Pycctca» jiumcpamypnaa Kpumuxa X VIII—nanaJia XX aexa
uiOTJL'iaHTa. ľbro/ib nnc&i, mto oöuicctbo ewe
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H M 1MHMC 01 60 ILllJHMCTBa MHTaTCJieH M B OCOÔeHHOCTM KpHTHKOB
MKMCMM Iímouäm BbicoKyiooiicHKy noMHeií nyujKHHCKOM npo-Tnmm ■< mWMUrvr npoM3BCneHHHX nosTa «MMcroTy n 6C3B.C-
'  „...... •HCMIHHO pyCCKHC XapaKTCpbl». B H033MH JlcpMOHTO-
w luio.11. »iMC'i.i i .upninaKH TiuianTa iiepitocTeneHHoro», ho tobo-PM.1 h ocioucJoipaatiocTii, «6c30'iapoBannn», a o ero npose otoskuch MM mMAmCHMTOBpeMeHH: «Hhkto ewe 11c nHcaji y ik.c raxofl mm "•'<"». iipcKpacMO« H 6:iaioyxanno>i nposoii. Ty 1 mu.10 00:11,111c
WlU.1C.ll.>. B.1CHC!BHTC;il.H0CTl.*H3HII - lOTOIHl.'IOI OvaVllIMU BĽ III
khH xmbohmccu pyccKoroöuTa...».
Hvia Ic l ICM ľolO.'lb CKOpÔHT O TOM, MTO B COBpCMeHHOH JIHTepaTy-
pc iiowi čim- učí ofipaia biiojihc pyccKoro McnoBeKa b tom Maeane, b • 1 6uTb:«... no'J3HH Hauia He Bbipa3HJia HaM uHrae pyc-
■ i 11IIO.IHC, MU B TOM Uíkwie, B KaKOM OH flOJDKCH 6blTb, HH n toll ikuimimmciMMcmu, B K3K0Ü oll nunc CCTb».
B ocHoiK iiccx cyxaciwH o ;iHTepaType h HCKyccTBe otmctjihbo ii|xk MarpHMCTCH oco6bift B3MHA IorojiH Ha PoccHK) — B3rjiíiÄ npa-MKJMMHoto xpiKTnaiiHna, co3Haiomcro, mto ôyaymee npouBeTaHHC h itoipox.iciiiic crpain.i h iiapoaa b boccocahhchhh c UepKOBbio, B xyxoBHOM iicpcycTpoHCTBc xaxaoro, b onope Ha JiyMUJiie /lyxoBiiuc M.ťi.1.1,1 M.111MOH.1.11.11010 xapaKTcpa. Cnoio Kiniry 011 cmia.i «HCtlO-KAM» u- mm; KOTopbiH npoBcn HCCKOJibKO JieT bhvtph ce6a», b nuopnit X01CI •'inciotcp;icMHo noKajan. ncKOTopi.ie 0111.111.1 Han cofon. m Mc h mo tc, me noMonia mhc pejiHrna b HccnenoBanHH ayuiii •icioBcua...».
Knura toiuiM f)u.ia Bpaxac6no BcipcieHa nyôJíHKoii h kphtmk3MH,
lipiHCM K.IK ranaOHHKilMH— ľepilCHblM, EOTKHHblM H AHHCHKOBIJM. T3K Ht. UllMM<x|ill I.IMII     fipaibHMH AKCaKOIIblMM, 6/IH3KHMH 110 BffJUUBM «
IWMK) íiiaiiiiiHcoflHorororojia,oHHCTO^KHy^MCbcoBepuienHOCJipy-1 tm. na íl pn mc p. nncaa ľl.A. Ba3eMCKHii C.n. lUcBbipeBy: •  M.HiiM KpiHiiKii cMOTpHT Ha ľoro^fl, K3K cMOTpeji 6bi 6apnH Ha Kpeno-cmoroMtiohcKa, KoropuH bäomcero3aHHMan MecTOcKa30MHHKa h no-H napyr côexaji H3flOMa h nocTpHrca b moh3xh». . .locTaTOHHO Taxe^o ncpexMBaji oôwee HenoHMMaHwe, ipa-upaBCTBCHiioc oiiHHOMecTBo, nMcaji, mto KHMra HaHecjia eMV "CMMc. Mio ayina Hsiiujia, b ocoöeHHocTH CTpaaaji ot «cTpawuoii
jitintfxínii/puau KpumuKa
nrpiiílil nOJlOtíUHbl XIX HVKĺl
"ti*! C jpyjbHMH..
138
0'ienb HeMHorne npMH^H «BbiGpaiiHbie mcctb». PyccKoe ayxo-BeHCTBO, HanpuMep, xoth h npHBeTCTBOBajio «xpHCTMancKoe Hanpaii-^chhc» KHHFM Toro^H, OflHaKo yKa30Jio Ha Mnorwe ero 3a6jiyxjennH, Hconpeac^eHHOCTb, jiyujeBHoe, a hc jiyxoBHoe BjioxHOBciiHe aiiropa. BcpuJHHOH OTpimaTe^bHoii kphthkm CTano 3HaMCHHToe nncbMO Bc-
^HHCKOrO, B KOTOPOM KpMTHK yTBepXtaa^, MTO ToľO^b H3MCHM/I CBOe-
My japoBaHHio m y6e»caeHHflM, nncaji o naaeHHM TajiaiiTa h nojinoc-TbiooTpHua^ rorojieBCKHe npeacTaB^eHHH o pyccKOM naponc. Oh yBH-aeji b «Bbi6pannbix MecTax» «Haayryio h HconpHTuyio iiiyMwxy cjiob h (J)pa3».
TorO-IH OMCHb OrOpMH^O 3H3MeHHTOe «ÜHCbMO» ßCflMHCKOrO M OH
Haniica^ eMy otbut (ho He OTnpaBMJi ero), b kotopom 6bmH TaKHC c^o-Ba: «Mto MHe CKa3aTb b3m Ha pe3Koe 3aMeMaHMe, öyaro pyccKiiH My-
)KHK He CIOIOHCH K peJlMTHM H MTO, TOBOpH O Bore, OH MeUlCT y CCÖH
apyroíí pyKoií noHHxe cnwHbi, 3aMeManHe, KOTopoe bu c TaKoíí caMO-
yiiCpCHHOCTbK) npOH3HOCHTe, K3K 6yüT0 BeK o6pawajiHCb C pyCCKHM
MyxHKOM? Mto Tyr roBopHTb, Korjia Ta k KpacHopcMHiio rOBOpoT Tbi-CHHH uepKBeň h MOnacTbipefí, noKpbiBaraiuHX PyccKyio 3cm;iio. Ohm cTpoHTCH He aapaMH 6oraTbix, ho 6e.nnbiMH aenTa\in HCHMyiUHx, tcm
CaMbIM HapOflOM, O KOTOpOM Bbl TOBOpHTC, MTO OH C HCyBaXCHbCM OT-
JbiBaeTCHo Bore. <...> HeT, BnccapnoH rpnropi.cBHM, He^b3H cyjiHTb o pyccKOM Hapoae to m y, kto npoxm bck b rieTcpôypre, B 3AHSTMX xypHa^bHbiMH CTaTeíÍKaMH...». B OTnpaBJiCHHOM riMCbMe Toro^bBbic-K33ajicH ropa3no cüepxaHHee h noxeaaa BcjiHHĽKOMy «cnoKOMCTiiiiH
.lymeBHoro».
JlHMHocTb h TBopMecKoe Hádejme Bhc-capHoiia rpHropbeBHMa EejiHHCKoro (1811— 1848) cocTamiHioT ueny\o snoxy b hctophh oTC'iecTBeHHoíi ^HTepaTypHoří kphthkm. BciHHCKOro B hctophh JiHTepaTypHoří KpH-TiiKH Bno^He mo>khocpaBHHTbc A.C. riyuj-
KIIHblM B OTeMeCTBeHHOM CJIOBeCHOCTH — °H T3K Xe «BejlHKHH HaMHH3TeJIb» H «Be-
"IHKI1M npoüoaxaTe^b».
DC^MHCKHM — C03aaTe^b OpHTHHajlb-HOÍÍ KOHUenUHH P33BHTHH JíHTepaTypbi, °^H0B3HH0H Ha TBOpMeCTBe A.C. ilyiii-
K1,»a. M.K). JlepMOHTOBa h H.B. ľoro-
KpHTHKa im« Be^HHCKoro — «npnKJiaaHan 3CTeTHKa», hmchho
eMy npHHaajiexHT MeCTb 0K0HM3TeJIbH0r0 OfpOpM.lCHHfl peaJIHCTH
139
9
PyccKOH jiumepamypnan Kpumuxa XVIU-nataJia XX eeica
.iHTcpaTypnoii kphthkh. EejiHHCKHÍí o6ocHOBa.i iařvoMbHoK iuko/ih m «rorojieBCKoro» HanpaujicnnH b;ih-
KIMiype H UPHTMKC <pM.10CO<|KKO-3CTCTHHCCKaJI KOHUCnUHH BeJlHH-CKOTO H CIO KpHTM'ICCKHfl MCTOil 06o6mH/lM H nOflHHJIH Ha HODI.IH ypoBCIIb ripCAUICtTByiOUlHC OTKpblTHH H flOCTHXCHHH KpHTHKM, Ha
iMMnmrn iuk na ynHTCJUi, npcüUjecTBeHHHKa h ocHOBaTejiH 6y-
AVT OHltpaTbCM npCÄCTaBHTC.IH (ipaKTH'ICCKH BCeXJIMTCpaTypHO-KpH-IM.(r IH.'ICHHM H TCICHHH BTOpOH MOJlOBHHbl XIX B., Aa*C
MH1IIHCCH H COCTOHHMH HCnpHMMpHMOH nOJieMHKH Äpyľ C Apy-
roM
l.c llllllMUl     CaMaH HHTCpCCHaH H OJIHOBpeMCHHO caMan ľipOTM-
iopc'iMH.iH i|uuypa it KpiuHKC 30—40-x rr. Oh 3a KopoTKoe BpeMH npo-ui.ľíHTcibiiyio aacHHyio jbojhouhio, ero B3rjiH.abi momh boo6-
IIIC l ipCMIUC1l.HO MCIIHTbCH, H TOľfla OH C T3KHM Xe XapOM H 3HTy3H-
aiMOMootimijuito,stopaiibiue noarie.n.OBaTe.nbHO3aiuHiuaji. Hu o/mh
Ml pyu OBI M'IUMKOB HC 6l,IJ1 CTOJlb 3MOHHOH3JieH, K3K BciHHCKMÜ,
KOTopuH •ii|k)ämhííi» h ncpoKHBaji coaepxcsHMe h nacl>oc Kaacaotí hwk-h p.iGoiu, oi ncGo/ibiiioií pencil inn ;io c.'iOAHoro 1111 k, i ;i.
ľHC CtO CyXUlCHHH HC yTpaTH/lM CBOCľO 3H3MCHHH 0.O CHX ľlOp, MHOľOC
m ccM'i.u cíne ne iiohhto h ne pacKpbiTO, ho HHorfla ero cy^tacHim
JKMOH> ipitpVKM IHWIHVK) 3CTCTHMCCKyiO MyXOTy H He BbUiepXHBaiOT
hmmkoii KpiiiiiKU. BciHHCttfl Oi.i.i mc.iouckom yiuícKaioiHiiMCii. IMO iiHoiLtibiiUM. TyprcHCB BcnoMHHan, mto npw nepBOM 3hhkomctbc sto 6tM ckomhhuh. e/jBa roBopHBUiHH le/ioBeK, ho Korna 3aTparMBajin HiitcpccyioiuHc ero Bonpocbi, oh npeo6pa)Ka^cH, CTaHOisHJicH TpHĎy-
MOH C'OBCpUJCHHOnpaBBOUCHKe Be/iHHCKoro ľOHMapOB — «3T0 6U.1
mu,
l>   IMIRKMli opiailMHHO BOCIipHHHJI TpaUHUHH OT fleKaÔpMCTCKOlí
KpNWtt, iicHHHincH couMa^bHyio HanpaBJícHHocTb h rpaxcaaHCTBCH-Hocn. iHTcpaTypu; ot «MocicoBCKoro Te.nerpa(pa» GpaTbeB iloneßbix n
HueXJHIia MWOIMOflCMOKpaTHMHOCTH^HTepaTypbl, npHHUHnbl OUCH-KM C TOMKH ípCHHH BCpHOCTH flCHCTBHTejlbHOCTM, HapOUHOCTb, HďíOTO-PMCOUCHKH TBOpHCCTBa ílyUJKHHa H ľbrOJlH. B UeJlOM >Ke OT KPHTHKH
MKOB Bcihhckmm yHaoieaoBaHbi unajieKTHKa — npHHunn pac-
IB.1CHHH B CTO P33BHTHH H MHOTOrpaHHOCTH H HC" -IHTCpaTypbl C n03HUHH OTpaJKeHHfl HCTOpHHeCKO-
i Miiipciiim ,iio6 tiipn im. t. e. om to 6wTM» h ziyxa napojia
C TOMKH jpC *<CAOMKC,OCyUj
nm paiBHTHH npeflCTaMeHHH BejiHHCKoro o MHpe « locTH xyjio*ecTBeHHOH JíHTepaTypbi, ocoôeHHOCTeH oc-
HUC1CMMI1 lipoôflCM pCa.TH3Ma, HapOÄHOCTH, THHHMeCKOrO, oueHOK
JumepamypnaH tcpumuKa mumm noJiQHUHbi XIX acKa
TBOp'iecTBa riyujKHHa h ľoro^>i mojkho Bbwe^HTbTpn nepnona eioae (rre^bHocTH1.
• 1834—1836 rr., BpeMH coipyaHHwecTBa b «Te/iecKonc» h «Mo;ibc» H.H. HaaoKflHHa. IlepnoÄ cTaHoancHH« KpHTH'iecKoro MeToaa h nimm BciMHCKoro. Hanôoriee 3HaiiHMbie paöora sToro BpevieHH: «JlHTepaTyp-Hbie McrraHHH (3^e™« b npo3e)» (1834), «0 pyccKoií noBCCTH h noiiecTHX r. TororiH» (1835), «Hhmto o hhmcm» (1836). B sto bdcmh 6i.uih SMQgttMM ocHOBbi HCTopHKO-^HTepaTypHoŕí KOHuenuHH BeriHHCKoro, oôbcHonano pasac^cHHe no33HH Ha «pearibHyio» h «H^earibHyio», noHATne o itapoano-CTH (b tom MHCJie o ziHaJieKTHMecKOM eüHHCTBc HapoflHocTH HHjiuero no-paaKa — Bepnoro H3o6pa>KeHHJi KapTHH pyccKotí wiohh; m iiapo^iiocTH Bbiciiicro nopajKa, t. e. OTpaxeHHH ocoöoroiiyxa h HanpaBJícHMH pyccKoii jcHCTBHTejibnocTH);í[aHbi oueHKH TBopMecTBa ľoro^H m ero npefluiecTBCH-iiiiKOB, h ľoro^b npoB03rjiaujeH «rjiaBOH pyccKoii jiMTepaTypu».
ÜCHTejibHOCTb BeriHHCKoro — nepeBOimHKa, pcuen3eHTa h kphth-Ka HaMHHacTCH b xypHajie HaaoKflHHa «TejiecKon» b 1834 r. h npcpbi-BaeTCH npMMcpHO Ha noriTopa rofla b cbh3h c 3aKpbiTHeM >KypHajia b 1836 r. 3a aaa c He6ojibiuHM roaa oh onyô^HKOBa^ b «TcnecKone» h • MoriBe» cBbiuje 100 cTaTeíí, peueH3Híí, o63opoB, 33mctok.
«JlHTepaTypHbie Me'rraHHH» — nepBbiň cepbC3HbiH kpmth>icckhíí onbiT Be^HHCKoro. A ecTb^H y Hac jíHTepaTypa? Ha stot Bonpoc yxe üaBanH OTpnuaTe^bHbiH otbct KHpeeBCKHií, HaüexcuHH h ^pyrne. Be-•iHHCKHH CMHTaeT, MTO o ^HTepaType mo)kho cyflHTb To^bKO Toraa, Kor-aa OHa OTpaxaeT caM0C03HaHne Hapoaa. B Pocchh oh He bhíiht TaKoH flMTepaTypbi, 3a hckjhomchhcm AepxaBHHa, <J>0HBH3HHa, KpbiJioBa, rpn6oeaoBa m riyujKHHa. Bce ocnunbHoe — noÄpa)KaTeribHoe.
Mto TaKoe HCKyccTBO? 3aaaMa HCKyccTBa, no mhchhio KpHTHKa, — OTpajKaTb zibixaHHe Be^HKOíí h bcmhoh men. Bcjihhckhh b 3to BpeMH HaxoaHricH noa o6anHneM HCMeuKoM uriaccHHCCKOH (Jihjiocoíphh, 6bw "fieHOM KpywKa CTaHKeBHia, rae M3yMa^H Hac^eane Tercn«, Ohxtc, UJe^HHra. Bcticíi 3a hcmcukhmh (J)H^oco(paMH Bcihhckmm yTBep>K-mto h/jxh Hüea^bHa, a xH3Hb HecoBepuJCHiia. Ho Koraa Bc^hhc-KHň HaMHHaji cyjiHTb o TBopwecTBe toto HJiH HHoro nncaTe^fl, oh bo
MHorOM K3K 6bl OTXOflH^ OT Hüea/IHCTHHeCKMX npeaCTaBJlCHHH H rOBO-
npHHHTo T3K)Ke iie^eHHe TBopnecKoň aesiTe^bHOCTH Be^HHCKoro Ha mockobc-m (1834-1839) m ncTepöyprcKHii ncpiioflu (1840-1848) anil, bcootbctctbiih c "MaiiMHMH, b KOTopux oh coTpyüHHia^: «TejiecKon» h «Mo^Ba» — 1834—1836; 'MocKOBcKiiň Ha6^K)iiaTenb» - 1837—1839; «OrciecTBeHHbic 3amicKH» m <1mtc-^rypHue nPH6aaneHHfl k «PyccKOMy HHBanany» (1840-1846); ♦Cobpcmchhmk» -'W7—1848.
