iiojik)Ghji ero BceM cepaueM, noTOMy hto hcbo3mo>kho ysHaTbOfaov^ 11 He nojiioGHTb era ray6oK0. <...> He cnycTHCb r. ToHMapoBTaK rjiyooKot iicapa o6jioMOBm.HHbi, Ta xe o6aoMOBiu,HH3, b ee nenojiHoii pa3pa6oiK. Morjia 6bi hum noK33aTbca rpycTHOio, 6eaHoio, xaaKoio, aocTOMHow mi roro CMexa. Tenepb Haa o6jiomobiuhhom moxho cMeaTbca, ho CMex m iiojioh mhctom jho6bh h MecTHbix cjie3, — o ee xepTBax moxho xajieii.. h raKoe coxaaeime 6yaeT no3TH4ecKMM h cbctjium, hh aaa Koro He yHiuc kvii.HbIM, HOflJIH MHOrMX BblCOKHM h MyapbIM coxaaeHMeM. Hoiibiii poMaH r. ToHnapoBa, kzk sto M3BecTHO BCHKOMy, kto rip ieji ero b «CheMecTBeHHbix 3anHCKax», pacnaaaeTca Ha aBa HepoBiu;: OT/iejia. no/j. nepBOK) nacTbio ero, ecjiH He oiiiH6aeMCH, noaniican 1X49 roa, nojj. ocTajibHbiMH TpeMa 1857 h 582. MraK, noHTnaeomx OTaeaaioT nepBOHa'iajibHbiH, MHoroTpyjjHbiH m eme He BnojiHe bhhc-KaBuiHHCH aaMbiceji ot ero 3pejioro ocymecTBaeHna. Mexay Ofriouo-bum, KOTopbiii 6e3xajiocTHo MyMHT CBoero 3axapa, h 06jiomobnm. BJiK)6jieHHbiM b Ojibry, MOxeT, aexHT uejiaa nponacTb, Koropoii hmk: He B CHJiaX yHHHTOXHTb. HaCKOJIbKO MjIbH MjlbH4, BajlMK)UlHIK /uiBane Mexjiy AjieKceeBbiM h TapaHTbeBbiM, KaxeTca HaM 3aruiecncB innM m noiTH ranKHM, HacTojibKototxe MjibH HjibHH, caM pa3pyuiak muti jiK)6oBb M36paHHoii mm xeHujHHbi m naaHyiUHn Haa o6jlOMKa«< CBoero ciacTHH, rjiy6oK, TporaTejieH h cHMnaTHMeH b cbocm rpycTHO* KOMH3MC MepTbi, aexamne Mexay sthmh aByMa repoaMH, Hainan nc 6biJi b CHJiax crjiajjHTb. Bee ero ciapaHHH b stom iac™ nponaw "■-POM — K3K Bee xyjjoxuMKH no HaType, Haiu aBTop 6eccnneH BeMC.r* Tpe6yeTc« dejiaiman pa6oma: to ecTb crjiaxHBaHHa, npHTHrHBaHit* 06l.HCHeHHfl, OJIHHM cjiobom, to, mto jierKO aseTca TaJiaH"* 06blKH0BCHHblM. Hop360T3B, H THXeJIO nopa60TaB, HajJ, HeBO3M0*H0< aaaaMeio, r. ToHMapoB HaKOHeu y6eaHaca, hto eMy He crJiaawTb Hcpi* naMH yKaaamioH, He 3arpy3HTb nponacra, jiexamen Mexay AtyM* JioMOBbiMH. Ha nponacTH 3toh jiexajia oaHa planche de salut*, "j*41 nepexoaHaa aocica: HenoapaxaeMbifi «Coh 06jiOMOBa». Bee ycit-i"' npn6aBHTb k nevi 4To-HH6yjib OK33ajiHCb TiueTHbiMH, nponacn- or* Bajiacb npexHeM nponacTbio. y6eaacb b 3tom, aBTop poMaHa WB» pyKoii h noanweaa noa nepBoio nacTbio poMaH3 Bee ob\KH^x * ByKBitibHo: aocKa cnaceHHH ((pp.). 540 A.B. APyWIIHIIH uiicjipy 49 roaa. 3tmm oh BbicKa3aji cboc hojioxchmc h OTKpoaeMMO oi- .uuaJi ce6a KaK xyaoxiiHica Ha cya ny6jiHKM. <...> HCT HHK3KOrO COMHCHHH B tom, >it0 IICpRMC othoi1iciimm iiom.i k xioiyiiiecTHCHHOMy Tuny, saBJiaaeBiiicMy bccmh ero iiomuckimh, 6m.ih ima'iajic jiajiCKO ne apyxeCTBOMHUMM OTHoiiieHMHMn. He MMQ h m m60M BcipeTHJi Hjibh MjibM'i, eme He coapejibin,cuic hc xhboM Mjiw» HjibH'i, Bjiyuic chocio xyjioxiiHKa. BpeMM iicpc.i 1X49 io.iom hc om io lipCMCHCM [IO JIH'ICCKOii lieiaBHCHMOCTH II OCCIipilCipaCIMH ho HH hi ,iax; upti iiceii caMocTo«TCJibnocTH r. IbH'iapona oh bcc *cfiu/i iiMcarc- MM HCblHOM CllOCrO BpCMCHH. 06j10mobxhji B hcm, laHHMafl Cn)MI4t ih, ho eme hbjihjich CBoeMy no3Ty b bhjic HiuieiiHM oipimaic n........ .locTOHiioro Kaami h no iipeMcnaM iio'itm HCHaiiHCTHoro. Bo bccx ncp HbixrJiaiiax poMaH3,flocaMoro«Cna», r. roHHapoBOTKpoBCHHoiiMHoain ncpcji H3MH Toro repoH, KOTopbiii CMy CKaibiB;uicn iipcxnc, Toro Mjilki H.uii'ia, koiopi.iii iipc;ician;isi:icM cms KaK ypo.Liimoc hh.ichhc \poi iiimiii pyccKoii XM3HH. 3tot OGjiomob embryo' aocraTO'iHo oGpaooinii. -locriiTO'iiio o&beKTHBcii juiH Toro, mt06 aeiicTOOBiiTi. na mui iijiii na rpn niMa, aocraTO'iHO iiepeii ;lim toio, 'rrofi (X'bctiiti>coOok> mhohic ickiiii.ic eropoHbi coiipcMCHHoro oCmccTBa, ho, Boxe moh. KaKjuxicK OTTCiiepciu ncro, cepany MMaoro 06aoMoiia stot 3acajiciiHi»iH, HccuiaaiiMH kwok MHca, HocHiiiHii toxc hmh OGjiomoiui ii nepBbix rjiaBax poMana! <...> B1X49 lojiy npH anaaKTMiiccKHx CTpeMJieHMux caoncciKxmi m npii KpaflH CCTCCHCHHOii B03MOXHOCTH lipOHBJIHT!.3tm CTpCMJlCIIMH (XijIOMOIICmhtVl) MOI f)|,l BOCXHTHTb CoOoii MHT3Tea« II UCHMTCaH. KaKIIC QMHH MCHUIMCb (iu iia nero kpiithk;imii. KaKiie cyvpa-iiibie io.ikh pa ua ntci. (>i.i o tpivie. Po*aaK)iueii()6aoMOBbix!<...> Honoaof)HoroycTicxanaiiicM\ mmp\ Om io 6bl CJIHUIKOM MaaO. OTTajlKllB3IOlUHii II HCIipOCBCTJICHIIMII ho MUCK). (Xviomobhc yaoaricTBopHa nacany,ax)JibKOBpeMCHii mm ikkhmom\ iu cp i ik Toaoc noj3HH roBopiui CMy: MaHaanbiue n man r/iyfixc. «Coh 06aoMOBa»! — stot BcaHKOJiennciimiiH jnnaoa. KoropbiH oc- 'ailCTCH B Kailiefl CaOBCCHOCTH Ha BC'lHbIC lipCMCIia. OM.l llcpilMXl. mo fyiUCCTBCHHblM UiarOM K yHCHCHHK) 05jlOMOBa C CrO 06/lOMOHIIlHHOH. <-■■> KoiiciHoro caoiia hs cboh Koac6aHHfl r. roinapoii cnui nbicnpa- IIHBaTb y HO) jhh pycCKOH XH3HH, y CBOHX BOCIlOMIIHaHllii .'lClCTIWI II. WJ^hchhh npomayio xii3iib CBoero rcpon, co bcch CBoooaoio norpy-'"•1CH b Ty ccjicpy, KOTopaa ee oKpyxaaa. GneaoM 3a HyiiiKmiMM. ci»-yMHTcacM, no npHMcpy Toroa«, cBoerocTapmcroTOBapHiiw.oH iac-"OBooTHecca KXH3HHacHCTBMTeabH0H, HOTHeccHhcHanpacno. «Com '8 wpojbiuic (mm.). 541 PyccKdH Jiutnepamypnaa Kfmmmt _XVIII—Hatala XX «r„ OfWOMOBa» HCTOabKO 0CBCTMJ1, yHCHHJl H pa3yMHO OnO3TH3Hp0BajIBCe anno repoH, ho eiue TbicflMbio HeBHAjHMbix cKpen CBíuaa eroc cepaiic* Kaxaoro pyccKoro MHTaTeaa. B stom othohjchmh «Coh», caM noc* pa3HTejibHbiíí K3K oxaeabHoe xyaoxecTBeHHoe co3aaHHe, eme6ai« nopaxacT CBOHM 3Ha4eHneM bo BceM poMaHe. DiyôoKHH no syBcm ero BHyujHBUJCMy, CBeTabin no CMbicjiy, b HeM 3aKJnoMCHH0My, oh bimhc npcMH n nOHCmVt h npocBeTaaeT'coôoio to rannwecxoe muo, b kou poM cocpcaoTOHMBaeTCH HHTepec Bcero npoM3BeaeHHH. <...> HTaK, «Coh OöjioMOBa» pacuJHpnji, y3aKOHHJi h yacHna coooiomh io3HaMcnaTeabHbiH THn repou, ho stoto eme He ôbiao aocTaTOMim r. noaHOTbicoiaanHH. 