140
141
Pycacau AumepamypuaH KpumuKu XV///   nami.ia XX m-Ka
OHKPCTMOM OTpaXCHHH jlCttCTBMTCJIbHOCTH. ripCAUICCTBCHHM-ItiIXWCHMMKH KpHTHKU IlblTlUlHCb BbICTpOHTb nCpHOAH3aUHIO (HOBHKOB, KapaM3MH,)KyKOBCKHH H^p.). KílK M OHM, Bc-1U«)*C BI4JC1HCT JTanw CC paJBHTMH: nepBbitt — JIOMOHOCOBC-MftÍMIMinie KlitCCHHH )Mil). BTOpOÍi - K3paM3HHCKHÍÍ (paCllBCT CCH-IIIVICMIX1H JM8) TpCTMÍÍ - nylIlKHHCKHH (BpCMH pOM3HTH3Ma), 3 T3K-*C IOHOOH1 O MCIBCPTOM - npOJaHMCCKM-HapOaHOM, COBpeMCHHOM BHMM I I.IHMOC CIO BHIIMaHHC COCpCflOTOHCHO H3 TOM, MTOĎbl IIOK.l-
mtv tro » pyccicoA mrrcpaType cdb tchíkhiíhh k oTpaxeHHio o6me-
l IKHlItlIf ťillH.IIIHH. OH ClipaBCJUHBO cmhtsui - CCTb MHOrO HO3T0B H
km. ho hci no;ipo6HoroaHawjajiMTcpaTypHoro npouecca mn
MMiplIHlI   i | " H0CaMKpHTHKB«JlMTCpaTypHblXMC1Ta-
I0CHOHHOM BMpa*aCT lipCHMyiUCCTBCHlK) CBOH MyBCTBa H 3M0-iiiih ho HOBQSy TBOptCCTBa TCX HJIH HHbIX aBTOpOB. 3T0 3MOUHOHaJIb-
m iiipinccKoc Hanajio craHCT oTJiHMMTejibnoíí ocoGenHocrbio noira
KCX paHHHX ct.itch BcjlMHCKOrO.
I IpMIIIIHIIHiLlbHbIH liporpaMMHl.lH XapaKTCp HOCHJia CT3TbH BcíIHH-ťKOM) «() pyCCKOH HOBCCTH H nOBCCTflX T. lOrOJ]H» (1835), B KOTOpOM
• i min amop itbuacTCH cacnaTb o6o6iuaiouiHe BbiBOiibi o pyccKoii iMirpiirypc 11 HCKyccTBC n uciom. Kphthk nunsmer Hacani>uoc h pe-
.1 ii.iiik- ll.llip.lllIťHIIH B I1033HH, UHiW B hhx H HCTOpHMeCKMC nepMOJlbl
ii tunu lonmcRM cnocoGu OTpa>kchmh fleMcTBHTe^bHOCTH, onpcac-
IMCI \ap.lKTCpilOC CBOiKTBOCOBpCMCHHOH pyCCKOÍÍ JTHTCpaTypbl — toc-
noacTMi npoiaiíMCCKHX UHpos: poMaHa m noBecTH, CHHTaH HX «(|iop-
m.imh lipCMCHH»  Bc.lHHCKMH TO'IH0 y/IOBHJI 3T0T momcht b pa3BHTHH
inrcp.ii>TWoronpoiiccca. I) IS30-C rr. HHTaioiuasi nyojiHKa n3MCHitnacb— roi kjhi •iur.no ten fn.i.i mchcc hojhotobjich k BOcnpMMTMio no33HH,
ii|*>i.i hv.|f)u.iafviH*c.
ík.iMHCKMH no;ipo6HO xapaKTepMjycT TBopMecTBO nMcaTejieií-po-m.miiuím A. BccryjKCBa-MapjiHHCKoro, H. IlojieBoro, H. naBJíoBa, M l.iAciHHKOBa, M. laiocKHHa. Oh oTaacT hm aoaxHoe, ho otmcm3-<•! tn ne* íTaflHTcpaTypnaH npoayKUHH hc hrct b cpaBHeHHe c npoH3-HMMMM iiMcaTCjiH «*h3hm flcřicTBHTCJibHOií» — IorojiH. KpHTHKiial ■ l"""JtiHr.iy6oKniíaHa^H3TBopMccTBa IbrojiH, paccMOTpon c6op-inikH •Mnpiopoji> h «Apa6ccKH», noawcpKHBafl cbh31> npoM3BcacHitii
niKa™1' C PeMWOH flCHCTBMTCJlbHOCTbK). EeJlHHCKMM OTMCiaeT 0AHY
■(■KTepHylo oco6cHHOCTb TBopnccTBa íbrojisi, BCTynaa no 3TOMy no-
■0«yBmi.1C\1IIKyCflpyrHMH KpMTHKaMH, KOTOpbie BHHeJlM y ÍOrOJlfl T0.1b" ■•Opacil. k M>MH'icCKOMy H.1H «6C3HpaBCTBeHHOCTb(HanpHMCp,C ( CHMIKKMM): I <)l o.ICIICK11M CMeX, HPOHHH, HO erO MHeHMK), He T3K
U2
. /umcpamypnaa KpumuKa naitioit noAoanHM XIX nena
yx Bece^bi, ohm HaBCBaioT rpycTb. CaMoe MaMtiM cocto«jio b tom, hto Bcjihhckhh npoB03macHJi Toro^H cwc npn xh3hh riyiiJKHHa raaBoii hoboh pyccKoii JWTepaTypbi. 3to 6bmo CBH3aHo bo mhotom c tcm, mto kphthk HaaooueHMBaa no3iiHee tbopmcctbo riyuiKHHa, hc noHH^i ho-MTopcKoro xapaKTepa ero npo3bi.
oc06chho BaíKHOÍÍ JXJIH nOHHMaHHH HOBbIX IipiHllIHnOB xypnaJiHC-thkh m KpHTHKH, BBOaHMblX BeJIMHCKHM, CTa^a CrO CTaTbH «Hh'ito O
Mii'ieM» — nepBbiH onbiT roaoBoro o63opa.
• B 1838 r. EejiHHCKHií 6bw npHrjraiijen BJKypHajr «Mockobckhíí na-6^iojiaTejib», b kotopom b 1838—1839 rr. eran BeayuiMM kpmtmkom. B MacHHO-TBopHecKoíí 3BO/HOUMH KpHTHKa HacTynacT ncpMoa «lipHMH-
DCHHH C JlCIÍCTBHTe.TbHOCTblO*. B 3TO BpeMH OH, K3K H flpyiHC M/lCHbl
KpyxKa daHKeBHMa b 30-e rr., nbiraacn HaňTH OTBCTbi Ha xHBorpene-myiUHe Bonpocbi coBpeMeHHofí pyccKoii fleiícTBHTeabHocTH b (|>h^oco-(|)iui. A;ih Be^HHCKoro r;iaBHbiM CTaHOBMTca Te3Hc Tcrc^H, KOTopbiíi mo-.lo^bic noKJioHHHKH ((jH^ocotpMH ynpouieHno ii He Bccraa kphthmho
IipHMCHHJIH K 06t>HCHeHHK) »b.1chhh OĎIHeCTBCHHO-^HTCpaTypHOH xm3-
hh: «Bce aeiícTBHTeabHoe pa3yMH0, Bce pftSyXHOG ;iciicTBHTeabno». m. BaKyHHH b npeflHCJioBHH k nepcBOiiy «rHMna3MMCCKHX peiicH» Tere-
;lfl npOB03MaCH^, MTO «npHMHpeHHe C fleHCTBHTeJlbHOCTblO bo bccx cc
<|)opMax h BHjax — bot a^b(pa h OMera naiuero bpcmchh». C stoh tomkh jpCHMfl m Bcjihhckhh Haujeji HeKOTopbie OTBCTbi ii noaTBcp>icaeHH« CBO-hm BonpocaM h coMHeHHAM. MbicjTH o couHa^bnoH necnpaBejuiHBOc-th KpenocTHM'iecTBa, 3ByMaBUJHe Bero cTaTbH.x, auropTcnepb ncpecMaT-PHBaeT h npHHHMaeT cyiuecTByiomyio XH3Hb KaK peajibHyio jiaimocTi, (TaK xe h Terc^b npHHMMan npyccKyio Monapxnío KaK HueanbHyio). B tom *eayxc Bcjihhckhm nHcan h o caMoacp>KaBHH, MOHapXH3MC h t. a.
Han6oace no^HOSTii npHMHpeniiecKHe mrjiHau Hauiaii OTpa>KCHHC Bero peueH3HHx «BopoaHHCKaH roflOBiuHHa», «OwepKH Bopo/iMHCKoro cpa>KCHHH», CTaTbnx «MeHuejib — kphthk TcTe», «TaM^eT B. UJeKcnH-Pa- McianoB b po^H TaM^eTao h «R>pe OTyMa», HanHcaHHoií bcbh3h c nyĎJiMKauHeii no^HoroTeKCTaKOMeaHH b 1835 r. Ha npHMcpe3TOHCTa-
Tbll MOXHO yBHfleTb, K;ik Be^HHCKHii nblTajlCHOUeHHBaTb XVflOJKCCTBeH-"We npOH3BCflCHHH c HOBbIX HfleťÍHblX n03HUHÍÍ. KpHTHK OTKa3bIB3CT
c'iTHpc b npaBe Ha3bmaTbCH xyjio)KecTBehhhm npoH3BeaenncM, npoTH-"onocTaBjíaeT KOMeanio rpH6oeaoBa «PeBM3opy» kbk npoH3BCflcnHe He-"yflOKccTBCHHoe, nocKo^bKy 3aaana aBTopa cocTOH^a, no ero mhchhio, 8o5^h<ichhh (J)aMycoBCKoro oómecTBa, a TaM rae cyuuecTBycT otkpu-
T°eOCy)KJlCHHe, MOpajIH3aTOpCTBO, — HCKyCCTBO HC>ie3aeT. Oco6hm 06-
Wjom KpHTHKTpaKTyeTMauKoro. Tepoíí komcahm, no ero mhchhio, CTpa
143
PyccKOH jiumepamypiiau tcpumuKu X VIII —HanaJia XX aena
^ ,,rli  „oiOMy HTO yWMUft HCJIOBCK HC CT3HCT npOM3HOCHTb HHMCM HC
MIIUM.UIIHUC pc'tM Bob, paj (JwMycoBCKoe oGmecTBo cymccTBycT, to uMHocib. ono paiyMHO, a BbicTynaTb npoTMB Hero — r/iyno.
■V UM HIDC» ACHCTBMTCJIbHO HCT fipHMOrO OÖJIM'ICHMH, KOTODOC CCTb ■ prát 'Uultoro ílo »CCH BHHHMOCTH, HMCHHO 3TO H UMĚJÍ B BHOy Bc-
.cuift. ocyxwa rpMoocaoBCKoro lepoH.
II „n.k m. iipiiMiipiiTCflbMoro ncpno/ia Be/iHHCKoro — b paccMOT-
pcilHM M Hol Ht IkMipOCOB CyiUHOCTH H CI1CUH(|)HKH HCKyCCTBa. OflHH H J ilťli ipAlbMUX BOIipoCOB B CIO paOOTaX AHHHOIO ncpno/ia — iipo6/icMa KOHTCptlH XyAOXCCTBCHHOCTH. ílO MHCHMK) Bc/lHHCKOIO, TaKHM Kpil-1CDNCM MlťlMCICH HapOAHOCTb, BCpHOCTb ACHCTBMTCJIbHOCTM, «T3HH-V MNNM <• UMMM HJCH Ľ (J)OpMOIO» M ľipHMHpCHHC XyilOWHHKa C ACH-CimiTC.IMIOCIblO lIpHMCM KpHTHK llOflMCpKMBan, HTO 3THM ipCÖOBaHH-
14vi vuoxHHK OJCflycT Gccco3HaTC/ibHO, 6e3 cneuHa^bHbix ycn/mii (UM
hlOoibl O HHX
• lliK u- LikpiJTHM«MoCKOBCKOroHa6AIOAaTCJIH» BCJIHMCKOrOíipH-
I MOM b llcrcpoypr A. KpaciicKiiii, iipHCTyriHBiiiHH k Haaaiuiio xyp-
ii.tl.l •< >IC'ICCTHCIIIIUC 3ailHCKH» (C 1839 ľ.). KpaCBCKHH — aKTMBHblif
HLutcflb h opraiiHWTop xypiiajibiioro ACJia, ctpcmhjich oC>i>e/j.Hnnii. ■oKpyr «Otchcctbchhux sarmcoK» JiynjJHe ^HTeparypiibie chjiw. Otjou iiotiHM h npoiu cio xyptiana (ibijiH Ha BbicoMaüujcM ypoimc. a ■ot pauc.i ►.piiiiiKii or mix HimooTCTaBan, xoth mmchho b cro 3anain uoamjio laoauTbTOH xypnany, 011pc.nc.nHTb ero oömecTBCHHO-nonn-
TtWCKOC H -IMTCpaTypilO-XTCTHMCCKOC liaiipaBJICHHe. BCJIHHCKHH iipn-«M ■ HcTCpÖypi 00 MMOHQ<H HC0Iiy6;iHK0BaHHbIMH CTaTbHMH, naiiii-
I.IHHMMH nayxc npiiMHpcuHH, KOTopbie 6bmn noMcmcHbi b «Otcmc-CTMHHMx jaiiHCKax» no Hanana 1840 n, xoth nn.en npnMHpciinfl b hhx HupaxcHbi y*c hci ko.ii.ko b ocnaG/iCHHoií (|)opMc (nanpHMcp, cTaTbii
O inoPHCCTIK JlcpMOHTOBa). McľlO/iBOJIb B TBOpMCCTBC EcnnucKoro Ha-SHHACTCR (NUOOICHHC pCa.1l.HOli H IipH3paiHOM UCHCTIlHTcMbllOCTH, a B
IMO r. xpimiK iio.iHocTbio onca3a^cH ot mevt npHMHpeHHH. 3roMy b
MCMMOH CTCIICHH CtlOCOGcTBOBanH HOllbie yCJlOBHH XH3HH B ÖO^bUlOM
CI0.1HSMOM ropoac. üojihom couMa^biibix KOHipacTOB, pacnpocTpaHC-MMc lue« yronMHccKoro couHajiH3Ma h yaneneHne EejiHHCKoro Mare-ptiAiMCTHMccKo« cpH.ioccKpHCH (Ociícpoax), npHUjeflweH Ha cMeHy He-wciuotiy HMUMJMy. Bcjihhckmh CTanoBHTc« MaTepnajiHCTOM, couHa-fiwnľľpľ n0eroco6cTBeHHb,M CJIOB3M, «peßo^iouHOHcpoM xy*e Po-
foau prioru b o,!HOM H3 Aynuiiix *ypHanoB Toro BpeMCHii - «Ore-mmm M„HCKax.< 1840-1846) -caMbiii n^oaoTBopHbiii ncpnoJ
:iiimi't>aniypnast Kpumuna neneoü no.iovuHhi XIX eena
BjicHTc/ibHOCTH Bc^HHCKoro. CľaTbH, HanMcaHHbic 1839— 1840 it., emc HaxofliuiHCb b pyc^e npHMHpeHHH («ľbpe ot yMa», 1840), ho yxe b 3a-MCTKax o JlepMOHTOBe («Cthxotbopchhh M. JlepMOHTOBa», 1841; «ľe-poil Hamero bpcmchh», 1840) bhüho, mto Bcjihhckhh otxoaht ot «npn-
MlipCHHH» C üeÜCTBHTeJlbHOCTblO H Ha'IHHaCT BblCOKO OUCHMliaTb «0T-pHUaTe^bHOe» HCKyCCTBO. riOü H/aeÜHblM pyKOBOJlCTIlOM BejlHHCKOrO
•QrciccTBCHHbie 3anHCKH» CTajiH caMbiM nonyjiHpHbiM nciaTiibiM op-ranoM Pocchh. B xypHa^c ôwjíh ony6;iHKOBaHbi cTaTbH KpiiTHKa o llyiiiKHHC, JlepMOHTOBe, Torojie, roaoBbie o6o3penHH ^HTcpa-rypbi c 1840 no 1845 r, MMeimiHe nporpaMMHoe 3Haiienne ju\n ocMbic^eiiHH coiipe-MCHHoro /íHTepaTypnoro npouecca h Bbipa6oTKn npiinHHiioii pemiHC-TH'iccKoií 3CTeTHKH. B 3TO >Ke BpeMH 6buiM HaneMaTanbi poMaii A.M. Tcp-ueiia «Kto BHHOB3T?», noBecTH M.E. CanTbiKOBa-IHciipHiia «'llpoTH-BopcMHH» h «3anyTaHHoeiie^o», J\.B. rpHropoBM'ia «AepemiH», npoH3-BcacHHH fl.n. ByTKOBa, B.M. flajín, H.H. riaHaciia h ap. )KypHa/i 3Ha-KOMHji MMTaTcieR c coMHHCHHHMM 3apy6cxHbix aiiTopoB ()K. Caiui, 3.r. A. ToipMaiia, <t>. Kynepa hapyrnx). ľloc/ioBaM Be^HiicKoio, B«Ore-•iccTBeiiHbix 3anncKax» 6bma «XH3Hb, übhxchhc, iioiiocTb, pa3Hoo6-pame, cBexecTb, H3BecTHoe HanpaB^eHne, H3BecTHbiŕi B3mHa na bcuím, cjioBOM — xapaKTep h üyx».
B CTaTbHx n peueH3HHx Hawajia 40-x rr. Bc^hhckhü, 3HajiH3HpyH KoiiKpeTHbie jiMTepaTypHbie npoH3Be/j.eHHH, ocoöoe BHHMaHMe y/je-.1HJ1 pa3-bHcneHHK) noHHTHH cy6ieKTHBHOCTH xyAOAHHKa KäK ryMan-
H0M CyÔ-beKTHBHOCTH, OCHOBaHHOÍÍ Ha KpOBHOM pOÄCTBe H CO'iyB-
CTBHH OKpyxaiomeMy MHpy, nbiTa/icn ocMbic^mb cymiiocTb rnnn-lecKoro b HCKyccTBe, nncaji o xyüo>KecTBCHHO-o6pa3HOM 0Tpa>KC-
HHH )KH3HH. Ec^H paHbUie KpHTHK yTBepXiiaJI, HTO M3BHblM B J1HTC-
paType hbjihctch BepHoe BOcnpoH3BeaeHHe /jeŕícTBHTCJibiiocTH, to
TCtiepb OH rOBOpHT O TOM, 4TO np03y )KH3HH HyJKHO ClUC IipOBCCTH CKB03b CpaHTa3HK) XyflO>KHHKa, B03BeCTH ee B nep^ C03aaHHH, MTO
HyxteH (paKT, hc npocTO cnncaHHWii c .aeiicTBHTC/ibHOCTii, a npoBe-JCHiibiii iiepc3 (|)anT33Hio no3Ta, 03apeHHbiii CBeTOM o6inero, a He ToabKo 'lacTHoro h c^ynaňHoro.
BCJIHHCKHIÍ BemiOÔbUI B/JLBMJKeHHM, ľlOHCKe, yBJlCKaiCH HUCHMH, pe3-K0 OT HHX 0TKa3blBaJICfl H He ÖOHJ1CH nopblBaTb CO CBOHMH ľipOKHHMH
>*exjieHHHMH. ripH 3TOM oh HHOH pa3 /ionycKaa oujh6kh, HanpiiMcp, npH oucHKe paHHero TBopnecTBa flocToeBCKoro: boctopxchho npiman •BcflHbix aKweii», npox^aflHee oT03Bancn o «übohhhkc» h pc3KO OTpn-"^reJibHo o «Xo3HiiKe», He yjioBHB, mto aBTop casJian xyaoxecTBCHHbíc ^wthh, KOTopbie 6yayT 3aKpen^eHbi b 3pe^0M TBopiecrBc nncaTcaH.
V.
144
145
PyccKOH jiumepamypnaH Kpuinuxc _XVIU   natajia XX eeko
UJAHCC lipCMH •lipilMMpCHHH», HJJ.CM H OUCHKM TeXJlCT,
vibKO roBopMJi o cboch «ruycnocTH» («iHycHoe np«-
OR pOCCMHCKOtt fleMCTBMTCJlbHOCTblO»), HO H BblJiejlHJI Ma'IMa B CBOMX HÜCHHI.IX MCK3HHHX «npMMMpilTejIb-
«BCBOMX.lHTCpaTypHO-KpHTMMCCKMXCyXJlCHMHXICpH-I >)blC1H 0 KpOBHOM pOflCTBC XyjK»KHMK3 C JlCÜCTBMTejlb-■OBTMDt 0CftfcCKTHBHOCIM, liapO.'lllOCTIl 11 110 )I IIMCCKOM I.l Ulli (
mioiib H.iu.KHMon M.iccM oipiinaiuiH. Ha'iiinaM c iia<|>oca IIviiimiiu.
■ ,w.\ iiipiiuaMMM y JlcpMOHTOBa n kohm3h ryMopoM1 IbrojiH, Kpil-in'in mm. «oTpiiuaioinaH» CTopona pyccKoro pcajiM3Ma no^yiacT 4»yn-LUbMoe 060CMOKIHHC b paßoTax kpmtmks 40-x rr. Ih>|>.i».icT,'iManaK)MkpmtmhcckmxHbicTyruicHMH BcnHiicKoro, btom •ok ic *.iii|K>MMii.   ;iiticpaiypiii.iciiopnK-ii.i(H.B.('i;iHKciiiri. IIA Kpi.i
1»n. A It KaibllOB), lipOOJICMHWC CTaTbH, pCHCH3HH, (pCJH.CTOHbl, Hammen. KuoBijc obopu in 1 cpaiypia. b KOTopux oh Hanôojiee node
kimtc imiooki.iiik.ii tnou iiii.in.11.1 11 yfiCAjiciuisi. Iluca i HX HaiHHM c IMI r: •Pyccxaii jimcpaTypa bt3kom-to rojiy» (nenaTSJi ao 1845r.)-Munin o6u>p.i\in iiikpi.nia.iiici. HimapcKnc noMcpa «Otcmcctbchhi.i\
HflMCOM It •CoBpCMCHHMKC» B TOM XC XaHpe, HO C JipyľMM Ha3BaHII-
CM mihi m .nu od (opa BciHHCKoro «B3rjiHjibi na pyccKyio /iHTcpaTypy» IM6m 1847 it.
Ocofoc iwiyrpcHHcc po/ierno na nporaxenHH mhoimx jict ouuyiuai I«- ihm mihc rorojicM. TaK. BOĎ3ope «PyccKaHjiHTepaTypa b 1841 rojiy».
OR IKYIHCpKHMUl, HTO C ľbľOJlH liaMHIUlCTCH HOBblťí ncpHO/1 pyCCKOÍÍ JIH"
Tcparypu Uc.imh p«;i cTaTcW oh nocBHTHJi íbrojiio b xoac nojicMHKH o • McpiBwx ayiiiax» b 1842 r, BbicryriMB c kphtmkoh no3itiinn cjiaBHiio-p ■ K < AKcaKOBa. HMpa*ennoii b Opomiope «HecKOJibKO cjiob o no> MC fbraji* .Roxo^jiciihh MwiHKOBa, mjim McpTBbie jiyujH». Akcbkor iMCMOMipojMCHHH b «McpTBbix jjyuiax» /ípcBHero anoca, craBnn fern.™ pmov c ftMapOM n lileKcnupoM «no aKTy TBopnecTBa», nojjHcpKii-M.1 n ikv>mc • -mnccKoc cojcpuaHHc», pacKpbiTwe «t3mh pyccKoŕí M»
MM.. »CCCTOpOMHOCTb. MCTHHy H ílOJlHOTy JKH3HH. BejlMHCKHH He COľJia-CHilCTC noflOOHblMH CyxjlCHHflMM. Oh CHHTajl, HTO ľlOHflTHe «aKTTBOp-
••CÍMiríHBoc m HcropHMecKH HC TOMHoe, oTMenaji, hto jnoc npcji-r 5nMsccKy»o6w;icTHBHocTb h cnoKoňcTBHe, a íbrojib 3M0UH0-
MÄ.TCM M Cy&WKTIlBCM  I K- 111H c K1111 HaCTaHBíUI H3 06^HHHTCJIbH0M, CO-
K'p"«« SoHHCKMň noHHMaa He toMopHCTiiiecKHH naejKK, a pe3icn<« •1HMCHHH coiwauHoro na h HpaBCTBCHHbix nopoKOB.
146
.luimpattiypnan KpumuKa nrpttoii no.ioauitbi XIX eena
UHa-UHO-KpuTHMCCKOM na(poce no'JMbi, ho yxe b nepiiux oTKjiMKax oh
jOBOlbHO OCTOpOXHO OTHeCCfl KaBTOpCKHM (jIHpHHCCKHM) OTCTyOneHH-
XM B neu. ripn BTopoM n i.iaiinn «MepTiibix flyuj» (1846) kphthk bhobi.
KpHy^CH K C BOM M FipOKHHM OnaCCHMHMM M BbICKaiaaCH l|MWIff6WM|0 pC3He O TOM, MTO «3TH MHCTMKO-JIMpMMCCKHC BblXOüKM 6bWM HC CJiyiaii-HblMH OUJMÖKaMH, HO HaMaJlOM COBCpUJCHHOM yipaTbl CIO ImAw ílih
pyccKoň jiHrepaTypbi». BaxHO b äihhom cjiyMae ne TOJibKO to, hto «bc-
;1IIKMC HCTHHbl» TorO^H K3K ílMCaTCJlH pC/lMrM03H0-(|)l1JK)C0<|>CK0M OpM-
cHTauMH, /jyMaBiLicro npcxae BccrooayxoBnoM bojpojkíichmm Pocchm m npoöy)KflCHHH oMepTBCBLueH jxyvun Kaxcuoro HCJioBCKa (a hc to;u.ko oC oóVih'ichhh yxacoB k pe n Oct h h m cenia, carnpM>iccKOM M3of)pa*cniiM Kpc-
nOCTHMKOB M 'IMHOBHMKOB M B03BCJ1MlIMBailMM KpCCTbHH 3ÍI MX nUUHT M
TpyaoJnooMC), Bc^mhckmíí He hohhji h hc DJWMMi a b tom, mtooh, yiuíc-
MCHIIblli C06CTBCHH0ÍÍ Haceíí «COUMa^bHOCTM» M COUMaJlbHO-tlOJIMTMMCC-
KOH KpKTHKH, m hc xoTe^ noHMMaTb h BHjieTb hto-^mGo jipyroc B JlMTCpa-rypc. 06 3tom cbhuctcjibCTByeT, b wacTHOCTM, nanMcaimoc mm noSQKC b 3ajibu6ypHe 3HaMCHHToe nwcbMO k Toro/iio, iiocbhiuchihx-ouchkc «BbiO-pamibix mcct M3 ncperiHCKH c iipy3bHMM» (1847).
BcKope nočné hojicmmkh o «MepTBbix/iymax» Bc^mhckmm HaWBUh CTpaôoTaTb Haj CTaTbHMH o ílyuiKMHC. Boo6mc KpKTMK iiaMcpciuuícH iiaiiiicaTb uorcocTHbiM tcopctmmcckmh h kphtmmcckmm Kypc HCTOpMH
PytCKOÍÍ C^OBCCHOCTH, O 4CM, B MaCTHOCTH, yiIOMMHaH B 5-M CTaTbC H3 «liyUJKHHCKOlO» LlHlOia. CTaTbM «M/TCH MCKyCCTB3», «PaJilCJICHMC II03-HIH Ha po/lbl M BHÜI.I», «XlpeBHMC pOCCMHCKHC' CTHXOTBOpCIIMH», J1BC CTaTbH o HcpjKaBMHc, no3aHMC paöoTbi o HaTypanbuoii uiko^c, ho caMoc r.iaBHoe — MOHyMCHTanbHbiM «nyujKMHCKMM iihkji» Moryr paccMaTpn-
BaTbCH K3K MaCTH Ue^OCTHOľO Tpy/ia, KOTOpblH KpMTMKy HC CyXOCHO 6bU10 3aBCpuiMTb. HO HeCMOTpfl HaTO, MTO MCTOpMKO-KpMTMMCCKMM Tpyjl
BciHHCKoro no pyccKoŕí ^MTcpaType He 6bw Hanncan, b ero paöoiax *>-x rr. OKOHMaTejibHO otpopMMJiacb uejiocTHaH kohuciiumh pflSWITM
OTCMCCTBCHHOM C/I0BCCH0CTM H (|)0p M H pOBa H H H pCanH3Ma.
BeAHHCKHfl MacTO Hcnoiib30iKUi xaHp pcucn3MH. ripciipamaH cro b °6cT0írre/ibHoe Hcc^eaoBaHMe. OyHüaMCHTaabHbiii umioi crarcH o ilyiu-
"MHC 6bU OTKJl M KOM Ha TOJlbKO MTO BblUJCiHUCC COÔpaHIIC COMMHCHMM nVUJKHHa H OÄHOBpCMeHHO HCCJICÄOBaHHeM TBOpMCCTBa ROSTfl B KOH-
'CKcTe OTeMecTBCHHoro m otm3ctm MHpoBoro JiMTepsTypHoro npouceca. 1,3 npHMepe 3Toro UHKJia bhuho, k3k Be^MHCKMŕi 3H3^m3mpob;ui ^iiTe-
PäTyPHblC HBJíeHHH, OÄHOBpCMeHHO 33TparMB3H MHOXCCTBO BOIipoCOB °6uiCCTBCHHO-nO^HTHMeCKOM XH3HH, BCCľAS yMC^ TOM H O M nO^HO BblM-1c"HTb B TBOpMCCTBC TOTO M JIM HHOľO 3BT0pa TJiaBHOC BtlilCTb CyTb CľO
147
j - i Pyccxa» jtumepamypnaa Kpumuxa
^ff^ XV 111   nauiiAa XX acKa
UPOMMM«, a TUKAC TO HOBOC, MTO OH BHCC B JlMTCpaTypy H o6u4eCTBeH-
' .||uill,MtKKHftlU«lüI»(«C0'ihhchm«A^eKCaHJipa riyilIKHHa»)cOCT0KT II I i I i mich m>lopwC liyGjIMKOBaJIMCb b «OTCMCCTBeH hbIX janHCKax» c
i tKWOpb IK46 r. HiaBHa« ycranoBKa airropa - oueHHTb TBopne-
ITT») MvillMIH.I C HCTOpilMCCKOH H XyflOttCCTBCHHOH TOMeK 3peHHH. Cra-
TbM 11 -ft no4-to npcjoaBflHioTcooon o6uiHpnoe aHa^HTn>iecKoc Bcryn-MNNe - /to MccicaoBaHMC paiBHTHH pyccKOM ;iHTepaTypbi J10 riyujKM-
H». ÜIUMCMMC TpaaHUHft, Mil KOTOpbie OnHpaflCH n03T. C 3TOH TOMKU ipcHHM Ix' I II I IC Kli M paCCMOTpC.'l TBOP'ICCTBO flepXaBHHa, /kvKOBCkOln
ItartnuiKOKí m /ípynix mottob h iincaTC/ieň, cnocoôcTBOBaBuiux paHne-VI\ i i.in<iH.icmiK>ienHn ľlyuiKHHa. Ha npoTSUKeHHH BCex ci.ucit Be/imi i ibicopajoôpaiuaJicH k onpcacaenHio CBoero 3aMbic;ia, oíim-
CUMťl M y/tomhä,! Cit). B MaCTHOCTH, 3TO 0TH0CHTCH K 5-Ř CTaTbe, 3aHH-m.imiiich IICMITKLIbHOC MCCTO B CTpyKTypC HHKJia H b KOHUenUHH BeflHH-
i Mím Hmciimo h Hcft Bcihhckhíí BbicKa3an cboh cjoküchmh o 3aaanax ► piiuiKH K p k iiiK, nocro MiiĽiuiK5,ao.i)KeH myöoKO H3yHHTb nosTa, no-
iihii. MKOHM CrO XyilOíttCCTBCHHOrO MHpa, «yjlOBHTb» TaíÍHy JIHMHOCTII
ílom. ckoGchhoctm crojiyxa, «ncpeMyBCTBOBaTb, nepexHTb ero npon> hc.1chhh» K.1ioh k TaftHC .tihmhocth nosTa h ero TBOpweCTBa BcJlHHCKllií
MILIC I HlUlptKC, Mil KOTOpblM M flOJIÄHO (il.ITb lUIipaiLICIIO 111 I II MI II DK KpB
iiiK.i Oh [Hnilo h i.iyfMiKo pacKpi.i.i hohhthc iia(|ioca KUK no rrmecxoM h irh -h naipocc no/r hflihctch HjiioôJieHHbiM b uaeio, k3k b npcKpac-
III»-. »MiOCCyUICCTBO.CTpaCTHOnpOlIHKHyTblM ck), — m oh co3cpuacTcc
MepiiwioM. ne paccyaxoM, hc MyBCTBOM h He KaKoio-jinöo oaHOiocno-
CCflMOCTWO CBOCft flyiIIH, HO BCCK) ÍIOJIHOTOK) M LieJIOCTblO CBOCľO HpaB-
I i—OTO duiim. — h nosroMy linen «anaeTC« b ero npoH3BeaeHHii hc orancicmioft Mucjibio, hc mcptboio (J)opMoio, a xhbum coaaaHHCM. b KoropoM na Kp.icor<i (Jx)pMbi cBRneTejibCTBycT o npe6biBaHHM b hci! 'xiAcuncmioti ii.icn. h b KOTopoM ne r Mcprw, cmucrcii.c'iByioiiu'ii o 11 H ni Cratae, - nerrpaHHUbi Mcxny aneeio h (j)opMoio, ho Ta h flpyra* «mhiotch ucjinm h cühhwm opraHMHecKHM co3aaHHeM». Ha no-"h'ícckhh, xyüoncecTBCHHbiH, apTHCTHMccKHH xapaKTep nyuiKHHCKoro WjVOMioopanti cboc Mmmmok kphthk, b HeM BMjieji TaňHy h rjiaBHyw ocoficHHiKTb TBop<iccTBa nosia.
b 4-1» h 5-h ct3tmx BoiHHCKHH B 0CH0BH0M paCCMaTpHBOn H033HIO
i vili k h Ha. B6-ft h 7-h -aHajni3HpoBaji nosMbi, 8-h h 9-» - nocBHUif MU °»crHHy. (kphthk zmeň b poMaHe «caMoe 3aayuieBH0f
njOM ibc.tchhc IIsillKHIla) CTBTbH O HyUJKHHe HO npaBy BTCMCHHe mho *c«TM.1CTMfl J3H HM3IOT nOCTO« H HO JIOCTOH HOe MeCTO B CMCreMC OK'
148
.lumepamypuaH tcpumuíca neyooü nojioauuM XIX eetca
■lecTBeHHoro /iHTepaTypHoro o6pa30BaHM«. OanaKO nsc nocsMUWm CTa-
TbH CTOHT HeCKOJTbKO OCOÔHHKOM B pa60Te BejlHHCKOľO, OHH 0TJ1HM3IOT-
CH OTpH uaTeji bH bi m h oueHKaMH, KpHTHKoii Baapec ľlyUJKHHa. ABTOp HC-raTHBHO OTHecca k to m y, MTO no3T no6e»caa/i «HeaocTaTKH bpcmchh» He MbicjibK), a «no3TH4ecKHM hhcthhktom», b «Bopnee fbaynoBe»
H306pa3HJI MyKH HeHHCTOH COBeCTH BMCCTO TparH'ICCKHX OTHOUJCHHH
uap« h Hapoiia. Mto KacaeTca «iloBecTeri Be^Kiina», to ohh, no mhc-HHio Be^HHCKoro, «HeaocTOMHbi eroTa^anTa h hmchh», nocKOjibKy b hhx, K3K h b nyuiKHHCKOH npo3e Boo6iue, npeoö^aAacT «na(})oc no-MCuiHHbeio npHHUHna».
nOWeMy >KC BeJTHHCKHH, CTOJlb TOHKHM H 3CTCTH>ieCKH 'lyTKHH KpH-TI1K, BbICOKO I! LI i 11 III II II il reHHH ľlyUJKHHa, He to/lbKO hc i10hhji, HOflaJKC
He CTpeMHJica noHHTb ue^biH paa nyujKHHCKHX n po h 3 iiciie h h ii ? Bo3-
MO)KHO, C HHM npOH30UJJ10 TO Xe, MTO H C KpHTHKaMH-pOMaHTHKaMH,
KOTopbie ne CMOMH b no^Hoü Mepe oueHHTb pa3BHTHe peajiH3Ma y ^io-6iiMoro no3Ta. TaK h Bcjihhckhíí, na eme h b nepnoa Gopb6bi 3a 060-cHOBaHMe no3MUHií roro^eBCKOH «HaTypajibHoii mKo^w», He yBHjieji CTa-
homchhh Ta^aHTa riyUJKHHa, P33BHTHH eľO He TOJIbKO b anpHKe, ho h b
npo3c hapaMaTyprMH. A MOxeTôbiTb, reHHií ľlyuiKHHa HacTo^bKo onc-
pCflHa CBOC BpeMH, MTO KpHTHKa ÔJlHXaHUJHX flCCHTHJICTHH [ipOCTO HC
Moraa oueHHTb ero xyao)KecTBeHHbix otkpwthh.