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Be3 Oabra MabHHCKOií h 6e3eeapaMbicCŕ jioMOBbiM He y3HaTb6bi H3M MabH MabMMa T3K, K3K Mbi ero Tenepbw cm, 6c3OabľHHa B3raaaa Ha repon Mbi no chx nop He raaaeaH 6bi nauč: na/uiexaiuHM o6pa30M. <...> T. IoHMapoB, KaK CMeabiií 3H3Tok ccp.1.-McaoBCMecKoro, c nepBbix cueH Me>Kay Oabroií n ee nepBbiM n#'" hukom, OTflaji 6oabiiiyioaoaio HHTpwra KOMHMecxoMy saeMemy Erofa noao6naa, HacMeuiaHBaa, ôorÍKaa Oabra c nepBbix MMHyr c6jih*ch«« HMaMT Bce CMeujHbie ocoôchhocth repon, He oGMaHbiBaacb hhcko.ii*1 nipacT umu, noMTH HacaaacaaeTCH hmh h oöMaHbißaeTca ToabKO bcb*11'1 pacMCTax Ha TBepaue ochobw xapaKTepa OôaoMOBa. Bce 3T0"lV pa3HTeabHo Bepno m BMecre c TeM CMeao, noTOMy mto flo chx nop *** emc H3 nosTOB He ocTaHaariHBancH Ha BeanKOM 3H3MeHHH hokho-ko« ' MCCKOH CTODOHbl B aiOÔOBHblX aeaaX, MOKfly TeM KSK 3Ta CTOpOHa BCC ^ cyiuecTBOBana, bcmho cywecTByeT h BbiKa3biBaeT ce6a b 6oabUiciti'K MOM)! CCpaeMHblX npMBH33HH0CTeň. <...> ^ Mbi yxe cKa3ajiH, mto HexHaa, aioômuaa H3Typ3 0&IOMO»" 033PHCTCH MepC3 JHOÔOBb - H MOXeT aH 6bITb HH3MC C MMCTOK). ^ 542 A.B. ,1P>>KIIHIIH lacKOBOŕi pyccKoíí aymoio, ot kotopoh aa*c cc acnocn. uitoiiiLia p.ic T.1CHMC C HCKyill3K)UJ.HMM nOMblCaaMH. HabH M.'ll.M'l HUCK.l ILUH HIIO.I ne 'icpciaioGoBb CBOK), h Oabra, wptíiat acByuiKa, ne ocia i.ici.« icn.i MCpcaTCMH C0KP0BHIU3MH, MTO HCpca HCH OTKpbUtHCb. BOT(paKTU HHC IUHHC, a ot hhx jiiiuii) oaiin ma: ao caxioii cyiucciKcmioh iicinnu |v. viana. Oabra nonnas 06aoMOB3 6aH)Kc, mcm iioiiHa cio LUtoai.u. f»,in ine, mcm Bce aHua, eMy npcaaHHbic. OHa pa iraaacaa h mcm h hcaiuk: i i. 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HoO.ibia iiin.ia ncc ac.io B C BOH pyKH, K HCl IIIIIIOMV CM3CT1IK) 3BT0pa 11 1, C.iailť CIO lipOH IIK.ICHHM Aiiapcíi LLlToabu HCMea nepea neio, KaK hcmcííict xoooiiimh. ho o6ukho-Bciiiibiii MyxnepeaCBoeíí öaHCTaTcabiiooaapcnHOKicynpyioK). Poabcm craaa nc3naMHTcabHoio, bobcc ne copa3Mcpnoio c TpyaoM h of>uinpnoc-IUO noaroTOBKH, KaK poab aKTcpa, ueauH roa roTominiiiciocH HrpaTb TaMaeTa h BbiCTyniiBUJcro nepea ny6aHKo(í b poaH Jla3pra4. <...> 3a lÜToabueM ocraaocb ToabKO hckotodoc yMacTHC b McxaiiHMCCKOM xoac "ecu HHTpMiH, aa cme ero öccnpeacabHa«aioooBb k ocoOc (XiaoMOBa. b WKoji, iiiipoMCM, y iicro MHoro concpniiKOB. 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CKopôb Ara(pbn MaTBeeBHbi o noKOÜHOM Oôjiomc- BC, CC OTHOWCHHH K CeMCMCTBy H AHiipiOIIie, HaKOHeU 3T0T flHBUblľ aHaan3ceflyiuH h ce npoauiOH cxpacTH — Bce sto BbiuiecaMoii Bocrop- XCHHOÍÍ OUCHKM. <...> <...> 06jioMOBmnHa, Tax nojiHO o6pncoBaHH3H r. ibHkhbct y Hac c Heo6biKHOBeHHOü cunoio.ciiK ne c;ieflyeTiiyMaTb, mtoô o6^0MOBUiHHa npnHaanexajia oähom Pocchii Koraa poMan, hbmm pa3ÔnpaeMbiH. 6y.neT nepeBeaeH Ha MHOCipamm: h 1I.IKH, ycncxero noKaxeT,ao KaKoW creneHH o6mn n bccmhphijtiiiii. cio nanonnHioiuHe. ľlojiHiiy Bcero CBeTa pacceaHbi MHoroiiHc;iciin!.: Gpan.H HabH HibM'ia, to ecTb jikmh, He nouroTOB^eHHbie k noa*™- MCCKOH XH3HH, MHpHO yKpblBUJHeCfl OT CTOJTKHOBCHHH C HCK) H HC KU naiomne CBoeii upaBCTBeHHoii apeMOTbi 3a mhp bojihchhh, k KOtopu« ohm ne cnocoöHbi. <...> 06aoMOBmnHa rauKa, «kctih OHa npoHcxcoHT OT rnHJiocTH, 6e3naae>KHOCTH, pacTJieHHJi h 3Jioro ynopcTBa, HoexM« KopcHb ce TaHTCH npocTo b He3pejiocTH o6mecTBa n ckcíithmcckom kí1 JicGaiiHH MHCTbixflyuioK) JiK)aeií npea npaKTHHecKoŕí 6e3ypRflniieii. ít ôbiBacT bo Bcex Mojioiibix cTpaHax, to 3JiHTbcn Ha Hee 3H3hmttojkc^' iHHTbCH Ha pc6eHKa, y KOToporo caHnaiOTCH r/ia3KH nocpejiH BCiepHC KpHKJIHBOH ÖCCCÄbl JHOfleH B3pOCJlbIX. PyCCKafl OÖJIOMOBlUHHa T3K. ona ynoBjíeHa r. ľbH'iapoBbiM, bo mhotom B036y>imaeT Haiue Hera»«-HHe, ho mu He npH3HacM ee orionoM thhjiocth uhm pacTJieHMH. B to" to h 3acnyra poMaHHCTa, hto oh KpenKO cuenHJi Bce xopHM oftio*» iUHHbl C IIOMBOH HapOflHOH XH3HH M n033HH — npOHBHJI H3M tt WT HblC H HC3JI06HUC CTOpOHbl, He CKpbIB HH OCHOTO M3 ee HCÄOCTaTK'1- 06;iomob - peoeHOK, a He apaHnoň pa3BpaTHHK, oh cohh, a hc« h pa bctbc h h bi h sroncT mjih sriHKypeeu. BpeMeH pacnaaeHHfl. Oh iWjJ neu na /io6po, ho oh noaoxHTejibHo HecnocoöcH k 3JioMy «eW üyXOM, He HĺBpaUlCH XHTeiiCKHMH C0(pH3MaMH — H, HeCMOTpH Ha*1' 544 a.b. apy»Hiinii CBOK) )KM3HCHHyiO GCCIIOJIC IHOCTb, 3UKOHHO JaUUflCBaCT CMMtiai MC K) Kex oKpyxaiouiHX ero nun, no-BnanMOMy ot;ic:ichmijx ot Mcro uenon> ÔeiflHOK). <...> MoxeT 6biTb, ÄoraaKM nauín iioKa^yrcH MHOMy MM mc co-KCM ocHomncjibHbiMM, 110 TaKoua íiaiuaTOMKa jpciiHH, h h M^MM tTH CC H H KTO MC HMCCT npaBa COMHCBaTbCH. Hc ja KOMH'ICCKMC CI()|H1 hu. ne 3a )KajiocTnyio xM3Hb, ne 3a hpohbjichhh o6ihmx bccm hum c.1.1 60CTCH jik)6mm Mbi Mjibio M^bH'ia OGaoMOBa. Oh aopor hum kuk «ic.no Hex cuoero Kpa« h CBoero bpcmchm, KaK hcjl/ioChuh m iicaiiijh pefte HUK, CnOCOÖHbJH, lipu HHblX OGCTOHTCJII^THÍIX AH IIIM H HIIOM pa Hill THH, Ha flc;ia hctmhhoh ^ioGbh h mh^occpahh. Oh nopor hum k.ik v .isuk'khi i či li i;ih m iHCItUl naľypa, Bno/inc 11c kiiihcmm.ih or toIi cxd .laCTHKO-MOpajIbHOÍÍ HCTaCKailHOCTH, HT0 HHTHaCT CoGoK) Otp«)MII(K- fx).ibiiiHHCTBo ;iKxaeíí, ero npc3npaiomMX. Oh aopoi n.im 110 hcthhc KtKOlO IipOHHKUyTO BCe ero COJflailHC, IIO TUCHHC KOpilCH, KOlopUMlI no3T-xyflo>KiiHK ciiH3an ero c naujcM poAHoA iiomboio. M iiaKoiicn, M ikiOctch HaM K.ik 'ly/iaK, KOTopi.iii b iiaiiiy Jiioxy cc6h;ik)6hh, yxHiupc IIIIH H IICIipaBJlbl MIipMO nOKOH'IHJl CBOM HCK, HC 0f)H;iClllllH HM OaHOll) •icaoBCKa, hc oGMaiiyBiiiH hh o^noro >icaoi»CKa h hc iiaymnuiM hm on HOľO MCaOBCKa "ICMy-HMÖyjlb CKBCpHOMy. nFHMEHAHHH Hiicpiiuc onyGaHKOBaiio b «ypnaac «BHDaHoicKa xn» htchhh» (1859, f* 12). ílciaTacTCH c coKpauKiiMHMH no HP» Kpmtmm 50-x roao« XIX hc kb. - M., 2002. - i him mi i ick.i pyccKoll kphthkh). ' PcMMHHCUCHUHHH3II09MU H.B. ibro.iH.McpTiiwcayuiM.