3ac^yra BcnnHCKoro b tom, mto oh caejiajr to, mto h no ceň ach b
Ka)KeTCfl npaKTHMeCKH HeB03M0>KHbIM JXJiH KpHTHKH h jlHTCpaTypOBC-
fleHHH, — BbiHBHji oGiuHe MepTbi Ta^aHTa h TBopMecTBa riyiiiKMHa: yHH-BepcajiH3M nosTHMecKoro HHTepeca; ryM3HH3M, nacjioc BocncBannH "HyTpcHHeií KpacoTbi MejiOBCKa; 6e3ynpcMHbiH TaKT acMCTBHTCJibHOc-
TH;6cCK0HeMH0e MyBCTBO KpaCOTbl H rapMOHHH bo BCCM MMpC 11, H3K0-
Hcu, coBepiiieuHyio (popMy a/in coBepujeHnoro coaep)KaHHH.
b pyccKotí jiHTepaType 6bm pan aBTopoB, k kotopwm Bc^hhckhíí oöpaujancH nocTonHHO, — noMHMO riyujKHHa, sto JlepMOHTOB (b hcm kphthk BHae/i nosTa hoboíí snoxH, cpaBHHBaji OHerHHa h ľleMopHHa WKaByx repoeB BpevieHH). Kphthk Macro ae^aji nonbiTKH ocMbic^HTb POMaHTHMecKHH nepHOii, noÄBecTH ero HTorH. B oöimipHOH pcueiniiH •llo^Hoe coôpaHHe comhhchhh A. Map^HHCKoro», onyö^HKOBamioH b 'WO r., BejiHHCKHH yôeaHTejibHO ziOKa3aJi, mto xoth poMaHTUMCCKHe h PHTopHMecKue npoH3BeaeHHH no-npexHeMy npoao^^aioT 3ano^n«Tb K|iH*HbiH pbiHOK, ho Hx BpeMH npouj^o, nOCKOJlbKy aBTOpbl H3o6pa-*ajiH naKyio xn3Hb, TaKoe oöuxecTBO h t3khx /noiieH, KOTopux TiueT-"OBbicTajiHôbi MCK3TbBceM noiwyHHOM MHpe». Bynyiuec oTeMecTBeH
H°M JIHTCpSTypbl KPHTHK CBH3blB3^ C nHC3TCJltlMH «HOBOH», «rOrO^eBC
149
ľiľ i k n u .lumepamypnau IJW—in _XVIII   nanujia XX nexu
hl. UM lipMUJtl K BUBOiiy, MTO BpCMH pOMaHTHKOB yXOJIMT,
frtjvmec .iMicpaTypu biuc/i b naTypanbiioii m kojíc
MlK.lt Itf.IHHCKHH H O MO.10.IblX illliopax. VMC.I VIHt.lCII, lilAC lipo
nici.ui Mi.iiii.i Hc c.iyiaiiiio ia« iu.icoko oh oucmii.i «Btvuibix jiio-irtt».l>Ki<»ci«*.Miio.ciM\ouiopfiinc HeicpacoBa«Baoporc». B tuaaum wmMMttaMTopoB, bxoahuihx BJíHTepaiypy, KpMTHK bhucji naaexay h ft>.iyiuMocTb pyccKoA .iHTcpaTypu.
• B 1847-1848 rr. BtnHHCKMti coTpyjuin'iaji b *ypnajie «CoBpc-MMM» )th runu oiiiaMciionaiibi ero 6opb6oH 3a roro/iencKoe Ha-tipan-icimc m iiaiypajibHyio uiKOJiy b JiHTcpaType. O.B. Byjirapxn. iiuiantb vim im b iioByio uJKOJiy, naJBaJi ce «HaTypanbuoii», ho onpc-III- okaianocbMapcflKocTby/ui'iHbiM: Bcjihhckhh nanojiHHJi ero iKMOJKHic.ibiibiMCMbicnoM h Bitci b uinpoKHMJiHTepaTypiio-xypnajib-
iiiJH KOHTCKCT.
Ho MIIOI MX C l.lll.HX, Of) lOpaX M pCUCHJHHX, Ony6jlHKOBailHbIX b «Co-
npcMciuiiibc*, Ihmiiiickhíi nQKHHM&H iipoôJieMbi HaTypanbuoii uiKOJibi,
CCCOCI.HU. ip.LIMIIIIII.OCIIOIHIblX TIIOP'ICCKMX I ipil 111 111 IIOB. K liaispa.1l.
on oihoch.i: paccKa'ibi 111 «.'JaniicoK oxoriuiKa» HC. Typ-icHciu. iioBccTii .1 B. [piiropoiiiťia «ücpeBH«» h «Ahtoh TopeMbiKa».
•6CINUX JIIOflCH» <J>.M. floCTOCDCKOľO, «KtO BMHOBaT?» AH. ícpiiciia.
•Ofajutoncioiyio iicropiiK)» HA [bn'iapoiia, «3anyniHHoe üejio» M.E. Can-TbiKOKi-lllc.ipitiia, «riaiiitibKa CaKC» A.B. upyxHHHHa, npoiuBCfleiiim HU byntOit.B.H.ila^H, H.H. riaiiacBaHap.
II.IhChiICC IIO.1H0 If OflCTOHTCJlbHO JCrCIM'ICCKMC lipillllllllll.l - UM I >
pauaioic iiiKoiij Ihmhhckhü mi.ioäii.1 n cian.e «B iijih.i na pyCCKyK iniriwrypy IM7 roaa». DiaBiibiM ripunuHnoM hoboh ji htcpaTypHOfi
iiimi iu fcpilIHKCHHT&l BcpilOCTbJ1CMCTBHTC-J1bHOCTH, nOCTailOBKy BJ1M-
rcptiype noiipoconcoBpcMeHiiocTH, TCM caMbiM pa3BMBan Mbic/ib, iincp-»bic »ycMHHnyK)cmc b 1835 r. BcraTbe o íbrojie. Baxubic 'icpTbi na-np.ui.Mon iiiKo.iu - acMoxpanOM H lysiami im. Ilo mhciiiiio BÚDOK
KOTO. JIKWMC HR.ICIIHH H (paKTbl JICHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH MOryT M JJ.OJDKHW
ftbnb min.iouicHu b JiMTcpaTypubix npoH3BeaeHHHX, hx repoHMH hm«-
WTC« npc.lCI.IHIITC.1H BCCX COCJ10BHH.
OCOCHOBbllMH TBOp-ICCKHC npilHUHnbl «HaTypajlbHOH» IHKOJIbl. &c-
NNHCKHH vjcimji oojibwoe BHiiManHc npucMaM THnn3auHH. Kaxaw»' kJI^iimk. npeauc hcm npiicryiiHTb k co3iiaHHio CBoero npoioBCjie-mm«. oTuHpacT KKKfuill Ba*ni>ic (paKTH üeiicTBHTejibHOCTH, Bbiacm« otipdciHioutHc 'lepru b xapaKTcpax repocB. Ho 3Toro noKa eure MaJio. r"^*"""" *m,hc""wh MaTepHa^ botijiothtch b xyao^ecTBeHHW» mmco Toraa. xoraa 6yaeT npoBeaeH «nepe3 (paHTa3Hio no3T3.
.UtnwpamypnaR tcpumuKa mpiioii no.ioeuHhi XIX «eng
150
03apcHHbiii CBeTOM oömero». Ho h 3Toro nc^ocTaTOMiio. Ojina 113 BMX-HeňuJHX Miieíí BcjiHHCKoro coctoht b tom, hto xyao^ccTBcuHoc npo-niBeKHHe iio/DKHO 6biTb oayiucBJíeHo, corpcTo othouichmcm k Hcviy amopa (yneHHe o nacpoce k3k oflynicMeHiioň no3TH'iccKoíi nace, «*h-iioii crpaCTM* Han6o^ee hojiho H3^oxeHo b 5-ií CTaTbc «nyiiiKiincKoro»
UMKJia).
Ha npoTHJKeHMM HecKOJibKMx ^ct KpHTHK HconnoKpaTHo oBpauuui-c» k Bonpocy o cojiep>KaHHH n (|)opMe xyjiottecTBCHHoro npoiuiiciic-Hiiti MHorüa OT^aBai npe/inoMTCHHe cpopMe, iiHorna coAcp^aiiHio. BnoJÄHHXcTaTbfix oh noüBoaiiT htoth chomxpa3ayvinií n louopii 1, <ito Kaxôbi hh 6bwn npeKpacHbi M.nen, KOTopue xoTe^ H3jioxnTb aBTop, ccjih oh» hc o(pop\oeHbi b xy^o>KecTBeiuiyio (|)opMy, to roBopnn. 11c o hcm. ľlponojDKafl cnopc BajrepnanoM MaiíKonbiM, BéJlMHČKltfl hhuict
H O COOTHOIIieHHH HayKH H HCKyCCTBa, 06 HX paJHOM BOIJlCiiCTBHH Ha
061UCCTB0 (npn o6iuhx 3aaaiiax HayKa ü0Ka3biiiacT, a HCKyccTBO <Mpe3 xyao)KCCTBCHHbic o6pa3bi IK>lca3MBtteT).
OüHH H3 Ba>KHeHUlHX HOCTyjiaTOB SCTCTHKO-^lITepaTypilOli Konucn-
111111 Bc^HHCKoro — HapoüHOCTb Kak RbipaxxciiHC napoÄHoro xapaKTcpa h napojiHoro ca\ioco3HaHH«. (TaKHM npoH3Bc;icHiicM oh cíHTaji po-
M.1H ľlyUlKHHa «EßrCHMH OhCTHH» — «B BblCHJCií CTCIICHH HapOilHOC
npoii3BcjicHiic».) HapoflHOCTbCTajiaeuueoaHHM H3 BaxHciiiiiHii npnH-11H110B «HaTypanbiioH» ujKo^bi.
Hcno^b3yn b CBoeň TBop^ecKOH aenTe^biiocTH caMfaie pajnuc, npe-HMvinccTBCHiio npo33HMCCKHe xaHpbi, npcacTaiuiTc^H «HaTypa'lbHOH WKOflbi» OTiiaBa^H npeanoMTCHHe «(pH3HOJiorimccKOMy o>iepKy», b oc-
HOBC KOTOpOrO, K3K npaBHJIO, JieXa^O TOHHOC BOCnpOll JBC^CHHC )KH3-
HCHHbix (|)aKTOB h 3apHcoBKH 6bua h h pa bob npe.acTaBHTC.JicH pamíľi-HuxcouHMbHbix cocjiobhíí. 3aTparHBaa npoG^CMbi jKaupoiioii 11 poao-
"OWcnCUHípHKH, Be^HHCKHH OÖpaTH^CH H K BOÍipOCy O JKaiipOBOM CHH-
tck r npoH3BeaeHHflx «HaTypa^bHOii» ujkojin, nocrpocnnoM na oô-be-•iHHCHHii xyaoxecTBCHHoro h HayMHoro ((J)H3Ho^orH'iccKoro h^h ny6-
TmilCTHMCCKOro) CnOCOÖOB n03HaHHH ÜCHCTBHTC^1»H0CTH.
BTopaa <iacTb o63opa — aHa^H3 npoH3BcacHnií. onyö^nKOBaniibix b 'W7r. PaccMaTpHBan poMaH lepucHa «Kto MmoBHfí* h poMaii TouMa-POBa.OGuKHOBCHHan ncTopna», Bc^hhckhíí hc npocTooucmiBacTHX, * B.1HCT xapaKTep TRopwecTBa Toro h apyroro aBTopa. Y Tcpncna, n°ero MHCHHK), Bceraa Ha nepBOM n^aHe Mbic^b, hto xe Kacaercn xy-Jo*caBCHHocTH, to oHa 3acTaB^neT xe^aTb ^vMiucro: cTpyKTvpa po-^"apuxjian, npcflCTaanacT C060ÍÍ pHü6Horpa<j)HH. HocH^a npoii3BC-JCH"n TcpueHa b mhcjih, b 3tom ero 3acjiyra h cBOcoöpamc. Ton'iapoB ,
T
151
PyccKOM AumepamypnaH xputnuxa XVIII — uaua.Ki XX «eng
juimp(i»iflP"as{ KpumuKa neoeoü noJioauntu XIX »eng
v
Htkwxrna m HayKH, HacraMBafl Ha hobom CTporo «aHajiHTMscc-
\iy. MCtOtt kphthkh, bo HHCCCHMH b HCľO «TBCpablX, M3TeM3TH4eCKH MtMHHIJX Hll.ll«   B HCKOTOpUX CyiKACHHMX BCJIHUCKOIO M3HK0B
«cmitdmiuli »upamenHC cMMiiaTHtt, «6ccco3HaTc^bHOCTb», a He crpo-loctfc aoicaatncJibHoro aniUHJa. C ero tohkm 3Pchhh, Taxofl nayHHOH
(Klinnoil MMItHMt .10.1*1(0 CT3TI. lipc.TC KUI.IĽM ItC O 'IC. lOBCHCCKOfl Upil
dom MCC/icaoBanHc Biiyrpcuncro MHpa «icnoBCKa. Bc^hhckhh ocy*-MMM Hewnopuc mach MaHKOBa, ho cwran, mto k3k kpmtmk oh noaacT
(hi ii.iiiiio HtMNRW u, celil f)bl HC paHHJU) CMCpil.. -pcnin ic.ll.llo Mipc umjiSm k m*m». H aeňcTBHTryíbHO, b 1847 r. MaiíKOB 6un npiimauiCH b uiiik- m onyú iiikoii.li iiim hccko.ii.ko PCUCH3HH. K co*ane-mmn) ih'()*m.i.imm.i)i ĽMcpib oGopitajia cio cto;ii. npKO Ha>iaBiijyioc»
B p.i Will ii ii otc'ieCTBCHHOH JlMTCpa ľypiJ, KpiITHKH h >KypHaJlHCTHKM OľpOM RM P" li. iipiin.i.i U' ah i I Iiikci lam Vick ct'ťBHMy HeKpacoBy (1821 — 1877), koto pblíí b Ka'ICCTBC KpMTHKa BbicTyna^ 03 HOBpCMCHHOC BejlMHCKMM M MaÜKOBblM
y*e b Hana^e cBoeio TBop>iecKoro nym oh npoöoBaji cboh cw^bi b JíHTcpaTypHOň HTeaTp&nbHOH kphthkc. ľlepBbie pcueH-3HH HcKpacoB onyG^MKOBan b «OreMe-CTBCHHbix 3anncKax» b 1842 r. eine ug
BCTpeMH C BCJIHHCKHM. floCJlC 3H3KOM-
CTBa Mexcay BcjIhhckhm m HcKpacoBWM ycranoBmiHCbTecHbie othoiuchhh, TBop-•Hvk.m nepcmiHMKa no3HUHH h mhchhh.
1111 cpuTypHO - KpHTMHCC K3H <13CTb HaCJIC/lHH HCKpaCOB3 CpaBHHTCJIb-
Ho Hcnc.iMKa, ho ona hcotíicjihms ot ero TBopnccTBa. HcKpacoB b ca-Mux paiiHHx crohx KpuTH'iccKHx cyxaeHMHx b H3iiajie 40-x rr. BbicTyna,i nporwB nccRaonaTpnoTH'iccKOH /iHTepsTypw ByjirapHHa, rio/ieBoro h •  Torjia roBopH.i o hcooxoahmocth ôepexHoro othoujchm» k •'>IM   imiiMiM \a 'i.icm MOAiio úi.i.io c ii.iinaTb npc-c >pcAiiTc.iMiuc cymacHHH o noinHeM riyujKHHe, ľbro;ic n t. a). ä-i* Haiptcot» Hx TBopnecTBo - HauMOHanbHoe 6oraTCTBO, kotopum h>*-
HO rOp.lHThCH.
"'•Koro. HeKpacoBoo^ee bh n NiaTc.n Mto othochu* ' mt0 k KOHny 40-x rr. pyccKaH no33HH nepc*n-ft onpcicncHHuft kph3hc h WHTaTejib «Kpyro noBepHyji Ha npojy-
156
oh caenan nonbiTKy npo6yanTb HUTcpec ny6/iHKH k TBop-iecTBy ksk
MOJlOflblX, T3K H H3BeCTHblX, HO yxe nOAJ36blTblX n03TOB. B^3ro;i3p«
MiaaTejibCKoň n kphth'icckoh jxantjibnocTH HcKpacoB3 b hsUuk 50-x rr.
n030)KeHHe H3MĽHHJ10Cb. B «CoBpeMeHHHKC» CT3J1M nOHBJlHTbCH «HO-JTHieCKHe CT3TbH», HX aBTOpbl p3CCM3TpHBariH TBOp'icctbo ľl03TOB, &IH3KHX K T3K Ha3blBaeMOÍÍ «HeKp3COBCKOÜ UJKO^C» (H.íl. Oľ3pCB),
,iii6o npe.ucT3BHTe.neii (pH-iococpcKoro H3npaBjiciiHn (A.M. Bchcbhth-hob),^h6o He33c^yxenH0 3a6biTbix no3TOB (O.M. Tktpicb). ľlepBOH in
Ue^OÍÍ CCPHH CTaTeří O n033HH B «CoBpeMeHHHKC» CT3JUI C3M3H IHHH-TtnbH3H JlHTCp3TypHO-KpHTMMeCK3H P3Ö0T3 HcKp3COB3 — CT3TbH «PyC-
CKHC BTopocTcnciiHbie no3Tbi» (1850), b KOTopoíí oh o6p3TiwcH k xa-paKTcpucTHKe TBopiecTBa O.M. Tiothcbs. rioc^e Toro, k3k Tiotmcb 33-nrnn o ce6e, ony6^nKOB3B b nyuiKHHCKOM «Cobpcmchhhkc» uhici «CTHXOTBopcHHH, npHc^aHHbie M3 TepMSHMH», ero y)KC ycne^M 3O0ÍRI, acaiw no3T HHKora3 hc CTpeMHJic« k nonyjiHpnocTH h ByfinHKBIQIM cbohx
CTHX0B. HeKpSCOB 6bW nepBbIM, KTO 33r0B0piW m 06 HCTHHHOM t3j13h-
TcTioneBs, 3aH0B0 «oTKpbui» eroaia pyccKoii JíHTepsTypu. Cbokj po^i.
Cbirpa^o H TO OÔCTOHTe^bCTBO, HTO MHOroe B ^lOÖOBHOH JIHpHKC TlOT-
HCBa ôbi^o CwH3K0 eMy k a k nosTy. B CBoeíí cTaTbe HcKpscoB anu, 4t0 HecnpaBeiuiHBo 3a6biT 33MeqaTe^bHbiií no3T, 3BTop (|>h^oco(|)ckhx,
IIOÔOBHblX cthxob. Oh nHC3JI o «ÖJieCTHlUCM hbjichhh» b pyCCKOH J1H-PHKC, IIOflMCpKHBaJI C3M06blTHOCTb H «n033HK) MblCJIH» B cthx3x TlOT-'ICBa. A JUIH TOTO HTOÖbl He 6bITb rO^OC^OBHblM, OH BKJHOMH^ b C bo K) CTaTbK) 15 npOM3BCiieHHÍÍ n03T3. riOC^^ nyÖJIMK3UHH HCKpSCOBCKOH
craTbH HaManocb HOBoe poicaeHMe TiOT'ieBS-nosTsanH MHTaTe^eří. HcKpacoB He wy>icaa^cH ko^ckthbhocth BxypH3^ncTCKoííac«Te^b-
HOCTH H -IHTCpSTypHO-KpHTHMeCKOM TpyZlC B 1855 tí OH OTKpbIB3CT b
*ypHa^e peryjiHpHbiŕí orae^ «33mctkh o xypH3Ji3x», KOTopbiii bc^ bmc-crec B.n. Botkhhwm, a 33tcm c H.T. MepHbiiucBCKHM (b 1856 n). Kor-
M A.B. HpyjKHHHH CO CBOHMH e>KeMeCH4HblMH OÓ30P3MH pyCCKOH jih-TCpaTypbl H WypH&timctmkh yuje^ H3 «COBpCMeHHHK3», HcKp3COB c3m
^»w nHcaTb 33MCTKH o xypHíuisx: Ä3Ban oueHKy xyuoskcctbchhum, Ha-
V'HblM, KpMTHMeCKHM ny6jlHK3UHÍIM paülHMHblX H3Ü3HHM. IlpH 3TOM °H BbICKa3blBajlCfl He TO^bKO O JlHTCpaTypHblX, HO H 06 OÖUieCTBCHHblX
JMax. HeKpacoB yTBepxiian Hüeajibi BbicoKoro rp3>ica3HCKoro cjiyxe-h,ih JiHTcpsTypbi, nHcan o tom, mto OHa hc nCMOPOfa HsxojiHibCH Ha oa-
HOM ypoBHe C OĎmeCTBOM B erO TeMHblX CTOpOHaX, 3 npH3B3H3 yTBCp)K-
KaeaiTbi no6pa, cßeTa h hcthhu, kphthk3 äo^>kh3 «yMHTb 6biTb '•ysüjHMM, MeM Mbi ecTb». T3KHM o6pa30M, b peujeHHH npoö^cMbi Ha-
'H3HCHHH HCKycCTBa HCKp3COB nOJlHOCTbK) P33ÜC3HJI npOrpCCCHBHO
157
Pi/ľľKíiH .lumepamypuaH Kpumuxu _XVI11   Hima.ia XX „rKg
kiMiii'iccKHc HOJMUHH. «3aMCTKii o jKypHajiax» HeKpacoiia Bmiio-«MM ice&t ouchmi mop-iecina llyniKHna, Ioiojih, TypreneBa, To;i-
, ioio H .10) 11H II«) HÖH II IIHC.IIC.TCH. OaHOIipCMCHHO T3M nOilllHMajlHCb Hi Ktlť lipOÔ^CMbl OÔlUCCTUCHHOrO Ha3Ha«ichhh MCKyca-inopMCCTHa h HI'.HOI III w.io/t.MIIK.l
IIClliyillllMH HOIipOCaMH B KpMTHKe h ny6.ilMliMCTMKC 50-X IT.
MM .ii>niKiiMCKoro» h «rorojicBCKoro» HanpaiwciiHü h
II KpilltlKC. TpiUlllIHIi II lipcCMCTBCHIIOCTM, npOTHBOIIOC-I.HIICIIMC HÍMHOIO «HHCTOrO» apTHCTH'ICCKOľO HCKyCCTBa M HCKyCCT-
M.i opMciiiiipoiMiinoioiia i lofio.THCnui.ic noiipoci.i, counanbiiyio Kpii-
lllkS lli.lllip\ ( OOIBl'lllllCHHO, BTC'ICMHC mIIOTHX JICT 111 1.1 nOJICMII-n mc*.1V lipCÜCTaBHTC.THMH 3CTeTH>ICCKOH H UCMOKpaTHMCCKOH KpH-
III k. II
B pcuicHHH jiiix iioiipocoB caMoe aKTHBHOc ynacTue lipHHHMa.1 HMBJMcoii. nitopuii iico.iHOKpanio m.iCKa iwiiajioi oft apriic i ii-icckoh
II1MI1C II lín I IHM h BUCTyiUUl IipOTHB CTOpOIIHHKOB «HCKyCCTB3 JU1H HC"
inuiu-.i/iľ i.iiiiiihx llyiiikiiHacitoiiM iiiaMciicM. Hol lyiiiKiiii Uflfl in in ikci.i.i i>u i itcnpcpcKacMbiM aiiiopincroM. Oh oi.iana.i .lo.iAiioe kCTO
pHMCCKOMN IM.ľlťMMK) TBop'ICCKOrO HaCJlC/lHH BC/lMKOrO IlOJTa, IIOHII
MM ni) Hcii|H-\o.iHiii\k) po;ii..rin pyccKoii no ) um. Hckpacon iico.tho
►.p.ltllii 06pMIII.ĽICH K IK) I IHM íl VIII KU IIa K;1K k oftpa ii IV.  h.i.iohy IBOjl
•ici iiu n lunoin lipon meaciiHH.x qaCTO lícnou, loiu.i a.ii in um. pCMM
Hin IIOIUHII. OTCIJ.IKH K lipoHJBCJICHHHM n03Ta.
M  >;vi,nn lull IM'lllC Ol iKMIlHCKOlOMCHOCIOACCOipWlMMKallKpil-
iHiui 50-x — nasána 60-x rr. HT. McpiibiniCBCKoro, He 6bui kphthkom-TeopcniKOM, ho oh o6^;uai öcjynpc'iiibiM BKycoM b ouchkc tbop'ic-ctm KoiiKpcTHUx aBTopoB h Hx npoinBcneuMM. TaK, roiiopu o foro/ie. HeKpaum Hlučí b hcm npcxxjic Bccro /wpHKa, a He nacKBHJiHCTa, kbk iiHiiii iicKoropuc Kpiu MKii Oh npoHHuaTCJibHo OTMeTii/i, MToTyp-iciicb.-u.icko iicpciiiaiHy.1 ipamini.i «naiyp;un.noii ihko.ti.i», a n KW M.iKMiicM iiHcaTCJic JlbBc To/ictom yBHflej] «Bc/iHKyio Haueaoiy pyccKoii
Hiirp.mpij.
c KOHiu 50-x rr. HcKpacoB npaKTiiMccKH ne oöpaiuajicH k JinTCpa-txpiioH MMiuiKf Mo im c <icm ne cpaBniiMoii ocraaaci. ei o po h. u m nm, pc.ianTopa h. nocvTH. ncpiioro KpiiTHKa Mo/ioabix nncaTeaeH.
* H J COpOTHHKOB H C/IHHOMblUJJlCHHHKOB BT. Bc/IHHCKOľO B
«Vmnixe m «typ..., twtofl intViHUMCTHKe b 40-e rr. 6biji AieKcaiup Hm-
'"•»HM   i-piif-M ( IH12    IH70) Oll HO iaiUIM;i.lOI IIHlCIlCHHHOft KpW"
».icim/iMiocTMo. ho cro -TMTcpaTypHO-KpHTHMCCKue cyxoieHM«
™ HCpCaKO OflHO UCaOC C n0.nHTHKO-ny6^HUHCTH>ieCKHMH
158
ftmepattiypnaa Kpumwca nfoaoü noJiouuHbt XIX očku
craTbHMH (HanpriMep, «riwcbMa h3 ippaHUHH h HTajiHH» co/iepxaT HaÔJIlO-.u'HHH o 4>paHuy3CKOM TeaTpe, HCKyccT-BC, ^HTepaType, KOTopbie npouHKjiHCb
JVXOM KOMMCPUHH, 6ypXya3HOCTW) HJ1H C xyflOACCTBCHHblMM npOH3BeaeHHHMH
(«Bbuioe h ayMbi»).
B 40-e rr. TepucH 6bw 6jth3ok k Be-
lHHCKOMy H «HaTypaJIbHOH UJKOJie», HB-
.mncH oflHHM H3 aeHTejibHbix coTpyaHH-
KOB «OTeSeCTBCHHblX 3anHCOK» h «Co-
npeMeuHHKa». B 1843—1845 rr. OHonyö-
.IHKOBajI JlHTepaTypHO -KpHTH'ieCKHe
naMijxneTbi, HanpaaneHHbie npoTHB npeiiCTaBHTerieii «0())iiuHajibH0H Ha-
POAHOCTH» H n03MUHH «MOCKBHTHHHHa» («HyTCBblC 3aMĽTKH ľ. Bcil-PHHa», «MOCKBHTHHHH» O KonepHHKC», «MOCKBHTHHHH» H BCC^eH-
na«»), rae HpoHMwecKM Ha3biBa^ «/jctckm mhjiumh h naHBin.iMH» no-
llblTKH B03pOflHTb MeJlOBCMeCTBO c nOMOUJbK) IipaBOCJiaBHH H CaMOJCp-
BMU.
HaHôoľiee 3Ha>iHTeribHaH paôoTa TepueHa-KpHTHKa — ôpomiopajuiH iapy6e)KHoro HMTaTcriH «0 P33bhtmh pcBO^iouHOHUbix nacii b Pocchh» (onyö^HKOBana b 1851 r. CHSHans Ha hcmcukom, a noTOM na (ppanuy3c-xoM H3biKax) naMHHajiacb c paccKa3a o pyccKOM Hapojie, HaxoiwiucMCH v*e HccKo^bKo BeKOB b KpcnocTHOM pa6cTBe, o ero cbo6o;joiiio6hh h friaropoiicTBe, a TaioKe paccKa3a o tom, KaK ôopo^acb ja cBo6o;ry Hapoüa nepcaoBan pyccKan, no npenMymecTBy jiBopHHCKaH, HHTejiJiHrcHixHH. Bpouiiopa npejicTaBJíHeT coooií o>iepK p33bhthh pyccKoii oouicctbcuho-
•lHTCpSTypHOH JKM3HH. TepueH XOTeri nOK333Tb, lITO y H3C BCCľfl3 6bĽI3
nrrepaTypa, iipoHHKHyTaH aaeew ocBOÔoxcaeHHH, h qepc3 Hee ripoxoaH--laTeiiaeHUHH pa3pyureHHH aöco^ioTH3Ma, cípeM-iennn k cBo5oae. ľep-ucH Bocno/iHHJi MHorHe «nycTOTbi», nponymcHHbie 3bchi>h b HcaaBHcii "cropHH OTe'iecTBeHHoií c^obcchocth. O jíHTcpsTypc 6buio y>Ke MHoro "anHcano h kphthmcckhx psôoT, h yiie6HMKOB, ho He Bccras b hhx h3X0-^ocbMecroiuiH H.H. Hobhkob3, A.H. PaanmeBa, aeKa6pncTOB h t. a. TepucH nHcan o TpsrwHecKHX noTepax pyccKoii jíHTcpaTypu («huih Map-"•Pojior urin peecTp noBeiueHHbix»). Oh oühhm h3 nepßbix yJiOBan iie-^KpaTH'iccKyio TCHiieHUHio pyccKoň ríHTepaTypbi, npoHBHBiuyiocH b ^PHecTBc nyujKHHa, JlepMOHTOBa h, r/iaBHbiM o6pa30M, Toro^H. Ct3b ^aojiroe BpeMH npeacTaBMTeaeM ueMOKpaTiľiccKoíi pyccKoH mwcjih b "'»ne, TepueH csMTaa cbohm aojitom no3HaKOMHTb 3ana^Horo miraTC
159
ii
PyccKOH Aumepamypnaa KpumuKa __XVIII -nauajia XX Hexa
» WAWypoR. 3naMHTOibHoe BHHMaHHe TepaeH yaeana pa:j-Htiuui nepaoaofl o6wcctbchhoh mucin — ot aeKaGpMCTOB ao ae>rrc-ten A0\ n B MinrcaaHbi upKiie nopTpcTbi pyccKMX nHcaTeaeti, kphth-Mffti oftillPr^"""* jchtcjich: riyuiKHHa, JlcpMOHTOBa, IbroaH, Maaaa-
ciu. Ix.iMHCKoro m up.
i paiomcH Icpucn npHcrynHa k HiaaHHio aabManaxa «rio-Ha ofinoxxc 6bi/iM HioGpawcuw iipoipniH nam km-MttOtttx ACKa6pHCTOB. FlporpaMMHOM ue/ibio H3iiaHHH 6biao «pacnpoc-rpsHCHHC b Pocchh cBoooanoro o6pa3a Mbicaert». B nepBOM homcdc uu mi on\f> iiiKoiuiMiJ •IImci.mo BcJiHHCKoro k loi o.'i in ■■, ia 11 pe i IIC1 III I.i.
•II.1 ii.HOCTV* m «JiepCBHH» flyUJKHHa, npOH3BeaeHHH JCKaGpHCTOB h
ip Hajifc»iaHtwyBaaenHCBCT3anpcuicHHbic b Pocchh «riyTemccTBHc K3 llcicpfiyprn n MocKBy* PaaniueBa, cthxh riyuiKHHa, JlepMOHTOBa. ItaMMM ii I'u.iceiia, «On:ioco(|)H'iccKOC iihci»mo» "laa.iaciia. in-ii rMMCb CTtTbH h xyfloxccTBciitibic npoH3BeaenHH fepuena h OrapcBa. MMOJIN ipyrHC M8Tcpn;Lii>i 11 noKyMCHTbi, HeaocrynHbic pyccKOMy hh-
C hkuin 1857 r. TepucH h OrapeB npHcrynHan k BbmycKy rase™ tKOMBM», Ha lOACTciaBiucii B npwvioM CMbicne cnoBa bcmcbmm ko-
lOMHOW. MaHHblM pcbo.IIOUHOHHUM nC'iaTHbIM OpraHOM. Bee H3J13-
1111* (cpiicua iiinpoKo pacnpocrpaiiHJiHCb b EBpone, a «KoaoKOJi» ewe h HCic1a.11.M0 aocian.iH.icn 11 Pocchio. Fro main 11 Miiia.in B CtttOO 111 iinHHuxyroj|icaxo6ujHpHoro rocyaapcTBa. TepueH nciy'iaa mho-jmctbo iiHtcsi hi Pocchh, ero nocema^h H3BCCTHbie poccmhckhc06-UBCIMMHMC acHTCJiH, yicHbic, nncaTCJiH h xypHaancTbi.
Py6e*W) xii oiMC'icnccpbe3HbiMHpa3HorjiacHHMH repucHacore-lecTiCHHWMH ae»TMHMH aeMOKpaTHMecKoro aBH)KeHHfl. B 1859 r. oh "n\(i hikoiwii craTbio «Vcry Dangerous!!!*, rae pe3K0 h 061WHO Kpii-"PC.iciaiiHic.icii raK 11a Ji.niaeMoio '•(Kvin'iine.n.iioio HanpU ichhh*. /lm oovmchchhU k HCMy npHe3*aa b JloHaoH MepHHUieDC-
N in Mipc !l •Ko.10K0.1C» nOHBHJiaCb CTaTbH «llHCbMO H3 npoBHH-
iihh. u noanMcbio •PyccKHfi mchobck*, b kotopoh aBTop npH3biBa/i
ICPHCIU IMTb POCCMK) K PCBOJUOUHH, a He k pCCpOpMaM, rOTOBHBUJHM-
M npaBHTcibcTBOM. PeflaKUHOHHoe npeaMCJioBHe k stoh CTaTbe craw otbctom anonHviHOMy aBTopy «riMCbMa». TepueH noanepKHBaa cboc
MBWWC C.1hmctbo C POCCHHCKHM JlCMOKpai hmcckhm aBHXeHHCM, ho
"Mcrytun npoiHB KpaHHocreH h «KpoBaBbix nepeBopoTOB., noon"
npH.UBo.nPHTCCHCHHbIX.KTOn0py».