(rn II) -IV kl <• > aascM bcc, 1TO hh ecTb b Tc6c, oöpaTM.io na mc h m iiaiHMe omM.iaiiM« '«Coh OöaoMOBa. 3iimio;i hi hcmkohmchhoio powaii.f um 1 <>ii>ívihm> MH B 1849 r. B «JlMTcpaTypnoM CÖOpilHKC». rioflHOCTMO txiMaii .(Xmomob. r.u 1 MnaiBH b *ypnanc «Otcmcctbchhuic wiimckm» (1859, N» 1—4). 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ErocTaTbnin; JlMKOB3ÜHCb B TeX Xe H3Ü3HHHX, TRČ COTpyflHHHaJl BejIHHCKMM («Tc CKone» h «MojiBe», «Mockobckom Ha6aioa.aTeae», «OTeqecTBeHHuv. nHCK3x»). 3HaMHTeabHoe kojihměctbocyx/jeHHří h ouěhok Botkhhsco aepxHTCH b ero oöujhphoh nepenncKe c Bcjihhckhm, öaHxaüujnM.:;' roM KOToporo oh 6bia. Botkhh 6bia leaoBeKOM b CMbicae TBoptccr* ÜOCT3TOMHO JieHHBbIM H He CnOCOÖHbIM K yCH/JMHBOH nOBCeflHCBHOll TepsTypHoii p3ÔOTe, cn63pHTCTBOBaa, ycTpaHBaji apyxecKHe o6c;> A3JKC 6yayiin cMepTejibHO 6ojibHbiM. Ho sto coneTSJiocb b hcmctw- KHM 3CTCTHlieCKHM BKyCOM, 3 K eľO ľJiyÔOKHM H OpHTHHSJlbHblM CVA.'.. HHHM O JlHTep3Type H HCKyCCTBe EejlHHCKHH BCeraa C BHHM3HH6M np* cnyuiHB3JiCH. XapsKTepHbie MH/iHBHuyanbHbie nepTbi crm» Bottum KPHTHK3 - BHMMaTe/IbHblH aHaJIH3 JIHHHblX BneMSTJieHHM, pejTKOC X TeTHMecKoc nyTbe h oÖM/iHe cpaBHeHHŕí c o6pa3aMH My3biKH, jkmboiv ch h, KaK HH CTpaHHo, racrpoHOM h h - cjTOXMJTHCb yxe b 40-e rr. HOC TaBaJIHCb HeH3MeHHbIMH. M3BecTH0CTb BoTKHHy npHHecjw «riHCbMa o6 McnaHHH», onyfau' BanHbie b «CoßpcMeHHMKe» b 1847—1851 rn, co/aepxaBUiHe pa3Mbiur-' huh o6 HCKyccTBe, o XHBonHCH, o Tone, BeaacKece, hcit3HCKHX \f)~x*x nocae CMepra EeaHHCKoro Botkhh ocraBancfl skthbhum corpp*' kom «CoBpcMeHHHKa». Ero CTaTbfl «H.H OrapeB» (1850) öbiaa btoP1^' UHiore «BTopocTeneHHbie pyccKHe nos™», HanaTOM HeKpacoi>bW B"-Te c HcKpacoBbiM oh Beji «3aMeTKH o xypHanax» 1854—1855 rr. B 1856-1857 rr. Hawaaocb coanxeHHe Botkhhs cflpy*^"1^ T31ÜKC C An. TpHropbeBblM H B03HHKJTO HenpMfľrae KpaíÍHOCTeií KP" ' MccKHx cyxcacHHH MepHbiujeBCKoro. BjiH3ocTb BoTKHHa k CTOp** KaM «MHCTOrO HCKyCCTB3» npOHBH7I3Cb B CSMOH ero H3BeCTH01Í «CTHXOTBOpCHHH OcT3» (1857). n.ll. BOTKHH 1 546 Botkhh oTiiocnTeabHo pcaKo Bbicrynaa b iiciaTM, ho Hcabm hc.io-oiieiiHBaTb ero nmnoe oôiueHHC h iicpcnncKy c iihchtc/immh h kphtm iuimh 40—50-x rr. (naiipuMcp, c Octom, TyprcticBUM, ToacruM) CTHXOTBOpCHHH A.A. erj <...> npujHacMCH, 'iTO, npHCTynaH k cy*acnnio o cthxotbopchhhv i (Jvra, mu naxoaHMCH BÖoabwoM i.iipy.uíciiiiii.iLixoipoMHoiofx) n. U1HHCTB3 ľ. Oči hc íiojt ot-MWeHHbix Mbicaeíí, Koropuc b CTHxax hmciot Ty Bbiroay, mio. kuk (m IIPOMH'ICCKH OH H HH 6biai1 BbipaXCHbl, OHM lipHMO OpOCatOTCH B MA M •IHTaTC;1K) H HC CT3BHT CľO B 33TpyaHCHHC OTHOCHTCJIbHO IIOHHM.IHHM CTHXOTBOpc H H H; 3 6oabUJ3H M3CTb MMT3TCaCH COBCpiUCHHO yaOllTCTBO-PHK3TCH 3THM, HC 3a60TflCb O TOM, n03THHCCKH AM Bbipa*CHIJ MIJC.1H JTH. Baarojiap» laKOMy acrKOMy cnocoôy Mnornc comhhhtcih cthxoh CTbiByriu) MHciiHH HCKOTopbix MHTaTeacH 3a nacTOHiiiMx no'JToii. ( apy roH CTopoHbi, r. Oct He no3T KaKoro-aHOo rayöoKOMUcacuHoio noi-ipcmiH. 3tot poa no33HH, xoth [IOHHM3CTCH Tpyfliicc iipcabuyuicio. H0T3K K3K BCflKOC B033pCHI1C MOXMO 6oaCC H.1H MCHCC OllpCacailTb IIO-TOÄMTCabHblM, OPICTaHBblM o6pa30M, TO MDC3 3TO OnpC/tMCHHC BUHC MHCTCHa/in 'imaTcaeH aocTOHHCTBo h 3Ha'icHHC nojra. y Octb, naiipo- TUB, IIOJTH'ICCKOC MyBCTBO H II THCTCH BT3KOH npOCTOH, aOMaiUHCH OOtM' JC, HTO HCoGxoaHM OWCHb BHHMSTCabHblH raa3, MToGbl WMCTHTb CľO, km ôoace 'iTO ccpepa Mbicacíí ero BccbM3 hco6iuhphIX HHTCpCCaJC. KOfiU jyuia coBpcMCHHoro icaoBCKs norpy3Haacb b McpTiuumíc Bonpocu 06 )ao6cTBax MaTcpbiuibHorocBocrocymccTBOBanHH. Kor/iataic hbctociu- UlaTCS HJIH CTOHbl, HJ1H KJIHKH npeCbllUCHHOrO 3ľOH3Ma. KOTUS pa U> 547 PyccKüH JiumepamyptwH Kpumun _XVIII-natajia XX 8», MU) H COMHCHHH, yHHMTOXMB B HaC MOaOaOCTb H CBexeCTbOUiyiUCHMU oTpuBmiH b HMX BCHKoe npaMoe, ueabHoe Hacjia>icaeHHeiiyxoBHUMH6.u laMH JKH3HH, — B 3TO BpCMH HBJIHeTCH ľI03T C HeB03MyTHMOIO «CH«-THK) BO B30pe, C He3ao6nBOK3 flyUJOKD MJiaaeHUa, KOTOpUH KaKMM wyjioM npowcji Mexay BpaiKayioujHMH CTpacTHMH h yGexneHHUMM, i« TpOHyTblH HMH, H BbIHeC B UeaOCTH CBOeft CBeTJlblH B3ra«a Ha XH3HI. COXpaHHJI MyBCTBO BCHHOM KpaCOTbl, — pa3Be 3TO He peaKOe, He HCK.TIO- •iMTeJibHoe HBflCHHC b Hanin BpeMeHa? «Ho Bce 3to CKopee OTpMuaTcu Hbie, HOKCJIM nOaOXMTCabHbieaOCTOHHCTBa! — MOryT B03pa3HTb H3M, - h h kto ne HMeeT npsBS OTpbiBaTbCH OT CBoeň coBpeMeHHOCTH n eerpt-6ob3hmm, a no3T ewe MeHee BCHKoro apyroro. Oh aoaxeH Gim Bbipa3HTeacM, whbum, buchimm opraHOM CBoeü COBpeMeHHOCTH, Bnpo-TI1BHOM cayiiae oh 6yaeT noxoaHTb Ha riTHuy, KOTopaa, ca\ia hc 3iiis aan Mero, nocT bchkhh B3aop, kskoíí B3ÖpeaeT eň b roaoßy». Hct, otk thm Mbi noMTemibiManaaKTHKaM, npHHHMaiomHM nace6n (paHanncc KHH Haa30p 3a CBOCH Me^KOri COBpeMCHHOCTblO1 , — HCT M TblCHHVpaj HCT! ripOKae BCHKMX Tpc60B3HHH COBpCMeHHOCTM CymeCTByeT JIM1»!« a, cymecTByeT 3mo cepdue, 3tot MeaoßeK, HMerouiHH HeoTbewiCM« iipaBo 6biTb caMHM co6ok3, to ecTb MyBCTBOBaTb, ayMaTb, He cnpaam flCbC MHMOJieTHbIMHTpc60BaHHHMM COBpeMeHHOCTH. He 6ecnOKOMTCa MM H 6C3 TOTO BO BJI3CTH 3TOH COBpCMeHHOCTM, H3M HeKyaa OT Hee JC-B3TbCH. <...> Ck;i/( im OTKpoBenHo, Mbi cHJibHO noao3peBacM b HeaocraTKC no illľICCKOrO liyBCTB3 nOMTCHHblX nOKJlOHHHKOB COBpeMeHHOCTH, DC) P3360p3 HaBH3blB3K)mHX ee BCHKOMy npOH3BeaeHHK3 HCKyCCTBa. Pa3BC Meaoana, KOTopsH ycaaa.Haa Hsiue cepaue, MeHee aopora h3M orroro. mto oHa HHMero He roBopHT o coBpeMeHHOCTH? Pa3Be npHpoaa, c« BCMHOK3 KpacoTOK), coBepuieHHO yrpaTMaa Bce CBoe OMapoB3HHC, no-TOMy mto name cepaue H3MeabM3ao h hccoxjio b xhtchckmx bojihchh-hx? 