ClblH hc OTMCTHTb CVAJ1CHHH JcpiKHa o pOM3He «OTUbI H flCTH'-
■**ommhuc b ct3tm .Eme paa BasapoB. (1868), a TaKxe b ero nHtt-
.tumepamypnaH Kpumuna nrpeou noJtoauHbi XIX eeica
160
Max TyprcucBy. B CTaTbe CKa3aancb pa3Hor/iacH« ny6;muMCTa c npe;i-
craBHTCaHMH «MOaOaOH 3MHrpailHH», B KOTOpblX OH BHaC.fl Mil. 11 11 0t-pHUaTL'ilbHblX 'iepT, H 4epC3 npH3My 3TMX HOBblX oGlUeCTBCHIlblX HBJ1C-
HiiHOUCHHiuui Ba3apoBa KaKcounaabHoe hbjichhc. TcpucH 11 ncaoM na-cTopoxcHHO oTHOcnacfl k HHrHaH3My, k Kpan i me m m b nioi \ ii aeii-ltbhhx Mo^oaux aeMOKpaTOB-pa3noiiHHueB. He eontlUUMCh c pe3Koc-
IbK) 0UCH0K AHTOHOBMMa, TcpUCH, OaHaKO, He C>lHTa;i HHrHJlH3M TH-
nii'iHbiM aaH Moaoae>KH, BHae^ Bo6pa3c Ba3apoBa oTpaxciiHe acTCKoii f>o.ie3HH MoaoaoKH («npope3biBaHHC 3y60B»).
(IHTEPATyPHAfl KPHTHKA mOPOfl IIO/lOBHHbl XIX Bena
KpHIMK.I "MHCTOrO H C R y CCTB3 » (9CTCTHHCCK3H, HYIH «apTHCTHHeCKaH»)
HflH MHOľHX pyCCKHX ľiyOJIHUHCTOB M KpMTHKOB 6blJIO cdohctbch-
■0 iipcacTameHMe o cjiy*c6noii, tomhcc 3aBHCHMOií pojin jíHTepaiy-py. o .imcparypc khk o cpcacTBC juih aocthxchhh Mero-to 6ojicc bu-iokoioh iiu'iiiic/ii.iioio. I.ik,.víncjiaBMH0(|)iui0BpyccKasiayxOBHOCTI
II tilWoflUTHOCTbflbl.lM tcm hc.TOCHI aCMl.lU lUIcaJlOM, K KO I opOMV ,10-I
Amu tipcwiubcH nee cbctľkhc xyaowecTBa. Aaxe miH Be^MHCKoro,
OCOÔCIIMO II ihk.ICflHHC rOilbl CľO flCHTCnblIOCTH, «COUHajlbHOCTb», All im It II CC HCCOObCM.ItOlUCM CMblCJIC CTaBHJiaCb 3HalIMTejlbH0 BUHN
in-lil inicparypij. Ho i.mcc/lofipo.noGon. IlncapcB, üpyrHC
npCJJCTailMTC.IM .ICMOKpani'ICCKOM KpHTHKH T3KXC Öy^yT OTBOÄHTbJIH-
Tcp.it\pc «. ivAcfiMVK) po.u. «BooGiuc lOBOp«, — imca.i. loúpo.iiooim. ohomm.iic n.iio (|iopMv inpyn naHHoe 110 npeiuic.    .im repa i\ pa n|v1 rrauRCT C060K) cmy ciy*c6nyio, KOTopon JuaMcunc coctomt b npo-luiaiuc. a /ioctohhctbo onpcacnaeTcn tcm, mto h k3k ona nponaraH-
Ho 6u,io n pyccKOH oiobcchocth h JiHTepaTypnoü KpiiniKe Tcie-Miic. npc.uTamiTc.iH KOToporo BbiCTynHjiH npoTHB ciyxcöHOH pol" HCxyccTBa h .lHTcparypbi. npoBosniaciinH hx caMouenHOCTb h ocyfli^H
TOUCMUHOlHOCTb H yTHJIHTapM3M. 3t0 TCOpHH «4HCTOľO MCKyCCTB3*.
NtOMAUiaii cBoc oTpaxcHHC b TBopMccTBC ucjioro pajia no3TOB h nnca-TweR, a TaK*c b xtcthmcckom (hmh apTiicTHiecKoM) kphthkc -
\ H /lp\AHHHH.l. H II  BoiKMIla M II. B. Ah hcii Koná.
Jumcpamypnafi KpumuKa ,imi)ixiii noJiofíUHbi XIX ocko
162
TcpMHH «4MCT0C HCKyCCTBO» .JlOCTaTO'lHO yC/IOBCH. FlpCflCTaBHTe^H
3Toro TeMeHHfl He OTropaxHBanncb nojiHocTbio ot xm3hh oöiucctbü, a MHonic He npMHMMajiH h caMO onpeaejieHHc «mhctoc». A.B. Hpyxw-iiHH, HanpMMep, hc OTpnua^ MCKyccTBo noysaiomec, oöcnyacHBaioiiicc ceroflHHUJHHH aeHb, ho oho, c eroTOMKH 3peHHH, BpeMcuno, CKOpo npo-xo/wiuee, h nosraviy kphthk oraaBa^ npeiino'iTCHMC BcmoMy, t. e. mh-cTOMy HCKyccTBy. «Haina TeKymaa cnoBecHOCTb, — nHcan oh, — M3Hy-pcna, ooiaöjieHa caTMpHMCCKMM HanpaßjieHHCM».
DiaBHaH 3acnyra sctethmcckoh kphthkh — öepexHoe othoiuchhc k xyaojKecTBCHHoií CTpyKType npoH3BezieHHH, KOTopoü HCJib3H npciicö-peraTbuaxe bo hmh 6ojrbuJoro h cepbe3Horo concp^aiiHH, nocKoribKy iiMCHHO xyao>KCCTBenHaH (})opMa 3aTparHBaeT MyBCTiia h MbiciH Henoc-
pCHCTBCHHO, a yM03pHTe^bHbie TC3HCbl Mano MTOaaiOT BocnpiiHHMaio-
mcMy.
B 40-e rr. npancTaBHTejiH sereTHMecKoro HanpaiuícHHH bxoähtih b «Kpyr» «CoßpcMeHHHKa», ôbiJin 6jih3kh BejiHHCKOMy, HeKpacoBy h «naiypanbHOH ujKo^e». ScTeTH'iccKa« KpHTHKa KaK caMOCTOHTcnbHoe TCMCHiie o(|)opMH^acb no3HHee — b cepeanne 50-x rr. nocne nonRieuHsi b «CoBpevieHHHKe» MepHbiineBCKoro h HoGpo^ioôoBa. Ochobhuc iipiiimiiribi 3CTeTHMecKoii kphthkh ocpopM^h/incb b no^cMMKc c neMo-
KpaTH'icckoií KpHTHKOÍÍ, b UeHTpC KOTOpOH ct0hj1 M Cnop o HaCJlCUHH
BcJiiiHCKoro h npoTHBonocTaBJíeHMe «nyuiKHHCKoro» (flpmcrmcCKO* ro, uc^bHoro, xyao>KccTBenHoro) h «roro/ieBCKoro» (oTpnuaTC^bHoro, TCHiicHUH03Horo h CKcnTMHecKOTo) HanpaBJíeHHií b jiMTcpaTypc.
riocTOflHHbiM nenaTHbiM opraHOM ctodoh-
hiikob 3CTeTHMeCK0H KpHTHKH 6bIJI XypHan
*r)ii6.nnoTeKaiuia mtchhjj», peaaicropoM kotodo-rt>b IS56 r. cran rjiaBHbiii HaeoTOr «apTHCTHHCC-' M icopHH AdeKcanap BacmbeBim upy^HUHii (1824—1864). B 40-e rr. 0H6bui H3BecreH KaKTa-•T3HniHBbiH 6ejuieTpncT, aBTop nony^«pHbix no-
"fCTCH, OnyÖJIHk0b3hHblX B «COBpeMCHHHKC» (B "X "IHOIC «nOJIHHbKa CaKC», KOTOpOÍi BOCXH-
iiniicbmiTaTe^H), Haxoamrca bxodoujhxotho-
"ICMMHXcTypreHCBblM, BOTKHHbIM, BenHHCKHM.
lcPBbie npoH3BeaeHHH /IpyoKHHHHa, HanHcan-"uc b pycjie ujKo^bi HaTypajibHoro pea^ii3Ma h
""y&íHKoBaHHbie b«CoBpeMenHHKe», 3acjiyxmiH BbicoKyiooueHKy BeJiHH-CKoro- KOTopbiii OTMewan caMo6biTnocrb TaJiarrra MOJioiioro nHcaTejín, «ay-UlCBHy° TemoTy» h BepHoe noHMMaHne aeHCTBHTejibHocrni. ,
163
PyccKüH jiumepamypnan Kpumuxa XVIII — natajia XX iivkü
«ncUCHHHKM OTMCaJIH CacpxaHHOCTb H KOppeKTHOCTb/lpyXH-m..U -4MCPU ilHIJIHHCKOrO JJJtCCHTJlbMCHa, CBeTCKOfO /reHJTH, COMCT3-
.nuhcc« c iipitpoAHbiM üoopoüyuiHeM, cepjicMHoií ren^oTOM h coioh-
„«►vTWo K Um "1 CIOXHOCTC«, tipOTHBOpeMHii H KOH(|WIHKTOB B MHP KCtWVMH«. IIIVnoK M Hlpbl.
lHicrMivpHo-KpMriiMCCKaM;icHic.ii.iiocn.;lpy*nnmia na-maci...
• c owpcmchmmkc». EľO CTaTbH H 0030pbl OTMC'ieHbl BbICOKOH 3py/JH-mhch BNpOrai ...UOpCCOB « lipOt|«CCMOHaJIH3MOM. ľlpH 3T0M OH HC-
uui Miiuc (bopMU iuw m:wo*chhh cdohx B3TJ1HJ10B Ha JiHTepaiypy, qeM
TU  KOlopiJC TpailHIlMOHHO CJlOXM/IHCb b «CoBpCMCHHHKC» lipH Be-
. m    >m\ 01.1 m (Vi ii*e c*cMccH«inwc o'icpKH no lopHoro xa-;  „.donu. iiiicbMa n laMciKH, a ne o6i»CMHbie h cepwn-HMC roflOBbic o63opu hm npo6/ieMHbie craTbH. B TeqeHHC 1849-1154 rr. flpyAiiimii npno6pe;i nonyjinpnocTb k3k aBTop peryjiHpiibix
• IhiccM Hiioiopoaiicio luuiiiK'iHKa b pc/iaKUHK) «CoBpeMCHHHKa» o
■ ,-pn.i IHCTMKC», a TaK*e cepilH (pCJlbeTOHOB CO CKB03HUM
rtpocM MnanoM McpnoKHH*iinKoiibiM. Hckpchhc yaneMCHHUM aHr-. m iHicpaiypoii, iipcKpacHbiii iiiaroK cc coBpeMeHHoro cocto-xmiim. /IpyXHHHH i» TCMCHHC MHOľHX JieT TaKxe nyöJiHKOBaji b «Co-npcMCMHHKc» «IlHcbMa mioropo/iHcro noanHC4HKa 06 aiinnHHCKOii
Ul tl'p.l 1 \ pc»
B iwia/ic 1850-x rr. üpy*HHHH c6;iH3H.ncH c pcjiaKuiicii «Bh6/iho-icmi .im "iioiiiiH.. Oh uch»j\ ocTpoyMuyio MaHcpy ee pe/iaKTopa
0 II ( ciiKoiu kom, iicoAHOKpaTHO ny6;iHKOBaji b ero xypnaJic cboh
1 mii.ii m uvioiKH Oaiiako fViii/Kc cMy rcM iic Mciicc f)i.i i «Kpyi •• «( " VJMMCNMNKB*. HoKornaoßiuec iianpaujiCHHe «CoBpeMCHHHKa» b 1854-
1856 II i 1.1 1 olipc.lC.IHII, McpHblllJCBCKHM, ApyjKHHHH, He COrJiaCHbIHC
ero »vnanaMH, ymcn n xypnajia n npHHHJi npemioxenHC H3naTeJin •BmCjihotckh ,xih •ntiiHH» craTb ce pc/iaicropoM c Havana 1856 r. Ho n
lot.l.l IIO.iiioctmo C «CoiipcMCHHHKOM» OH hc IIOpiU.'l 11 llipclK.l ll\0
oi> <>,,., i m.i cio cipammax ciion ci.in.n.
A\pii.n • ImOaHOTCKa juih mtchhh» H3bccth;i MHTaTCJieH o cbooii
MOMMCHMOCTH OT JIHTCpaTypHblX liapTHH, 0 3aUiHTe CBOGOAbl HCKyc-CtM B HUp.lACKHH BCMHUX HCTHH A06pa, KpaCOTbl H npaBAbl, 0 HCCO-■<•■ C ►.paHHOCTHMM «CCMHHapHCTOB», 11 SICH B BHAy HOBblX COTpyü"
*( oHpcMCHHHica», ti Bbicrymm b 3aiuHTy nyujKHHCKHX Tpaaii-■ in» um Koro Hanpa&ncHHti, b npoTHBOBec oTpuuaTcibHOMy, ro-fQMKKOMy. B pojiH Bcayurcro KpiiTHKa «BMÖJiHOTeKH an« meHH»» fl««mhhm 6buiao I860 r. h onyojiHKOBaa Ha crpaHHuax xypHaJia mho-»cctbo paiHoro poaa cratCH, pcuchshh h oôsopoB.
.Iitinepamypnax tcpurnuxa „moyoü noJioeuHbi XIX aena
164
MjieŕÍH0-3CTeTHMeCKHe h JlMTepaTypHO-KpHTH'ieCKHC ii03mhmh CBOCJi «apTHCTHHCCKOH» KpHTHKHüpy>khhmh OnpejieAMJI BCTaTbC «A.C. ľlyuj-
khh n nocjiejmee H3jiaHHe ero commhchhh» (1855). npoTHBonocTaaiHH riyiüKHHa h nyuiKHHCKoe HanpaBjieuHe oTpwuaTeabHOMy m yTH/iMTap-HOMy B3raaay Ha JiHTepaTypy h HCKyccTBo, flpyxHHHH m apyrne iipcü-
CTaBHTejlM «apTHCTMHeCKOH» KpMTHKH OílMpaJIHCb Ha t3khc CTHXOTBO-PCHHH n03Ta, K3K «íl03T H TOJina», «ri03T» H «ri03Ty». K TBOpMCCTBy
ilyuJKHHa KpHTHK He pa3 anea^HpoBaji Ha npoTHxxnnM mhoihx ^ct,
BHÜfl B HCM HCTMHHOrO nOSTa, 3HaMMTCJlbH0 onepejiHBiijcio CBOMX co-BDeMCHHHKOB. OjIHMM H3 nepBblX /lpy>KMHHH (nOCAC H3BCCTIIblX OI'pH-
uaTcabHbix oueHOK BejiHHCKoro) oixemw «MaaeHbKHC TparcflHH» h iipo3y nyujKHHa, noKa3aB ee orpoMHoe bjihhhhc na bcio pyccKyio n»-TcpaTypy. ü,py>KHHHH He npocTO npoTHBonocTaßjiHJi tbopiicctbo ľlyiu-KiiHa Toroaio. Oh noHHMaa, 'iTOTenepbcKopee «HacTynacr bpcmh 6opb-6bi Mc*ay nyujKHHCKMMH n rorojieBCKHMH noc^eiioBarc;iHMH», n cTpe-miwch onpeae^HTb cBoeo6pa3He TanaHTa Kaxaoro H3 bcjihkhx iiHcaTe-nefi.
riporpaMMHori ww screTHHecKOH kphthkh h HanpaiuieHHH *ypnaia «BnöaHOTCKa zuih iiTeHna» crana CTaTbH flpy*nHHHa «KpMTHKa roroacBC-Koro nepHo/ja h HauiH k Heň othoujchm»» (1856). B Herl aBTop hmoxhjx
CBOC nOHHMaHMC ^HTepaTypHOfi KpHTMKH m eC pOJIH i) OGUICCTBCHHO-JIH-
TcpaTypHoii XM3HM, no^HepKHBaa, hto KpwTHKa, aaxc coanaHHM HCTKH-HbiMH MacTepaMH cBoero aena, BpeMeHHa h rzxc «bcjihkhh kphthk» —
yiHTMb TO^bKO        CBOerO BpeMCHH M He MO*ct paCC'IHTblliaTb na IipH-
JHaHHc h nomioHCHHe nocjieayiouiMX noKoaenHíí: «OiaBa no3TOB, hm npo-oiaaneHHbix, 6y/aeTöccnpcnHTCTBCHHO pacrn h pacuiMpnibCH, MOicayTeM k3k ero co6cTBeHHřw cjiaBa CTaHd yjieiyHMBaTbCH h MepKuyrb». OrciOAa MeaoBan bmbo/j. aBTopa o tom, mto «no ncTeieHHH icaxaoro jiHTcpaTypHO-ronepHoaa crponiň nepecMOTp kphthkh sroro nepHoaa m hcoöxoahm h 5naroTBopeH». XlpyxHHHH bwcoko ueiiRii 3acayra kphthkh roroacBCKoro ncpnoaa, ho npH stom KaTeropHMccKH B03paxan rrpOTMB ctpohtcjibcTBa
'•IMTepaTypHblX KyMHDOB» H «KpHTHlieCKOrO (peTHUJH3Ma» no othoijjchhio
•ia*e KTeM aiiTopaM w kphtmk3m, MbH 3acjiyrn ncpca^HTcpaTypoM «Be/iH-O H 6naroTBopHbi». YßaxaH KpHTHKy 40-x rr. (5e3ycji0BH0, pewb aaeT o fomiCKOM), ZlpyxHHHH nbiTuncH BbiHBHTb h ee cjiaöbic CTopoHbi, o6yc-•^B-iciiHbie b nepByio onepeüb oTcyTCTBHCM cocTOHTc^bUbix onnoneHTOB "TpejBoro caMOKOHTpojiH, a TaioKe MOJioaocTbio h ropH'inocTbio. ilo ero mmohhio, KpnTHKa40-x vr. b jiHue npexcae Bcero BeaHncKoroöbuia ncpeji-1(0 HcpaioopMHBa h HecnpaBeiWHBa b npHroBopax (HanpuMcp, o TBopne-^ MapjiHHCKoro), He yBnacna Baemainx cJiaBanoipMJTbCKOH ny6jinnH-
165
PyccKUH jiumepamypnan KpumuKo XVlll — HaHaJia xx wpko
„ „ OKI HKTIlkMCBOMXCOlOJHMKOB H iio.icmii ilipoiiaia C III1MM CíOJtt le MflIIMlviliptlMO, kuk H C «CCBCPI10H íl<ieJ10H». ílpH 3t0m , Ip\ /MIHI1H
imcuu tto iipcrMB ia6Vry*flCHMH pnoa xypHiuioB n kphthkod .uchctbm-
If 1IJMK 1C WKblO i        i i i u h. HO hc BllU/lUľb B Heil06pO>KCJiaTCJIbH0CTbH
^BMMI0Cn>(tuiipHMcp,npoTMB«BH6;iHOľCKii;L,ni ■ncmin.. ne npn hu
n.inilli-11 ih.I'ICHHr HmpMľClIH loilVIH).