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Co »pc-MCHii DyuiKHna h JIepMOHTOB3 mu ne inae.M Me*ay pyccKtum i nun iHopuaMH i ;i. im n i a ňojiee iiojiiimcckoio, k;ik iiuaiii i ei.i ( k,iai-m 6anee, no /iHpn3My MyBcnia cro mojkho nocrauHTb iiapnay c iiepnomiac ctiuMH I103T3MH. <...> Mu aaxc ayMacM, mto cthxh r. *I>cTa moxho ynOTpCÖ/lHTb K3K IipOÖHblH KaMCHb Oil H ViliaHHM, CCTb 11H U MHiaiC-TC IOMKO paiBHTOC IIO'JTHMCCKOC MyBCTBO. BWUe yJKC 33MCTH^H Mbl, MTO IViaBHUM AOCTOMHCTBOM II I llVie K.I • run naM JIHPM3M ero MyBCTB3. ToabKO r/iyÔHHa, CHaa m xcHocn» lys-cTBaaeaaiOT cio jimphmcckhm. Bot cauncTBenno hcihhhuh mctommhk i 1.1 ni mojím m! 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Hc ronopii y*c o r.iyôoKOH ayme, KOTopan oans aca3CT Mcaoacica noJTOM, — ho r/tyfo- KOMUCaeilHbni yM, HO BCCCTOpoHIIHH CMMIiaTHMIKKTb H MyTKOCTbayillM KCaMUM pajH006pa3HCHUIHM HHaCHMMM JtíH IHH, XyflO*CCTBCIIHOC M)'B tTi«)(popMi,i, layöoKoe hp3bctbchHoe MyBCTBO, kotodík ycaoiciMiiaci BotipciiHc cro na jkhjub m npaBO cyaa naa NM) — m b oraeawiocTM ■caxaoc h3 3thx cbohctb peaKO BcrpcMacToi b mcjiobckc, a lipu MM HaaooHociuc, mto6u cm;ict.'imbi.il o6ctohic:ii^ib.i .i;ľim wcm mhm m "oKyiiHUM CBOHCTB3M oouinpHOC oôpaMBaHMc! <...> EMy MCMCrOM-1CK0 OTucKHBaTb MaTepHaaoB aa« cBocro HCKyccrBa: ohm acxaT n ihm h itoKpyr ncro. Oh y3naeT BHyrpcHHce. noa k3KMMm Ou o.ica.wmm hm «puiiajiocb oho: oh noTOMy h nosT, mto Bcioay yjHacTcro. <...> BjTOMOTHoiiieHHHoco6cHH0 3aMCM3Tcauiu iipomucacHMH I «IVI.I KOBCCM KHH)KKC erOCTHXOTBOpeHMii HCT, MOAIIDCK.IUII.. Mil O.IIIOUI. KOTOPOC HC UI.IIi) 6bl BHyUJCHO BHyTpCHHHM, HCBOabHMM HOÔyJWICHM- "lyBCTBa. no3THMecKoe coacpxanwe ecn. npoiuic Bccro coacpmaHMc coocTBeHHOíi ayujH: sToro hum aaTb hhkto hc mo*ct; h ncpBoc >vao »"c BCHKoro aMpHMecKoro CTHXOTBopeHMH - MT06 oho 6biao iicpc*im» ÍHTOpoM, MT06 OHO 3aKJlIOMaaO B CC6C HCPCAMTOC H ST06 3TO HCpC*H- 'ocBbisBaaocro. HHoraa r. OeTcaM ne bcoctohhhhcoEU&acrbccbohm "ByrpcHiiHM, no3THMecKHM nooyxacHHCM; Bupaxaer cro hcv/ummo. ICMHO - HO, HeCMOTpH H3 3TO, MyBCTByCUlb. MTO OCHOBHOM MOTMB BCpCH 5*9 -y/ŕ PyccKüH Jiumepamypnaa Kpumuu _XVIII—Hauajia XX.... H HCKDCHCH, M ľipM BCeM HeCOBepiUeHCTBe, npH BCeH 3anyTaHH0CTII(Jkho CKa3aTb, 3(J)MpHbie ottchu wyßCTBa, 'ito hct bo3mojkhoctm yaoBMTb MX b onpeaejieHHbix ona:, BblX MCpTaX H HX TOJIbKO MyBCTByeillb B TO H BHyTpeHHeň My3blKB.UH'.* iiĽpcncKTHBe.KOTopyKDCTMXOTBopeHHe ocTaBJifleTBayujeiiHTaTejiii.iL! HanpHMcp, «rhejibi», «OaHTa3HH» h MHoraeapyrae.) PeaKoeH3cmoi Bopciinii r. OeTa He npo6y>icnaeT b ayiue stoh nepeneKTHBbi - Henpr MCHHOC ACHCTBHC BCHK0P0 HCTHHHO n03TM4eCK0r0 npOH3BeaCHHH, - iicpeneKTHBbi, b KOTopyio 3aayMiiHBO h OTpaaHO norpyxaeTCH Hauiew CTBO, Tepaacb bo BHyTpeHHeň ee öecKOHCHHOcra. Mbi Ha3Baan 6u i: BHyTpenHioio nepcneKTHBy sxom, otcmbom, KOTopuň npoöyxaaei naiiieii Ka>itaoe hctmhho no3TniiecKoe npoH3BeaeHHe. <...> <...> ...Haao CKa3aTb, hto, Booôme, nosTHHecxHň TaaaHrr. " ro TpcöyiomMM OT4CTa bo BceM h noBopawMBaroiuHH bcíikhíí pa npn ncoGayManHOM CTpeMJieHHH Bnepea2. B r. OeTC Booôiue MaioKpH- THMCCKOrO T3KT3, OH CaHUJKOM CHMCXOüHTeJieH K CBOHM npOH3BC.KH ' hm; K3K HMnpoBH3aTop, oh öoabiueio nacTHio npeaocTaBJifleT wxcoá: bchhoh cyab6e. 3to mhoto BpeaHTeMy. <...> BHyTpeHHHii MHp r. OeTa — cKOJibKo Mbi MoxeM cyawTb no TBOPCHMHM C TO — He OTJIHMaeTCH HH MHOTOCTOpOHHOCTHK), HH rjTyfo KOMbicjiHCM coaepxaHMH. M3 Bcex CAOXHblX H pa3H006pa3HblX CTOP BnyrpcuHeií MeaoBeqecKoň >kh3hh b ayuie r. OeTa h3xoaht ce6c otw oaHa ToabKO aioôoBb, h to 6oabLueio MacTHro b Bwae qyBCTBeHHorooup lUeilHH, TO eCTb B CaMOM, T3K CKa3aTb, nepBOÔbITHOM, H3HBHOM W lipOMBACHHH. BoOÔUje aHMH3H, BHyTpeHHHH >KM3Hb OHeHb MailOJUCTCO n03THMCCKHX MOTMBOB. Ot 3TOTO Ha n033HM eľO He JIC3KHT T3 xapaicrcpnaH newaTbanqHoc™, KOTopaa npeatae Bcero npM»M»8r*' naTHio HMTaTeaH KanpHqecKOH no33HH, rae BbipaxeHne aHWHOH »h* hm cocpcaoToweHHoro b ce6e cepaua cocTaBaaeT Bceraa DpeoW** iumh HHTcpec. f OeT ecTb npenMymecTBeHHO nosT BneqaTaeHH" 0 pom. CaMyio cymecTBeHHyK) CTopoHy ero TaaaHTa cocTaaaHeT neo6w> HOBCHHo TOHKoe, nosTMqecKoe HyBCTBO npHpoabi. B 3TOM OH mo*í riocnopHTbc nepBOKJiaccHbiMH nosTaviM. <...> Boabinan qacTbno*' 550 11.11. BOTKHH 1I06HT BOCIipOM3BOaMTb TOAbKO CUflM CMJOMM, jíJm|)CK7HUC MMCHIIM iipupoaw; y r. OeTa, HanpoTMB, naxoanT cc6c otíub caMuc o6uacti KMC. KOTOpbie lipOaCTaiOT M H MO HaC, HC ' 'v I 1 lt. 1H H BflyuiC HUI1ICH IIHK3- k.iio c.KVi.i. n mi rooGbiaeiiiibie MOMCMibi noKaiuitici i «Ih-i n in iienoaojpcBaeMOH KpacoTc. Oh He noaxoanT k hum c lapancc npii.is MUHHOH MblCJHHO, HC JU1H TOľO, MTOf) 3aayMaTbCH Ha;i HMMI1, HC OTUC- MiiiacT b iipMpoae cHMBoaoB a;iH cbohx mucjich; hct — bcc, kaxjioc MMMOaCTHOe HBaCHHC 11 MCei .ĽIH HCl O CHOC CoflClBCHHOC IH.I'ICHMC. CBOwcoOcTBLHiiyio KpacoTy. TaKyK) nanBnyio BHHMaTcabHocri. MyncTHa h laaiii naiiaeaib pa3Bc mibKOy nepiioGbiTHUx nojioii Oh hc tuyMu-BaacH naa >kh3hmio, a 6c3otmctho paaycTc« ew. 3ro KaKoc- lo npocto-.lyiiiHC lyBCTBa, KaKori-TO ncpBoöbiTHbiH, iipaianiniiuH iiii.iHa na mh ICHHfl XH3HM, CBOiíCTBCHIIbHi IlCpBOHaMXII.HOH JMOXC 'ICJIOK'ICL'MIIO coiiiaiuiH. IlojTOMy-TOOHTaKiiaoporHaM, KaK HciwjiipaiiiMan kiikx ii. iiauia. OrroiOTaK iipuBacKaTcabUbi, ueabiiu it noaiibi iiuxojwt y r. Octa íibccbi aiiTojioi H'iecKoio' nan aiiTMMHoro coacpxaHHfl. <...> <...> HyitcTBO ripnpoabi r. OcTa iianBuoe, eiiCTaoc, m.i;uchmcckm-paaocTiioe, možkho cpaisiiHTi» ToabKO c lyücnioM iicpi«)ii kxioiiicckoU aioÓBM. B caMbix oöbuciinbix Hiiacniinx npiipoaw on yMccT noaMCian. lOH'ianiiiMe MHMoaeTHbicOTTCHKM, j(|)iipiibic iioayioHU, HcaocrymiHC ■UXMBOnHCH 11 KOTOpbie MOACT BOCIipOH IHOaMTb oaiia TOabKO HOJ JMU ciiOBa — m mmK3K3H apyrafl. <...> <...> Tmxmc, rayöoKHcoinyiucMMH, KOTopwc iipoxoaHT noayiuc. kch •ia Bbi CTOMTC Ha uiHpoKOM ayry m cmotpmtc na moamncc coanuc. ot KOTOpoiO lOaOTMTCH H CJ10BH0 B KaKOM-TO yMMJlCHMM TílCT OKpVAHWH ice, — Bcab 06 3THX ouiyujCHMHX aa*e m paccKaiari. hcicio. a mca;i> tcm Bbi nepciyiieTBOBaan Tyr caaaHaMiuMC CTpyn, 3aaiiBaniiiMc iwhiiv IP> II. HCHbipa3HMblM ňaaACHCIHOM. B0061HC II03IMH OIIIVIIICHIIII. K.IK "ee laayiucBHoc, po6Ka m CTbia^MBa; ona aK)6HT ycaHHCiiHC m Moasa-HHc h noTOM — yBbi! — pcaKO cneTacT k nav«, a ccaM icoraa m cacracr. WK BbipaiHTb Ce, K3K BbICKajaTb to, mto 6c3 bchkoh oncbiuhom >xih ipyrnx npiťiMHbi Ta k caaaocTHO, rayôoKO m 6c3Mcpno lupyr oxb.3TM.io •wmy ayiuy? Kto ncpoKHBaa TBKHC MMHyru, oanu c npHpoao», b tm-"HH acTHHü Be-iep, tot noHMCT, CKoabKO HcyaoBHMbix. ayiiicmiux omy- IHCHHil MyBCTByCTCH B 3TMX HCMH0IMX CTHXaX. KOTOpUC XI» MMblX. no- **"yH. Moryr iioKaiaTbca ôeccBHJHbiM acncTOM4... <...> Hhtmmmom i i .1 íh.ltm mu no33Mio r. Ocia; «rroöu MyBCTBOBaTi.cc npc--1cCTb, naao aioÖMTb npnpoay, TaK CKa3aTb, ccmchhom awóoBWo. a»- 6«Tb B ec ofibiaCHHblX HBaCHMflX, B eC TMXOH, CKpOMMOfl KpaCOTC. <...> r Oct hc cTapacTcn onMCbiBan» npnpoay. hc BaacTCH b noapoóMocTH. 551 IIHKO/IAÜ TABPH/IOBHH HEPHblUIEBCKHH (1828—1889) HJ. MepHbiujeBCKHii poaHacH 12 (24 Mioan) 1828 r. BCapa™« ceMbe CBHiueHHHKa. OoynancH CHanajia aoMa, a 3aTeM b CapaTo&a ■ ayxoBHOH ceMHHapHM. flyxoBHoe nonpHme Maao npMBaeKaaoHepHu-iiieBCKoro n. He 33kohmhb ceMMHapwK), oh nocTyriHJi Ha OTaeaeHiica-lueii cjioBecHOCTH (pHJiocotpCKoro (J)aKyabTeTa ľleTepôyprcKoroyHHBCr CHTera. B CTyacHMecKHe roau (1846—1850) MepHbiujeBCKHH 3aHiiMi- CH (|)HJ10aOrHeH, HCTOpHeíí, (ÍJH3HK0M UOß. pyKOBOaCTBOM BeayWHX n[*> (peccopoB, ho rop33ao öoabiiie, mcm aKaneviHMecKaa HayKa, eronpi- MCKana >KHB3H nOJIHTHHeCKaH aeHTeabHOCTb. IlOCIie OKOHHaHHfl VHÍ BepcHTCTa MepHbimeBCKHii Heaoaro pa6oTaa peneTHTopoM bo2-mu aeTCKOM Kopnyce, a 3aTeM CBbiuie aßyx aeT (1851 — 1853) npencoaa' caoBecHOCTb b CapsTOBCKoři rwMHa3MH. B anpcae 1853 r. OHyexin ľleTcpôypr, rae Hansa coipyaHHwaTb b xypHaaax «Otcmcctbchhuc riHCKH» H «CoBpCMCHHHK», B KOTOpOM BCKOpe CTaa BeayWHM KpHTH KOM. OaHOBpeMeHHO OH rOTOBHaCH K MaraCTepCKHM 3K33MeH3M H p< 6oTaa HaaaHccepTauHeH «3cTeTH4ecKHe othouichhh HCKyccTBaiucü-CTBHTcabHOCTH» (nyoaHMHaa 3anjHTa cocroaaacb b Mae 1855 r.). flpo-rpsMMHbiM KpHTHMecKHM BbicTyruieHHeM MepHbiiueBCKoro cTajiacrc CT3TbH «06 HCKpeHHOCTH B KpHTHKe» (1854), CBHaeTeabCTBOBaBIlU« tom, «iTO «CoBpeMCHHHK» nocTeneHHO o6peTaeT HOBoe «HanpaBJieHHf. h noBaHHBLU3H Ha HaeiiHoe pa3Me>KeBaHHe b peaaKUMH xypiiau w ricpBbic cT3TbH MepHbiiueBCKoro CTapbie coTpyaHHKM «CoBpeMeHHiiu1 BCTpcTHah HacTopoxeHHO, a Koraa noHBMJiacb ero aMCcepTau.HH. P> HoraacHH oöocrpHaMCb euje 6oabUje. MepHbiiueBCKoro o6bmhhjih bh: noHHM3HHH ueaeü MCKyccTBa h cywHOCTH npexpacHoro. Oöjtov.' •lacTHocTH, roBopMJiHJl.H.ToacToii, M.C.TypreHeB, A.B.Üpy*«H"H' apyrae. OaHaKo MepHbiujeBCKHH oöaaaaa xopouJHM sctctmhcckhm com, yMea BbiaeaHTb caMoe raaBHoe b npow3BeaeHHH, pacKpwn>ft'lV ochhocth TBopnecTBa nHC3Teaeíí, o neM CBHaeTeabCTByeT, HanpH«-ero CTSTbfl, nocBHineHHaa TBopnecTBy JI. Toacroro («fleTCTBO h orp-v •icctbo». Comhhchhc rp3(p3 Jl.H.TojicToro; «BoeHHbie p3CCKa3H'^ (pa^.H. ToacToro», 1856). nocae Toro, k3k b 1857 r. b «CoßpeMeHHHK» npHiuea flo6pai^ MepHbiujeBCKHH OTOuiea OTaHTepaTypHOH kphthkh Ho6paTiwc«Kn> aHUHCTHKC. OH HHCaa CT3TbH HO (pHaOCOCpHH, noaHT3K0H0MHH. ff* ^.TbHHCKOMy BOnpocy, O P33BHTHH peBOaHOUHOHHOrO ÄBMXeHH«- HJ. MEPlIHIUEBCKHň (ppaiiHMH H t. a. 3a sto bpcmh (iinaoTbaoapccTa b 1862 r.) Hcpiiuiiicn iKHH naiiHcan Bcero aßc kphthhcckhc pa6oTu: «PyccKHM mcaoikk Ha rcndes-vous» h «He naiaaoan ncpcMcnu?*. n0CaC06H3p0a0B3HHH M3HH(J)CCT3 19 (J)CBpa.'IH 1 X6 I I II WlipcillCH iiux neinypoii «riHCbM3x 6c3 aapeca» (1862, onyöaHKOBanu b 1874 r. 3a ipaiiHueri) MepHbiujeBCKHH otkpmto iiucTymui ripoiiiii npa-BHTcabCTBS. Oh 6bia HCKpcHHC yöcxacn, HTO napoa «»TOB K BOCCTU- ľilKi. H BMCCTC CO CBOMMM CTOpOHHHK3MH 3KTHIHK) BK.1K)'IHacH B opramaauMOHHO-nponaraHOHCTKyio pa6oTy no ero noaroroBKc. 7 no h 1X62 r. McpubiiiicBCKHH 6ua apccroBsn. ľloBoaoM aaw apccTa iiociy-«n m nHCbMO TcpucHa h Orapcßa, aapecoBannoc H.A. Ccpno-Coao-RbCBH'iy, b KOTopoM coaepxsaocb npcaaoACHHc ncpcuccrii iiia.miir «C()HpCMCHHHK3» B JIoiiaOH Hall ll)KcHCBy. BoaHHO'IHOH KaMCpC ArtCk- cccBCKoropaBcaHna neTponaBaoBCKoii kociiocth Hcphmiiicbckhh na iiHcaa poMan «HToaeaaTb?», a T3K)kc HC3ancpiucnnyio iiobccti» «Aac- pbCB», POM3II «nOBCCTH B HOBCCTH» H «McaKHC paCCICaSbJ», KOTOpUC riOCBOCH HaCMHOH HanpSBaCHHOCTH C03ByMHbl «MToaeaaTb?». McpiibiuicHCKHH 6bia npHroiiopcH k rpaxasHCKoii k.i ihm (coBcpuic-na b Mac 1864 r), aniiicuHio bccx npaB coctohhhh h 14 loaaM Kamp*-iiux pa5oT (cpoK coKp3UiCH no3aHce ao 7 acT) c nocacaywimiM nocc-1CHHCM b Ch6hph. Oh oToußaa h3K333hhc b KaaaHCKOM pyaiiHKc Hcp-HiiiicKoro oKpyra, a c 1865 r. - b TiopbMC AacKcanapoBCKoio laBoaa liiTcpaTypnyioacHTcabHOCTb McpubiiiicBCKHH ne iipcKpamaa h na Ka-Toprc(noBccTH, paccKa3bi, nbccbi). Ocoôoc Mccrocpca« HaiiHcaiiiioio HM B TC roabl 33HHM3CT pOM3H «Hpoaor». B 1871 ľ.. IKK U- OKOIľiailHH cpoKa KaiopžKíibix p36oT, McpubiiiicBCKHH 6ua OTiipaincii na ikhc ic HHe b rayxoŕi hk>tckhh ropoa BitaiOHCK, rac «Ha 12 acT bthäc.ichiiihx ycaoBHHx. B 1883 r. McpubiiiicBCKOMy paspcumaH noccanTbca b Acrpa-««h, rae, 6yay Ha6aioaaTcabHOCTb y HHbixTaaahTOB HMeeT b ceôe hcmto xo^oaiioc. ôeccTpacTHoe. Y Hac 33MeMaTeabHeHiiiHM npeacTaBHTeaeM 3T0H oco-ôchhocth 6bui riyujKHH. TpynHO HäHTH b pyccKOH aHTepaxype 00.1« TOMHyra h XHByK) KapTHHy, k;ik onHcaHHe 6biTa h npHBbmeK 6o.ibUiorc 6apnna CTapbix BpcMeH b Hanaae ero noBec™ «flyöpoBCKHÜ». Horpv1 HO peUJHTb, K3K ayMaeT 06 H306p3X3eMbIX HM MepT3X C3M ľlyUJKIIH KaxcTCH, oh roTOB 6biji 6u OTBeM3Tb H3 3T0T Bonpoc: «MOXH0 ayM3T> p33aHMH0; M HC K3KOe aeaO, CHMnSTHlO HJIH aHTHnaTHlO B036yflHTBB* 3TOT 6blT? H H CaM He MOľy peUJHTb, yiWBJíeHMH HJ1H HerOflOBaHHH'1" 3acayxHBaeT». 