H|*lIolA.lH|).(IIIHItlll.MIJCII10liylllKIIHLKOM II ľOľO.mchckovi h.llip.il,
icmmhv . l|n hhhh ničili i b HiixiiBa BCiHbix na-KLia b ho j mu:.. Ikc Kpn-
ih'irCMIC 1ik icmu, re IMCbl II WHJPCHHH, KOraa-^HĎO BOJIHOB3BUJHeC0-60H) Mlip i l.ipoM ii HOBOH nOJJHH, MOryT 6blTb HOflBCaCHbl HOililBC, bci-
,,.        ipM.iii ii|xmiiuuťiicTnyK)iunc rcopiiii, m koiopi.ix oähj mi.i
ii.ixihcvi apiHCIMMCCKOK), TOCCTb hmck)IUCÍÍ .'KliVIIIOM MIICIUC HCKyCCl »0.11« HCKyťCTU, HAHAaKTHHCCKOlO, TOCCTbCTpeMMUUCHCH flCliCTBOBaTb immjvibu.6l.il ii iiohhtiim -ICIOBCKa'icpc ) HpHMOC Cl O I lOV'ICI i iic>. I \\X i
homichmc KpmiiK m.1.111.11 iťopiiiiapTHcriľiccKOH, nponoBenyiomeH,MTO • in kui umu is aiii m .10:1*110c.'iy*nn.ca\iocefie uc:n»io». ľa lôiipan ik lopíľiccKoc iiiiľiciuic.myx 111110B nojToii,ilpy)KHHHH iipnujeji KxapaK-tcpiioMy Bwwuy • Hciufi.ieMOhnicpaoCTOHTílOSTbl, MTMTCJIH HCKyCCT-na mikioio. UMOC HX paUiaCTCH M3 CTOJICTHH b CTOJICTHC, MOKay TCM k3k
mikk.i .iH/ukiiikoii piacio f):iaiopo;iin,ic 11 cii.'ii.iibíc lo.ioca) \\111pa10i. r hli ii[xikpiľi.uuiin koc-'ito, h norpy)KaiOTC>i b nyiHny nojinoro 336bc-
mm«. l(>MCp, UlCKCIlHp, ICTCOTHCCCHbl Apy^HHHHblM k HCpilOMy TIM) IIOIVOB, AL'k-klIX 01 •aiUiaKTII'ICCKHX HOMblCJlOB*.
Mililioll m- HK'iatOK KpiITHKII ľOľO.lCBCkOl O liepHOfla XlpyXHHHH
múka • tom. mto oHa yiuieKJiacb HCKJiio'iMTc^bHO jiHiiaKTHKOM h yrpa-1111.1 v\ lOAi-cnicHiiyKiBibicKaTcibiiocTb. Oh.'uľi :u)Ľian)'iiioL-Mkyior ne iiniciipiiMiiiyK) xapakrcpncTiiky;iii.iaKTiľicckon kpninkii. pciuuii
MMKOTOpOftjUCHXnop IIOHMHIOTCH B/IHTCpaTypHO-KpHTHMCCKOM npO-
lieoce: «Eciii nffmwiuni, cio pa36HpacMoe, bc/io k npaMOMy noyMe-
1111X1 lOlipcMCHIIOrO MMTaTCJlH, pa3BHBajlO )KHBOTpencmyiUyiO MblClb H
no ipcniii 10 ii|X)thb rpamothocth, oho cmiT&aocb yiioaiTCTBopHTe^b-iiuM n iavi, hl- n.iiMM.. B rocnoacTBc an^iKTHKH HpyxnnHH biijc.i Bpc.i ,n« hcch .iiiTcpaTypu: «,Hyx napTHii, HcpanyMnaa c hhm hctcp-mivi.k n. ii.i-i.i ti, patiopaTbCH b.iiiTcparype. 1160 iicc iiiiiiiyiiuic h Mbic-
AKMH HllkaK HC M 01.1 H CrpynilHpOBSTbCH BOKpyí BpCMeHHW*
"oiipciiMH. npn mamiux kpiiTiiKoio.. Bojiee Toro. TaKOC no.io*eHiie b icparype h *ypHa.ibiion kpiithkc, noero mhciihio, bcio k paananyc
*f If T«iTC IMUti   R v iujwtm.
n kaiCtTBC HpKOTO npMMCpa HOCTCnCHHOľO TopxccTBa
■^■HMCCKOH.TOMKH ipCHHH KpiITHK lipHBC.l iliaMLlIIl i l.lll HVlHklIH
BciHHCKoro. OcoóeHHo cipacTHO oh BOCCTaBafl npo-
.lumepamypitaH tcpumuíca UHOPOi no.wauHbi XIX eexa
166
^1$
TIIBOUeHOK «EBľeHHH OHerHHa» B «HOBOiIHiiaKTH'ieCKHX» nOHHTHHX H
KpiiTcpHHX h b ncpByio oiiepeab o6pa3a TaTbHHbi.
Cnenya o6iuhm npHHunnaM «apTHCTMMecKoii» tcophh, /lpy*HHHH paccMaTpHBan TBopwecTBO Toro^H h ohjhôkh kphthkh 40-x rr. b ero ouchkc/JVih Hero rorojib — bc^hkhíí nncaTe^b hmchho noTOMy, mto oh
MHOrOCTOpOHCH H nOMHMO OTpHUaHHH, CMexa H 0ÔJ1HMCHHH B CľO TBOp-
mcctbc ecTb m ,apyrHe CTopoHbi: «rcHHií Toio^h 6bi/i 6oraT hcthh3mh
BCHIIbIMM, HCTHH3MH iiľ iailllť m m l.l m u OT B9TJUUI0B H3BCCTH0T0 HOKO^e-HHM, HCTHHaMM, HHKOraa He npeXOAHUUHMH, KaK BCHK3H HaCTOHlliaH
no33HH». ľlopoMHOCTb caMoro noiixoiia k ouchkc ^HTcpaiypu 40-x rr,
MO MHeHHK) /lpy>KHHHHa, B ÄHKT3TC TCOpHH KpHTHK3 HM JtMHHOCTUO H
rnop'iecTBOM nHC3Te^eií, b noaBepcTbiBSHHH ^HTepaTypw noa coGctbch-
HblC h^CH. MCTOJIKOBSB rOľO^« B COOTBCTCTBMH C 3aa3'l3MH HOBOIO «CeH-
TiiMCHTanbHO-flHiiaKTH4ecKoro» HsnpaancHHfl, kphthks co bccíí hctcp-
MIIMOCTblO H QflHOCTOpOHHOCTblO «nOC5irHy^a H3 COKpOBCHHCHUIHC C0-
KpoiiHiua BCJíHKoro nncaTejTH, t. e. H3 ero JiHMiibiií B3niH^ h /ihhhmc y6c)KÄCHHH» — TaKOBa no3HUHH Apy>KHHHH3. JloBOJibtio opurHHanbuo To/iKycT kphthk «rH6ejibnyio p3cnpio», p33Horji3CHH Mcxcay Bc^hhc-khm h Poro^eM nocjie nojiBJíeHMH «Bbi6p3HHbix MecT...»: «í!hí13KTHK3
HOBOli KpHTHKH CTOJIKHyjl3Cb C flHfl3KTHK0ÍÍ TorOJIH, 3 pC3yjll»T3T n0-.lOÔHblX CTOJIKHOBeHHH BCeľil3 6bIB3CT y)K3CCH».
JlHTCp3TypHO-KpHTHMCCK3H n03HUHH ilpy)KHHHH3 CTpOH^SCb Ha whm8hhh H yB3>KCHHH KTBOpMCCKOH MHÄHBHJiySJlbHOCTH XyilO>KHHK3, liaCTpCMJICHHH BHJlCTb 33 BpeMCHHblM BCMHOC. KpHTHK BCera3 6bM yB-
icien 3H3jih3om np3BCTBeHHO-ncHxojiorHMecKOii npoGjicMaTHKH pa3-fiiipacMbix npoH3BeaenHŕi, caejia^ Mnoro uchhbix HaSwaweHHfl H3fl xy-
•lOJKeCTBCHHblM MaCTCpCTBOM nHC3Te^eíŕ h, MTO HCM3J10B35KHO, BCCľJl3 HCH3MCHH0 KOppCKTCH H BOKJIHB nO OTHOUJeHHlO K OnnOHCHTaM. ľlOilBOilH HTOrH XapaKTepHCTHKH KpHTHKH 40-X ÍT., JlpyXHHHH BHOBb
"Pohbiw CBoiicTBeHHoe Bceíí eroaeflTejibHOCTH ctpcm^chhc k npiiMH-PC'llllO, K CrJI3>KHB3HHIO npoTHBopeMHH, K noHCKy o6uihx UC^CH. «3^e-^CHT TBOpHWHÍÍ H npHMHpHK)mHH» JlOJ])KeH, HO eľO MHCHHK), OKHTbCfl c KPHTHKOÍÍ: «YHHMTOX3Tb CT3pbie TCOpHH, BeayUTHe K HeTCpnilMOCTH,
<*pacbiB3TbcaoporH Bce nperpaabi KeflHHoayLUHoiiacHTc^bHocTH Bcex
"POCBCIUCHHblX ^HTep3TOpOB H3 6^3ľO poaHOH CJIOBeCHOCTH — BOT MTO •101*HbI Mbl nOCTaBHTb Ce6e BeMHOK) H nOCTOHHHOlO UC^bK3».
KaK h apyrne ctopohhhkh «3Ptmcthmcckoh» tcophh, flpyAHHHH BUC0KO ueHHJi no33HK3 A.A. d>eTa h nocBHTHJi ero TBopMccTBy cneuH-
ä-UHyiO CT3TbK> «CTHXOTBOpeHHH A.A. <PeT3». JlpyXHHHH BHUeJl B HeM "03Ta MyÔOKHX MyBCTB, yMeiOUierO «33ÔHp3TbCfl B COKpOBeHHeHUJHC^
167
PyccKOH AumepamypnaH Kpumuxa XVIII —»auaAoXX eena
luvwpamypHaH Kpumuna nmopou nojio'iiuihi XIX eeica
' -    —    ,c ...K..CCKO«.. MacTcpa.iWioiucro«o6pa3M Ha3BaHMe.
ľL-um  CMynOlM h MHMOaCTHbIM OlUyiUCHMHM. AHiUIHSHpyil '    -Iv.,,.' k mi f uk CHCJ\W p>u T01IKHX HaOJHOJiCHMH Han xyao*c-
Bamio «per». npniM». wtwr •» _
4 „x.m ..i If IbHIJX CTHXOTHOpCHHH, OTMeTHJl CU0C06n0CTb
!mi"'co»cpiuii. Kpacory it oGwinbix KapTHnax npnpoabi, hcoôwkho-mmmo rowocn m rôpaJHOcrb icaacaoro cnoBa.
.IpvAMiimia iioiHO.'in.i c.\iy ncpiio h myooKo
.MKMHIbCIWCOOpaJHC TBOpMCCKOH JIH4HOCTM MHOľHX H3BCCTHWX pyc-
CKHX iimc«toic«. Tate, inaHHTCJibnyio ucHHocTb nponcTaiuuiioT ero cyx-
khhm oinooX.p.nilM IICHXO/IOľH3Ma Jl.H. TOJlCTOľO M o IipHOpHTCTC
HpucTiKHHoto na<iana y rcpocB riHcaTeaa: «y Hero o6o3Ha>ieHbi Mac-NBCKMuic tc ncpcxoaiibic nyiiKTbi, to ncpcxo/jHoe coctohhhc koto-
DM AAXC • (|hi HIMťCKOM MCflOBCKC o'leHb MaCTO yCKO^b3aeT OT 3a60TJIM-
iHiii) i law. .i i vi cmc.10 h otmct/ihbo isi.icraiuieiio..., k;ik 6bl rOMHM i.u|m inn* h ' ayxomioe paciimpciiHC MeaoBCKa».
OflHMM m OOtafUK niicaTcacii flpyjKMHHHa 6bui H.A. ľoHMapoR.
( K.p.ilHlillllK I. K f 10 TBOpMCCTBy B 1855 r. B peUCH3HH «PyCCKHC B Mno-
Miiii n k.niuf IXV1 n o iia-ianc 1854 roaa. (#3nymeeux3aMemoK H. /b«-HúfHMM)'. M'MiiiKCJieJiíui HHTcpccHbie Haô^ioaeHHH ocyuiHocTH napoji-
moctii ii  ivxohhocth, 0 «TaHHCTBCHHOÍÍ, HCyJlOBHMOÍÍ CBH3H» MOKJiy
.iiurnaiypott h nanoAOM.
IIouhcc moGiiMWM rcpocM ilpy*HHHHa CTan 06/iomob, b kotopom OM MiitiriorpaxciiHc>icpTnaiiHonanbuoroxapaKTcpa n 06uj.eMe.noBf-■iciMiii np.iiitnvcHiHH.iit. Hc BcrynaH n npiiMyio iio/icmiiky c ouewcofl
|x)m.iii.i loiľl.ipoil.l ••pť.ui.hoh- KpiITHKOii, .'IpVAMllMII ii i ioäii.i CBOll
nu mi ii.i npM mcatimc BCtYTM «OöaoMOB». PoMaH H.A. loiiMapoiia» i ihv'i It 'MCTiiocTH.üpy*iiHHH yßaaea b Oôjiomobc «MHcryio m ueab-n\m n.irvpv, of>pai-Tiin. boii.totmhiiihíí «it pyccKvio ne uioÖHBOCTfc, H nwiuncKyw chocoďhoctk k iipeaaiiHOCTH, h peujHTejibHyio Hccnocoô-M.» n. n.i i..ikix- MiiOyai, iicMitcToc ac.no», hhctotv n iipocmry pcÔCHIB MiiTcpccHo. «rroofipai lilraibua kphthk Booôme cMHTan yM03pHTeab-
hum. h.iiuivu .HĽIHUJHCH poCKOUJbK)» b pOMaHC
Hc cícnycT jiyMaTb. >ito b ucmpe BiiiiMaHiiH üpyxHHiiHa 0Ka3anc« ™Pancp DOmmBM, b to opcMH KaK flo6poJiio6oB cocpftSOTO
•WWW B ocmobhom Ha aH11H3C OOaOMOBlUHHbl. flpyXHHHH TO>kc OÔpa-
th*c» k oiiciiKc otVflOMOBiiiHHbi, KOTopyío oh onpeu.ejiM.ri KaK Hauiio-
KBÄNfW H nAlUCCTBCHHOC HBJICHHC h npHHje/1 k CJieiiyiOLUHM BbiBoaaM
•< xmomomiiihm.i i.hk.!, cäc.th ona npoHcxoam oi rHHJlOCTH, 6e3HI ,tc*moctm. pacTacHHH h uioro ynoDCTBa, ho e>Ke^H KopcHb ee TaHTC« npocro r Hcjpciocni oômcaBa h CKenTHMecKOM KoacôanHH mhctwv
168
ayuioio JiHDfleíi npen npaicTHMecKOH 6c3ypHjiHueií, mto ôbiiiacT bo bccx
MO/IOflblX CTpaHaX, to 3JlHTbCfl Ha Hee 3H3MHT TO )Ke, MTO MHTbCfl na
pcĎeHKa, y KOToporo cnnnaioTCH raa3KH nocpc^h BCMcpucü kphkjih-boh ôece^bi juoneň B3pocjibix».
TayoHHy npoHWKHOBeHHH b TaňHbi HauHona^biioíí ncHxoaorim, MäCTepcTBO b co3iiaHHH no3THMecKiix KapTHH napojHioŕí .♦. n ii 111 J\py-
JK1IHHH UeHHJl h b TBOpMeCTBe A.H. OcTpOBCKOľO (CT3TbH «COMHHCHHH
A. OcrpoBCKoro», 1859). XapaKTepucTHKa TBopMCCTiia OcTpoiicKoro b aaHHOíí pa60Tc BnojiHe pacKpbiBacT /locTonucTBa «3pthcthmcckoh»
KpiITHKH. ÄpyXHHHH BHHM3Te^bH0 OTHeCCH K pSCCMOTpCHHIO K0MI10-
3HI1MH h pa3BHTHK) KOHcp^HKTa b nbec3xiipaMaTypra, OTMCMaa «cOBOp-
IUCHCTBO b C03JiaHHH ^CHCTByiOlUHX ji HU» H HX HCpa3pblBHyiO CBH3b C pa3BHTHeM üeÜCTBHfl. BoCTOpweUHO 0T3bIBa^ch OH H O HlblKC OcTpO-BCKOrO, BHilfl B HCM «KBHHT3CCCHUHK0 MOryUJCCTBCHHOrO TanaHT3», «K0-,10pHT >KHBOnHCUa», HapOHHOCTb H Bbipa3HTCJlbH0CTb. ľlpH BCCH BOC-T0p)KCHHOCTH OUeHOK nbeC OcTpOBCKOrO, flpyXHtíHH, TeM HC MCHCC,
hc jaKpbiBa/i r^a33 h h3 MHorne HeaocT3TKH, KOTopuc on bhíic^, Ha-
lipHMCp, b K0MCÜHH «AoXOaHOe MCCTO» (HeCTpoiÍHOCTb ACHCTBHH, He-
noaHOT3 oraejiKH nepcoH3>KeH, norpeuiHOCTH h3bik3 h ^p.).
floc/ie yxoii3 h3 «Bh6^hotckh íwh mtchhh» b 1860 r. Hpy>KHHHH ot-
Ka3anCfl ot aKTHBHOň JTHTCpaTypHO-KpHTHMCCKOÍÍ aCHTC/lbHOCTH, HO
npoaoaxaji nncaTb h nyôJíHKOBaTb o63opbi JinÖHMOfl hm auraniícKoň
•IHTCpaTypbl H ny6aHUHCTHKH. /IpyXHHHH ÔbIJI H3BCCTCH T3K>KC CBOH-
mh ncpeBoaaMH (b mbcthocth npoH3BC4CHHH LUcKcimpa), MiioroMHC-
•ICHHblMH CTaTbHMH H peueH3HHMH 0 3apy6cXHblX 3BT0paX. OcoGCHHO
Mnoro oh riHcaji 06 aHrjiHHCKOíí ^HTcpaType, co3aaa ccpnio omcpkob o BbiaaiomuxcH poMaHax mhpoboií /iHTcpaTypu — npoH3BcacnHHx Ph-'lapacoHa, ľo/iiicMHTa, Baab3aKa h ap. MHorne ero ouchkh h cyjicac-HiiM ne yrpaTHjiH CBoero 3H3mchhji h no chx nop.