3Ta HaöaioasTejibHocTb — npocTO 3opKOCTb raaw h P* MHTaHBocTb. y HOBbix HauiHx nHcaTejieH TaKoro paBHoayuinsi n"Hl HaříacTe; hx 'lyBCTBa 6oaee B036yxaeHbi, hx yM 6oaee TOieH b cbom> cyxacHHHx. He c paBHOio oxotoio HanojiHHioT ohh cbok) (paHTJiHť HJ. MEPHMUIEBCKIlfi 570 BCCMM 06pa33MII, K3KMC TOJlbKO BCTpC'iaiOTCH Ma HX UVI II. MXI.UK (H ftCHHblM BHHM8HHCM BCM3TpMB3CTCH B 'ICpTU, KOTOpUC lipHH.tVICA.il cíjx-'pe JKM3HH, nanoonee hx JaHMMSJOOtefl, TaK, iiaiipiiMcp, i Jypicnc naOC06CHHO lipHBaCKSIOT HIiaCHHH, IIOaOXHTCabHUM II III (IIpun.m- II. HUM OÖpaiOM OTHOCHIUHCCH K TOMy, lITO HaJblBaCTCH IIOJIHCK) AH IHM. h k Honpocy o ryMBHMOCTH. BiiHMaiiHc ipa<|)a Toicuho d.iho hccio OfipUUCHO Ha TO, K3K oailH 'IVHCTIia II MI.IC.1H pa IIUIIUIHMĽM H I aps I HX cMy HHTcpecHO na6aKVJ.au>, k3k hvhctbo, Hciiocpcaciiu.-iiiu) hohihk.i ioiucc H3 aamioro noaoxenHH nan BiiciaTacnHH, iio;ľnninnci. h-ihm HHK) BOCHOMHHaHHH H CHaC CO'ICTaHHH, lipCilCTaiUIHCMMX IMWfip.IAC hiicm, iicpexo/iHT b flpyruc MyBCTBa, CHOBa BOíiipaiuaeicH k hpcahch ik mi.ihdh i ď i ku n on h n. n oiiHTbcrpaiicinyci, h imchhhci. i in ikch i ich h MCnOM H H 3 H H H J K3K MblCab, pOXilCHliaH MCpilblM OIHVIUCIIHCM, ItCaci K apymM MbicaHM, yBJiCKacrcH a;uii.inc h aaai.inc. caniiaci ipo im c .ich CIIIHTCablIbl M H OinyUiCHHHMH, MCHTbl O 6yayiHCM C pC(J)aCKCHCK) o na- cioHiucM. ncHXoaorHMCCKHií anajim moxct iipniiuMaii. p.i laiciiiuc iiaiipaiuíciiHH: oanoro no3Ta 33hhm3K>t BccroGoacc o'icpranMH xapaKic-Pob; apyroro — annwiiHH o6uicctbchhmx othoiiichhh h aiitchckmx CTOaKHOBCHHM H3 X3paKTCpbi; TpCTbCIO - CBH II. ■IVIICIB i ;UIH IHIIHMH. ■icTiicpToro — 3nanH3 CTpacTeH; rpacpa ToncToro Btcro 6once — ctM llCHXHMCCKHií lipOUCCC, eľO c|)0pMbl, eľO 3aK0HW, AHaJICKTHKa jiyimi. MTOÔM BbipaiMTbCH OnpeaCaHTCabHMM TCpMMHOM. Miapyrnx jaMC'iaTeabneiiiuHX nauiHXno3TOBÖoaccpaiBirra iracto-poiia iicHxoaorH 3to bobcc hc to, mto noayMCMTaTeabHue, noaypccpacKTMBiiuc nun 1CHHH IH II ľ,| i n n H MyBCTB, KOTOpblC paCTyT, aBMAVTCH. M IMCHHIOTCfl HC- Pca HaiuMMH raa3;iMH, Koraa mm IMWMI noBCCTb ipacpa Toflcroro, - tto »c HMccT hm Maaeiíujcro cxoacTBa c ero hjoôpíukchhhmm Kaprím h c iich. OAiiaanHM h onacenMH, npoHOCHiUHXCH b mucjim eroncHCTuyiomHX mn: rWJMUUiaCHHH nCMOpHHa Ha6^K)flCHM BOBCC HCCTOHTOMKH ipCHMH.KaK pauhmhuc MHiiyrbi iiyiueBHOH XM3HM aMU. BWBOAMMbix rpacJioM Td.V "MM. - XOTH 6bl, HanpHMCp, 3T0 H306paXCHMC Toro. MTO ncpCXMIWCT '•ciobck b MHnyry, npefliuccTByioiuyio oxnaacMOMy cMcprcabMOMy yaa-Py. noTOM u MHHyry nocaeaHero cotphcchmh ncpBor 3Toroyaapa. <...? 571 42 -yfŕ PyccKüH AumepamypiiaH KpumuKc _XV III-nana jig XX mux. Oh HHMano He crecHaeTCH b hx o6iuecTBe. Mu yBepeHbi, Huras ero Kiiiiry, ayMaeuib, mto, Koraa oh cmamt Ha nocroanoM aßopc hjih jaoôc-aoM y MyxMKa, hjih odquht Mexay HapoaoM Ha ryaaHbe, ero CMBonanuc coGeceanHKH He aeaaioT o HeM TaKoro 0T3biBa, mto bot, aecKaTb, xaxoM aoGpbiH m jiacKoubiii 6apnn, a roBopflTo HeM 3anpocro, k3k o cbocm Gpatc. MTO, aeCKaTb, 3T0 napeHb XOpOUJHH H MOXHO BOaHTb c UHM KOMnailCTHO <.„> Bot imm >KH3Hb yxe h npnroTOBHJia peiueHHe 3aaaMH, KOTopa» cnoa> mhhmok) TpyiiHOCTbio T3K o6ecKypaxHBaeT caaBHHoqbH^OB h apymx iuc-ajiHCTOB, Bcaea 3a caaBHHOcpHaaMH TOJiKyiomnx o HaaoÖHOCTM aeaaTb n-KHe-TO rpauracTHMecKHe (J)OKyc-noKycbi aan cöaHxeHHa c HapoaoM. Hu-KaKnx ocoôeHHbix uiTyK win 3Toro He TpeöyeTcn: roBopHTe c MyauiKOM npoCTO h HenpHHyxaeHHO, h oh noiÍMeT Bac; BxoaHTe b ero MHrepccu, n iii.i npno6pcTeTe ero comybctbhc 3to aeao coBepmeHHO JierKoe nm toto. kto b caMOM aeae aioÔHT napoa, — aioôHT He Ha c/ioBax, a b ayme. ÍIPHME HAH Híí flemcmeo u omponecmeo CoHuueiiUH epacpa Jl.H. Tojicmozo. CÍJ6. 1856. Boeniibie paccica3bi epaípaJI.H. Tojicmoao. CIT6. 1856. Bncpnbíc onyôaHKOBaiio BxypHaae «CoßpeMeHHHK» (1856, N° 12). ilc-iara-CTCH c coKpaiueHHHMH no inaaHHio: HepimuteecKuu H.ľ. ľlucbMa 6eaaapeca: Có anTepaTypHo-KpuTH'iccKnx n oömecTBe h ho- noa htmmcc khx paôoT - M., 1988 1 Bce iia'JBaiuibíc aaecb npoH3BeaeiiHH 6biaH nepBOHa'iaabno HanewaTaiiH» «CoHpcMCHHHKe» 1852—1856 rr. 2 Hcpill.IUICUCKHH nOaHOCTbK) BKaiOMaeT b TeKCT CT3TbM BliyTpCHHHit M0II0- aor flpacKyxHHa ncpea CMepTbio H3 paccKa3a Jl.H. ToacToro «CeßacTono-ib» Mac Mecoue». He na 'iní d au nepejueHbi? PaccKa3bi H.B. YcneHCKoeo. ßee nacmu. CÍI6. 1861 Bncpiibic onyóaHKOBaHO b xypHaae «Cobpcmchhhk» (1861, Ns 11). ilcHaracrc« no iHoaHHio: HepHbirneecKuů HS. ľlucbMa 6c3 aapeca:C6. amcpaTypHO-Kpimw khx h o6mecTBCHH0-noaHTHMecKHx paôoT— M., 1988. ' JJaaee MepiibiiiieBCKHii, aoKa3biBaa cboio Mbicab, aoBoabHO noap»5H0MC oöujupubiMH BbinncKaMH paaÔHpaeT paa npoH3BeaeHHH YcneHCKoro «O pyxa», «ryaHHbe», «ripoe3)KHH», «O603», «HoMb noacBerabinaeHb», «Ha nyní* 2 Meroa aHaaornň h cpaBHeHHH H36paH aBTopoM aaa toto, mtooh, HecMorr* Ha ueH3VT>Hbie orpaHHMCHHH, roBopHTb c MHTaTeaHMH o Tex couHiibHO-naiim'-hcckhx npo6aeMax, Koropbie oh CMHTan aicryaabHbíMH. 578 HHKOilAH A/IEKCAHflPOBHH AOKPO<'IIOhi) 1836 r. b Hhaiicm HoBropoac b ccmuc o6pa loBaHHoro m npocBcmcunoro cbh-mcHHocayxHTCJiH. ricpBOHaMaabHoc oöpaio-BaiHieoH iioayMMJi aoMa, 3aTCM b mixcropoa-CKOM ayxoBHOM yMHaHiue h ccMHuapiiH. Jlc-IOM 1853 r./JoöpoaioöoBOTnpaBHacH b ľlcTcp-6ypr, CDÖHpaacb nocTynHTb B/JyxonnyK) aica- .1CMIIK), BMeCTO 3T0T0 OH CT3HOBHTCH CTyaCH- TOM iiCTopiiKo-(J)iiaoaorHMccKoro (paKyaiacTa TiaBiioioncaaroiHMecKoroHHCTHTyra. Okoh-'iHBiiticTHTyT.acTOM 1857 v., /Joöpoa k)6ob CTíia IIOCTOHHHblM COrpyaHHKOM «CoBpCMCHUHKa», ICHaMaaa IS5Si. pcaaKiopoM KpnniK()-f)nf)anoip.i(|)iiMci'Konioi ic ia. Bccro oKoao ruiTH acT npoaoa*aaacbcroacHTcabH(k.ib. MO m ta jtoi KopoTKini cpoK um Gbiaa npoacaana iiohcihmc iHianiiMecKaM pafiota. 011 craioaniiM n icaMi.ixaiimpiiienicHinnx kphiiikobcimkmohpcmciih ,l<»fi pojiioGoBßbia HCToabKoamcpaiypiibiM kphihkom, no 11 iioaiiiirici khvi acHTcacM, nyöaHixHCTOM, KOTopiaii nciioabJOBaa aiooyio boimo*m(k.ti.. •)T0f)bl «TO IKOliail, o HltlCIIIIHX C3MOU Alt HIM II.I OCHOH.IIIHII IHIC parypnoro npon3BcaeHHH». Cobpcmchhhkob nopaxaaa i.iy6Miia h oc-HOlKHcabHOCTb CyXülCHHH MOaOaOľO MCaOBCKa, cio lUHpoKax (KitcaoM MKHOCTb li Bonpocax (|)naoco(|)iin, jkoiiomhkh, ncaaioiiiKii. hticiiikii h iHTcparypbi. /Jo6poaiof3oB6bia h6accTHiUHM canipiiKOM. Erocampn-tecKMe npoiuBcaenHfl neMaTaancb npcuMyiucciiicimo Ha crpaiiHiux •C'BHCTKa» - CaTHpHMCCKOrO npnaOXCHHH k «C'OBpCMCHHMKy». Bcc, 6aH3Ko ;i i.iiíi 11 ik' /J,o6poaio6oBa, roBopiuiH o hcm kbk o scaoBC- WlipHMOM H npaHaHBOM, OTKpblTOOTCTaHBaiOlUCMCBOM yf)C«aCHHH. Ilť ywciomcM aimcMcpHTb. «Oh cMenacH b muo rayriiiy,- bciiommmäji no-«hcc HcKpacoB,— pc3KO oTBopaMHBaac» OT HcroaxH, on coraauiaacH TOJIbKO C TCM, MTO HC lipOTHBOpCMHaO CIX) yOCXaCHHHM». MHOľHM ;lof>-P0.1IOOOH K.llíLICH CyXHM 11 M.LIO'MOnHOnalbllblM MC.TOBCKOM. a.tlfKHM «"«HTCiiCKHX paaOCreH H HHTCPCCOB. flCHCTBHTCabHO. BaHMHOH *H Mill OH6ua oannoK, hoapy3b« 3Haan, mto noa bhcuihch xoaoaMOCTMo h c>-PoBocTbio cKpbiBaaacb ot3I>ibmhbh>i h ao6pa« ayiua. ľlocioiwm Mcpuw- 579 PyccKOH JiumepamypHQH Kpumilkt _XVIII-namvia XXy,. incBCKoro, oh «6biJi qejioBeK 'ipe3BbmaHH0 BnenaTaHTeabHbiH, crpacr HbIH, h MV/BCTBa CTO 6bUIH nOpbIBHCTbl, rJiyĎOKH, nbiaKH». Paooraa ilo6poaK)6oB OMeHb MHoro (riHcan, hht3ji Koppeicrypbi h p\- koiihcm, 3HaKOMHJICH C XypHatlbHblMH HOBHHK3MH), hto npMBejIO k OGo- cípcuHio >iaxoTKH. Bccnoíí 1860 r. HepubiujeBCKHíí h HeKpacoBvroitopit jih ero nocxarb jreMHTbCH 3a rpauMuy, ho h TaM oh He npeKpaiuaa paGcrau CraTbH «Jlyi cBeTa btcmhom uapcTBe» 6biJia HanwcaHa 3a rpaHHueii diic- PHO/J., KOraa aCMOKpaTbl n0Jlb30BaJlHCbJlK)60H B03MO:«HOCTblOailHMll(>. XBHHfl cbohx B3rjiHaoB h noJiHTHMecKOH nporpaMMbi. HeCOMHeHHO,'no KpilTI1K ny6jIHUHCTH>ieCKH 3aOCTpHJl OTaejIbHbie CTOpOHbl HJieíÍHOrO 3B\ •lamiH apaMbi, caeaaa H3 hhx npnMbie nojiHraqecKHe BbiBoau, hojto o6i>HCH(Lnocb BpeMeHeM co3/jaHH5i h MHpoB033peHHeM /}o6poaio6oiia. Bojibujc roaa npoKiui ZloSpoaioooB 3a rpaHMueii, oaHaKO auopomecro npoaoaxaao yxyawaTbCH, h oh pernna BepHyTbca b Pocchk). ripHcxaH b ricTcpGypr b aBrycre 1861 r., oh cpa3y xe BepHyaca k aKTHBHoii paĎorni yxe BccHTHĎpe ony6jiHKOBaji cbokj nocacamoto CTaTbio — «3a6HTbie jnojiť B koi mc cciiTH6pji j3,o5dojiio6ob cjier h yxe ooabuue He BCTaji. B Ho-ibc I6ta l7iiOH6pa 1861 r j5o5pojno5oBCKOHiiajiCH 0TTy6epKyae3a. Hro ranoe oóaoMOBinHHa? (Oóhomob, poMSH M.A. roHnapoBa. "OTenecTBeHHbie 3anHCKH», 1859, Í13 I - IV) Hae «e tot, kto 6w na porn" H3biKe pyccKOH ayuiH yvtea 6bi cKajan iwm jto BceMorywee cjiobo «Bnepea»? BeKH npoxonflT 3a bcmmh nojiMHJibOHa CHaHeň, yBajibHeří h 6ojiBaHOB.ipcM.if Hcnpo6yjiHO, m peaKo poAaaeTCH Ha PycM mv». yMeiouiHň npoH3HecTH ero, 3to BceMorymee cjiom /ivo» /lecHTbJíeDfoiajia Hama ny6jiHKa potviaHa r. ToHnapoBa. 3aaoaroJf ero noHBJícHHH b nenaTH o HeM roBopHJiH KaK o npoH3BeKHH« Heo6biKHOBCHHOM. K MTeHHK) ero npHCTynHJIH c CaMblMH o6ujhphw«« OKHJianHHMH. Mečeny tcm nepBaa qacrb poMaHa, HanncaHHafl euic» 1849 roay h qyxaaa TeKyiuHx HHTepecoB HacTOjmieň MHHyrbi, MHont* noKa3ajiacb CKyMHoro. 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B HAH, MTO nOaCCKaeTCH aCPCBO, H3 KOTOPOM OHH C MAUT. - HoMH- ayHTc, Bcab mu moxcm yGiiTbCH, n BMCCTC c HaMM iioihGh>t tc npc-"paciibic iiacH, Te bucokhc MVBCTBa, tc ryMamiuc ctt»cm.ichhm. to *>pacHopcMne, tot naepoe, aioGoßb ko BceMy iipcKpacuoMy m öaaropai-HoMy, - KOTopwe b Hac Bceraa jkhjih... OcraBbTC. ocraBbTc! Mto hu ac •lacTc?» Ho nyTHHKH yxe cawxaaH Twenty pa3 bcc jih iipckpaciiuc 'tpajbi h, hc oGpaiua« H3 hhx BHHMaHHH. iipoaoa*aioT paUory. O6ao- 584 585 PyccKOH Jiumepamypnan Kpumuu _XVIII-nanaAa A'.V ,, MOBiiaM eine ecTb cpeacTBO cnacra ce6a h cbokd penyTaunio: cjiemc aepena h ripMMHTbCfl 3a pa6oTy BMecTe capyrHMH. Ho ohh, noo6biKn». DCIIHK), paCTCpflTIHCb H He 3H3K3T, MTO HM aeaaTb... «KaK )Ke 3T0 Tai B/ipyr?» — noBTopfliOT ohh b orcasíHHH h npoaoaxaioT nocu.ian Gecnaoanbie npoicnsiTHH raynoii Toane, noTepaBuieň k hhm yBaxem« <...> Thhm, co3iiaHHbie canbHbiM TaaaHTOM, aoJiroBeHKlr h huhhc xOfBjT Jiioan, npeacTaanHHOuiMe, KaK 6yaTO CKoaoK c OHernHa, Fle-iopi! Ha, Pyaniia h np., h He b tom Bnae, KaK ohh MorjiH 6bi pa3Binbcn iip« apyrnx oGcTOHTcabCTBax, a hmchho b tom, b k3kom ohh npe/jCTaB.iemj IlyiHKHHblM, JlcpMOHTOBbIM, TyprCHeBblM. ToabKO B OÖmeCTBCHHOMCOl- naiiHH Bee ohh 6oaec m 6o/iee npcBpamaKJTca b OGaoMoiia. Heab3HCKa-3aTb, mtoG npcBpaujeHHe sto yxe coBepwHaocb: HeT, emc h Tenepb tucii-HH aioaeii npoBoaHT bpcmh b pa3roBopax h twcmmh apyrnx ji kwh totobij rrpHHHTb pajroBopbi 3a aeaa. Ho mto npeBpameHMc 3to HasJtaaCT aoKa3biBaeT Tun 06aoMoria, co3aaHHbiíí IoHMapoBbiM. noHBJicHiic cm 6bijio 6i>i HeB03MO)KHO, ecan 6bi xoth b HeKOTopoii nacTH o6wecTBanc coTpeao co3nanne o tom, KaK HHMToacHbi Bee 3TH quasi-TajiaHTJiHBuc HaTypbl, KOTopbiMH npcxae Bocxnuiaancb. ilpextae ohh npHKpbiBania pa3HblMH M3HTHHMH, yKpaUjaJIH Ce6fl pa3HbIMH npuMecKaMH, npHaicu-jih kcef)c pa3Hi>iMHTajianTaMH. 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H3M naiiiy oGaoMOBinniiy, hc moi, oaHaKO, hc TanaaTHrbaauM oGiucMy laoayjicacHiiio, ao chx nop cToai. cnabHOMy b iiaiiicM oGiiicctbc: oh pc HiHacH iioxopoiiHTb oGaoMOBiuHHy h cKaiaTi. cfl iioxBaabMiK naiip OraaBafl aaHb CBoesiy bdcmchm. r. ToiiMapoB bwbci h nponiBoaaiic OG.noMOBy — UJToabua. Ho no noBoay sroro iM»a mm ao/ixmu cihc Pa3 noBTopiiTb Harne nocTOHHHoe mhchmc,- mtoaMTcparypa nc mo*ct »GcraTb canujKOM aaaeKo Bncpca «iuhh. UJmibuca. a»/jc« c neu. "WM.acHTcabHbiM xapaKTcpoM, npn KoropoM BCHKaa MHcibTorsac mc "B-nacTCH CTpcMacHHCM h ncpcxoaMT Baeflo. ciuc hct b acHiHM iiauícm 587 PyccKan JiumepamypnaH Vfnmm _XVIII—nanajig XX net. oGmccTBa (pa3yMeeM o6pa30BaHHoe o6mecTBo, KoropoMy aocTyriHn i>i.kmihc cTpeMJieHHfl; b Macce, rae »acv\ h ctpcmjichhh orpaHH'iemj o'lenb6/IM3KHMM it HeMHoriiMM npeaMeTaMH, Taioiemom 6ecnpecian no nonaaaioTCfl). <...> Oabra, nocBocMy pa3BMTiiio, npeacTanafleTBbiciiiMH Raeaa, KaKOHrau-ko MO>KeT Tenepb pyccKHii xyaowHHK Bbi3BaTb H3 TenepeuiHeii pyccKoft *H3HM. OTTOrO OHa, Heo6bIKHOBeHHOH HCHOCTbKJ H npOCTOTOl} CBOeH.10- i mkm h H3yMHTejibHoii rapMOHiieM CBoero cepaua h bojih, nopsxaeTHacjo Toro, 'ito Mbi roTOBbi ycoMHHTbca b ee aaxe nosTMMecKoii npaBje m cu-3aTb: «TaKnx acByiiieK He 6biBaeT». Ho, cjieoH 3a neio bo Bee npoaoajKemic poinaHa, mu HaxoflMM, mto OHa nocTOHHHO BepHa ce6e h CBOCMy pawn thk), mto OHa npeacraBJifleT He ceHTeHUHio aBTopa, a >KHBoe nmo, Taikko TaKoe, KaKHx mm eme He BCTpeMaan. B Hen-TO 6oaee, HexeaH b LBToawic. moxiio BHaeTb HavieK Ha HOByio pyccKyio >KM3Hb; ot Hee mojkho ojkiuiiv cjiOBa, KOTopoe co>KxeT m pa3BeeT ooaoMOBiuHHy... <...> Kor/ja me npn/lCT Hacromnnit flpHb? (HanaiiyHe. riOBecrb H.C. Typremsa. ■ PyccKHH BecTHHK", 1860 r.. Pi3 1—2) Schlage die Trommel und furchte dich nicht mi ScTCTHiecKaH KpHTHKa caeaanscb Tenepb npHHatuiexnocTbK) mu CTBMTCabHblX i i.ipi.l llk'l I li. <...> ManoMy 3HaK0MCTBy c nyBCTBMTejibHbimh 6apbiwHHMH oaoaxenu Mbi TeM, mto hc yvieeM nHcaTb t3khx npHHTHbix h 6e3BpeaHbix Kpuna Otkpobchho npM3HaBaacb b 3tom h OTKa3biBaacb ot poan «BOcnHraTC-an 3CTCTMMecKoro BKyca ny6aHKH», mh H36HpaeM apyryio 3aaaiy,6o-aee cKpoMHyio h 6onee copa3MepHyio c HauiMMH cmaMH. 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Typicitcn rpoitya icaKOM-HHOyab itonpoc b CBoeit iiobcctm, ccjih oh HjoopaiHa KaKym iui6y.li, iioiiyio c lopony of)iiiecTiienni.ix othoiiichhh. mo c ivahi p\ M3TCabCTBOM 3a TO, MTO BOIipOC 3TOT aCIICIHMIC.ll.H0 IIO.'IblMaCTCH Man CKOpO IIOablMCTCH B COJIiailMH of)pa lOliaHHOI (I oOllli-C 111.1. 'HO II.I lio B3H CTODOIta XH3HM HSSHHaCT BbiaaiiaTbCH M CKOPO BUKaXCTCH |)C IKO M HpKonpca raa3aMit bccx. IIojiomv Ka)tuiuit painpit iiohilichmm mouci th r. TypreitCBa aeaaeTCH aioGonuTHUM Bonpoc: KaKHc *c cTopoitu XH3HH M306pa>KCnbl B Heii, K3KMC BOI1DOCU jaTDOItyTU? BoilDOC 3TOT lipcaCTaiUlHCTCH H TCnCpb, It B OTIIOUICIIMH K HOBOH iiobcctm r. Typreneiia oh mmrepeeitee, mcm Koraa-aHoo.Hocmx nop nvi i. r. TyprcneBa, coo6pa3HO c nyrcM pa3BiintH naiiicio o6inccrBa. 6ua ao- BoabHO RCHO ItaMCMCH B OaHOM ItanpaB-ICHMH. <...> TaKMM o6paM)M. JlHuiHero McaoitCKa cmcihui 11aci.n im in . nacuitKoiwi - I's mu. I'yait Ha - jlaBpeuKiiii. Kaxaoc M3 3Thx anu 6uaoCMcacc it noaitcc nncau-ayiUHx, HocyuiHOCTb, ocitoBa itx xapaKicpa it necio it\ cynic*. rimiumiM 6uaa oflHa h Ta xc. Ohm 6uaH biiocmtcah itotibix iiactt b hibccthmh Wi.iip "WO, I.IK COMyBCTBOBaaM MX ayiUCBHHM CTpaiiaitHUM. T3K XULICJIH Of) HX fiecnaoaHuxycwaHHX. HcaapoM tttticroToiaa it hc .ivm.i i umcimii.. mio "ce 3th rocnoaa - oraitMHUC, 6aaropoaHuc. yMituc. mo b cyiuitociH CciacabHue aioaH. Pncy« mx o6pa3U b pa3HUX noao- HOBCHMHX, CaM f. TypPCHCB OTHOCMaCH K HHM 06UK HH\ H CT0.1K- HtO C T|»OI ■! S89 PyccKan jiumepamypnaH kjnombj _XVIII-HanaAg XX..., TcabHbiM yqacTMCM, c cepaeMHOii 6oabio 06 hx CTpaaaHHax h to *e iy». ctho BOjGyxcaan nocTOHimo b Macce MHTaTeaeii. <...> <...>Ka>kctch, hcho, hto Tenepb Hy^Hbi hbm hc tskhcn\om, koto-pue 6bi ewe Goaee «B03Bbini3aH Hac Haa OKpyxaKDiuen aeikTBmeu HocTbio», a TaKHC, KOTopbieObi naaHHjiM — vu\w Hac Hayqnan noaHm-cawyio iiencTBHTeabHOCTb ao ypoBHH Tex pa3yMHbix TpeGoBamiii. m Kne Mu yxe co3Hajin. 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Be3 comhchhh, Ka*nbiit. kto 6yaeT "iMTaTb Hamy cTaTbio, yxe npoMMTaa Tenepb «HaKaHym> rio3TOMy mu, bmccto paccKa3acoaepxaHHH noBecTH, npeacTaBHMTO.ii. ko KopoTCHbKnii oMepK raaBHbix ee xapaiaepoB. <...> B MucapoBe, crporo roBopn, HeTHHMeroiipe3BbiMaHiioro.<..•> On HHKoraa He a act, He H3MeHHeT CBoeMy caoBy, He GepeT BSaRMH*1 Her, He aio6nT pa3roBapnBaTb 0 cbomx noaBHrax, hc oTKaaauBacT iic noaiieniiH npMHHToro penicHHH, ero caobo He pacxoaHTCH c aeaoM I T. n. CaoBOM, b hcm HeTTex iiepT, 3a KOTopwe aoaAeH ropbKoynpckan cc6h bchkhh MeaoBeK, HMeiouiHii npeTeH3Hio cMHTaTb ce6fl nopsuo'i-hum. Ho, KpoMCToro, oh — 6oarap, nHTaioiuHH bayme cTpacTHoe xc-aaime ocBo6oanTb cboio poaHHy, h stoh Mbican oh npeaaeTCii necb. OTKpuTo h yBepeHHo, b Heii 3aicaioHaeTCH KOHeMHaa ueab ero kiuhm Oh HcayMaeT CTaBMTbCBoeaHMHoe 6aaro b npoTHBonoaoAHOCTbCsroii ueabio. <...> HanpoTHB, oh noTOMy-To h xaonoMeT o CBo6oae poflHHW. 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