BonpeKH yTBcp>icaeHHio HpyxHHHHa, mto ucHHocTb icptmuca, b ot-;h'ihc ot nosTa, BpcMeHHa h npexoaHina, ero co6cTBcnnaH .acHTonb-H0CTb cbirpana 3HaMHTejibHyio po^b b p33Bhthh otcmcctbchhoh ^htc-
P3TypH0H KpHTHKH. C^CflyeT OTMCTHTb T3KHC UeHHbie H3XOÜKH flpy-*HHHH3, K3K BHHM3HHC K J1HMHOCTH 3BT0pa, aH3^H3 Xy^O)KCCTBCHHOH
CToPOHbi aiiTcpsTypubix npoH3BCÄeHHii, ujHpoKHií Kpyro3op, oôuiiip-HOe «noae» /ma cpsbhchhh h THnojiornMccKHX x3P3ktcphcthk :ia cmct "PHaacMCHHíi aaHHbix o /i HTe paTy p h o h >kh3hh Eßponbi, h MaBiioe — "PcnaeHHe k npuMnpeHHio Bpa>icayionjHX cTopon bo hmh bc^hkoio MMM OTCMeCTBeHHOií c^obcchocth.
169
PyccKiiH .wmepamypiuiu KpumuKa XV111 -tianajia XX eexa
OflHHM H3 JiyMlUMX apy3CH h hoctohh-HblX KOppCCnOHflCHTOB BeaHHCKOrO 6bin I, ,,M IIIM NeTpOBHM BOTKHII (181 1 — 1869)
JE^^^     i in ii TanaHTJiH-
m  ^ -f ,    ii ii siockobckoto HaeToproBua. Oh
^4jJ        B     6bUl H3BCCTHUM 3HaTOKOM M IiCHMTCJICM HC-
KyccTBa. HacTbie noc3aKM b Eiipony no kom-Mop'iecKMMflejiaM jiaBann B. EoTKinry boi-Mo*ii(KTb noccmaTb My3cn, 6h6jihotckh m raaepcn, oh 6bin «Baio6aeH b My3biicy» h cast nayiiuicH HipaTb Ha cKpniiKe, yxe B3poc-
ablMCaMOCTOHTCJlbHO BbiyiHJI HTiUlbHIICKItii
h ii.ik Amiih 3a ipaiiHuen, oh no3HaKOMna-
CH C H3BCCTHblMM aCHTeaHMH KyabTypbl ii
IKHHIHKH roio HpcMCHH (MapKCOM, JlyH EaaHOM, Jlepy h up.).
( laii.n Im>i miii.i o siy iijkc, xhdoiihcm, nepciioabi, o63opbi 3apy6c*-Mdtt iHirpaiypu ii • TuMccKouc* h «MoaBe», noajwee li «Mockobckom MO mia.nc ic- ii .OrciccTBCHHbix ianncKax» noabjoiuunicb Go n.nioii iionyaHpiiocTbio (•IllcKCimp KaK nojT h anpHK», 1842; «rcpMancKa« iiurparypa*. 1843). BooomcaHTcpaTypHO-KpHTH'iecKaHnoiTCJibHocTi. Eotkmh.1 npoTCKaaa napaaacabno c EcawncKHM, coxpaHnaacb mx 06-uiiipii.iM iic|vmm> i.i i.iip.iniiiaioinaH awTcpaTypiibic B3raaabi h oucii-mi K i QlCoKMM 11 opiiiiiHa,ii.HbiM cyjKacHHHM Botkhhh o aiiTcpaTypc ii M KyocTM Bcaiihckhh iicciaa iipiicayujHBaacH c BiniMaiiHeM.
11 inccTHocTb iKiTKimy npnnccan 3HaMcniiTbie «llncbMa 06 Hcna-HiiM.. oiiytYiiikonaHiibic n «CoBpcMCHHHKe» b 1847—1851 rn, a 33TCM nwiiic.iiiiHcoTacibHbiMM3aaHHCM. Bhhx iipoHBiinacbTOHKaH Ha6aioaa-
TMW40CTV yMCHHC BOO h HHTCPCCHO paCCKa3aTb, nOrpy3HTb HHT3TC-
icii n .ii\i(x(|icp> f)ura, iipaiWH, o6bi<iacB. Ky.n.iypi.i it .m icpanpu He 11.1H1111 k.iA,n>c 1111C1.M0 HBanaocb KaK 61,1 oTaeabHoi} jaKOHMCHHOM HO-w1 niti tii.i'imc 11.111,111 iioiHamiTcabiibiH 11 KyaiaypHbiH HUTCpcc npca-1 i.mm in p.i iMMiiiacHMH <>f> HCKyccTBC, 0 AHiioimcn. 0 loiic. BenacKece, i«- ii.nu 11« vi\ k-Mx (xora iiciaTxiHci. Boxncae «CMecb»).
HcMirapufl yKfloii BCTopony apTHCTH3Ma 6bui cbohctbchch cyttacmi-«w B lxiTvnii.1 o aincpaType ewe b 40-e it. Era nncbMa k EcaHHCKOMy
I Wl.ini- 11- """'toiiucokomoijchkc^^
•P^w^wecttoreaacMcina. b aHrcpaTypc. TaKOBbi cro ouchkh «3anncoK <n<miHM. 1>TwrHei«(xyno)KccTr«HHocTi,pHcyHKa,TOHKa5i Ha6aioaaTeab-iHKib. .10,™«,,,« npHpoau). .OobiKnoBCHHon hctophh» rbHMapoB* wctvm riijocTOTa.. •KaK6yaTo B)KapKMH acTHHfi aeHb cbca Mopo*c-
170
AumcpamypnaH Kpumutca umovou noJiQGUHbi XIX eena
Hoe», «aerK0CTb h MacrepcTBO paccKa3a»), npoH3BeacHHií Aoctocuckoio iBbinypHOCTb, «TyrocTb h CMyra», «rpyabi naB03a»). XapaKicpubie hiijhi-mmyanbHbie nepTbi cthjih BoTKHHa-KpHTHKa — BHHMaTcabUbifi anajun ih>ihi.ix BnenaTaeHHH, peaKoe screTHHecKoe 'iyTbc h oohjihc cpaiiiiciinii c 06pa3aMH My3bIKH, >KHB0nHCH H, KaK HH crpaHHO, racrpoHOMHM — cao-*nwcb y>Ke b 40-e rr. h ocTaBaancb HeH3MCHHbiMH. OannM 113 ncpiibix \Ka3aj1 Ha 3TO Bcjihhckhíí, oOcyxcaaa b nepcnncKe c Botkhhum noBCcri. •AiiTOH-R)peMbiKa» fpHropoBMHa: «Tbi, BaceHbKa, cn6apHT, caacrcHa — reCe, iiHUJb, aaBaíí no33HH aa xyao>KecTBa....».
OaHOÍÍ H3 0C06eHH0CTeÍÍ 60TKHHCKHX aHTCpaTypilO-KpHTHMCCKHX
craTeíí 6biao to, mto b hhx aHTepaTypHbie npoH3BcaeHHH MacTo cpaii-HiiBaaHCbc My3biKoH, XHBonHCbio nan racTpoHOMHeii. TaK, HanpHwcp, BaaTbe 06 3CTeTHiiecK0M 3HaiieHMH hoboh (popTcn Han noři IHKOabl (0 liloneHe): «CxoaacTaM He HpaBHaacbMy3biKa UJonetia, KaK, iianpn-vicp, HcnaHuaM He HpaBHTCJi xopouiee npoBancKoc oaniiKOBoc Macao. Ohm iipeanciHTaioT CBoe 3e;ieHoe, BOHioMee, k KOTopoMy npnBbnain».
Ho cepeanubi 50-x rr. Botkhh 6wa aKTHBHbíM coTpyanMKOM «Co-BpcMCHHHKa», copaTHHKOM HeKpacoBa. HanGoacc H3BCCTHaii ero ;ih-rcpaTypHO-KpHTHMecKaa cTaTba «H.n. OrapeB» (1850) 6buia BTopoii b iiMKac «BTopocTeneHHbie pyccKHe no3Tbi», HanaTOM HeKpacoiibíM 11
•COBpeMCHHHKC». KpHTHK OTMeTHa B n033HH OrapCBa My3blKailbllOCTb,
HcxoTopyio HeonpeiieaeHHOCTb, TOHKyio h TOMHyio cnay. Mynrb hojjkc Iwkmh CTaHCT coaBTopoM HeKpacoBa b oTacae «33mctkh o )Kypnaaax» (1854-1855 rr). B stot nepnoa o6aaHne annuocTH h y6e>KacnnH Hc-"pacoBa caMbiM cymecTBeHHbíM o6pa30M cKa3aancb Ha B3raaaax Bot-Kima, neMy b HeMaaoň cTeneHH cnoco6cTBOBaaa coBMCcTnaH >KM3Hb noa MocKBofi b IleTpoBCKOM, rae nosT npoxoana KypeaeMCHHH. Toraa Botkhh riHcaa: «HeT HayKH aan HayKH, HeT MCKyccTBa aan HCKyccTBa, bcc °»h cymccTByioT íuth o6uiecTBa». noa sthmh caoBaMH Bnoane Mor 6bi noanHcaTbCH MepHbiuieBCKHii. Botkhh HHKoraa He cTpeMHJicn oTae-
•TITb HCKycCTBO ot XH3HH h npOTHBOnOCT3BMTb hx, ho cto BCCTaa ĎOab-
wniHTcpecoBaaH BeqHbie, KopeHHbie cbohctb3 MeaoBCiecKoii npupo-ltí- OTpaxaiouiHecH b nepByio OMepeab b HCKyccTBe. llo3TOMy oh 6bia
"POTHB «yTHaHTapH3Ma», nOaMHHCHHH HCKyCCTBa aiOĎblM npaKTHHCC-
khm ucaaM. ripn 3tom oh He no^b30BaacH tcpmhhom «HCKyccTBO aan Hc"yccTBa», cMHTaa ero cĎHBMHBbiM 11 HeTOHHbíM h npeaaaraa Tcopnio 'CBo6ojiHoro TBOpMeCTBa».
B 1856—1857 rr. Hanajiocb cĎJiHxeHHe Botkhh3 c QpyXHHKHMM, a nK*c c An. TpHropbeBbiM h bo3hhkjio HenpHHTHe KpařiHocTCH Mep-
HUlUCBCKOro. BaH30CTb BoTKHHa K CTOPOHHHK3M «'IHCTOrO HCKyCCT-
171
I'm < líh .lumepamypnan Kpumuna XVIII-uataJia XX «pico
m. »".«OH cm HiBCcnioH cm* «CraxoTBOpeHH,. Oera.
,I»«V onHp..H».uc(«c« iia jctctwmcckmc npmmmiu kphthkh. Eotkhh tbk Mt uk Heicpaco» h flpyncHHHH. ynpcKsa kphtmky 40-x it. b tom.
,,„,,„, Mai» IIMMM.HIIDI \ K" IM l.t . I UpM'ICCKOil 110)11111.  I It) CIO Mile
„„», ..(.iiircTwi m OI.W.1i.IIWC .mm *mh\t h iicpByio oMepeab Cy6lÄK-mhihoII •MtiyipcHHcft» «h1hmo, h TOflbKoaHpHMecKaa no33HH cnocoG-iu y.ioBHTj, m iicpcMTbcyTb jtoh XH3HM. Oh nonbrraacH onpeacnHTb cyuiMOCTb !itr/tm«iccKoro rojioca OcTa. nHcan o My3biKaabHoc™ ero cth-mw. o tom, mto b ero noj3MH >iyi»cTByioTCfl «thxhc rayfJOKHC owyuic-mmm npocTQfflyuiMC HyBCTBa». BcraTbe coaepxaawebtohkmě na6aioac-IM ii.i.i CIV mm n luuiii'iecKHM MacTcpcTBOM OeTa.
PnORANCb c ACMOKDaTH'ICCKHM liaiipaanCHMCM «COBpCMCHHHKa»,
Imiikiih pciKo mcianiiuio otiiccch k npomneaeiiHio MepHbiiiiCBCKoro .•Im ic i.trt.o m bmcctc c <I>ciou naiuicaa ciaii.k) iipoiiiB poMana, KO-top»« ne 6bina onyo/iMKOBana h, boimokho, hc coxpaHHJiacb.
Mm..me cymacMHJi h HaöaioaeHHH BoTKMna coaepxaTca b ero MMCbMax. HCKoiopi.ic m i mix iiooOme noxoxu Ha He6ojn.iune peucii-iMM o icx inrcpaTypHbixco6biTHHX, KOTopwe eMy K333anci> BaxHUMM m MMicpccMUMM R 'lacTHOCTH, b iiHCbMe k OeTy oh nHcaji o DOMŮM •Rouna h Mnp»: «3tot poMan bo bccx othoiiichhhx npeßocxoacH. K.iK.iH «pKocii. m bmcctc rayôiuia xapaKTcpHCTHK. KaKOH xapaKTcp H.ii.mum m xaK iibucpxan. TaK bcc b stom npcBOCXoariOM npoH3Bejie-MMM npooyauacT myoo'iaHuiHH MUTcpec. üaxe Boemibic coo6pa*e-MiiM im mu Miiicpcca. H muč b (kuibujcií MacTH cayiacB ksxctch, mto M 6m.i coBcpiuciiHo tipaB. M iioTOM, KaKoe 3T0 rayöoKoc pyccKoe npo-
M ibc1chhc*
U ibcctmo, mto TyprciicB b iiHCbMe k flocToeiicKOMy nHcaji, mto po-M.iM •Oiuij m icni. H H kto iio-iiacroHiiicMV ne iiomu .Liac Ilncapci-•Mintm noMH.i. TyprciicB cmhtoh, mto noHnan ero TO/ibKO ai»a MeaoBC-
> i Ix ii mim H iloCTOCBCKMM. üuchkh BoTKHHa He COXpaHHaHCb, MTO*C
kücactcn üocTocBCKoro, to oh yBnaea b Ba3apoBe TparHMCCKHfi pye-. um xapaKTcp. «pHrypy/icHTC.iH, noHBUBincroca paHbiue bpcmchh.cmh-tm, «m> b Mcm MyncTBycTCH «iipHJuaK 6o;ibiiioro cepaua».
Imhmih peoKonyojiHKOBaaca, ho, uena ero MHeHHe, xyaoxecTBCH-HMi1 ttyc. ofipnoBamic ii jpyaiiiiHio, MHorne nos™ m nncaTeaH np"-cayuiMBMHCb k cro coRcraM m Macro nocbiaaaH eMy cboh npon3BC.ic-MMBnpcÄjie Hx nyoaiiKauHH. TaK nocrynajiM ToacToü, Oct, TyprciicB npMHIIHnU 3CTCTMMCCK0H TeopHH opwrHHaabHO h cbocoô-mm b CBOCH aCHTCJIbHOCTH ľlaBCa BaCM.ll.clill'l Ahhchko«
(»13 -IU7) Oh iipo*Hjiaoaiyio)KH3Hb,6bia3HaKOMCOBceMH MM»
172
im.!
IM im«
.lumepamypnan Kpumuna ,;„io!)oü nojiotiuiibi XIX ocKa
..mmn pyccKMMM riHcaTeaflMH (HaMMHan ot [lyiiJKHHa h loroafl h iakaii'iiiiia>i Jl. Toa-cthm) h co MHorHMH H3 HHx 6bui b apy)Kcc-
KHX0TH01UCHMHX. M3BCCTHO, MTO AhHCHKOB
MMcaa noaaHKTOBKy Toroaa tckct «Mepriibix .ryiu»(roro^baio6Ha cayiuaTb, k3k 3iiyMHT xy-
JOJKeCTBeHHOC CaOBO, K3KHC ottchkh CMblC-,iaB03HHKaiOT npH H3MeHeHHHX HHTOHaUHM).
B 1847 r. AnHeHKOB conpoBoxaaa Be^nuc-Koro b 3arpanHMH0H noc3aKe h 6bia CBMae-TCJicM co3aanHH «riMCbMa k h.B. Toioaio».
Ahhchkob aoaroe BpeMH npoBca 3a rpa-Himeŕí, BHHMaTeabHO caeana 3a npoHcxoaaiUHM b Eßpone h b Pocchh, h no yôoKaenHHM 6bia hckpchhhm anöepaaoM, neHaBHaea h aecno-TH3M, m peBoaiouHio. B nponaraHae h OTCTaHBaHHH cbohx B3TJUIA9B OH öwjiaocTaTOMHo naccHBeH, k3k, BnpoMeM, h BanrcpaTypnoii acHTeab-HocTH. Eiwy Bceraa HyxeH 6bia KaK0ä-HH6yab HMiiyjibc, ana Toro mto-6bi B3HTbCH 3a riepo. TaK, oh nncaa A.B. ÄpyxHHHny: «Bbi npocro 3a-KajKHTe, ZlpyxHHHH, bot accKaTb mto HanHLUM, a HH8HC caM h ne Haa i'M He ocTaHOBJíiocb, noTOMy mto HHMcro ocoGeHHoro Tcncpb mchh hc UHiiMaeT».
K^HTcpaTypHOÍi h kphthmcckoíí acHTe/ibHOCTH Ahhchkobo6paTHa-CH necpa3y. B 40-e rr. oh nneaa noBCCTM Bayxc «HaTypaiibnoü uikojibi» h naxoanacH noa cwabHbiM b^hhhhcm naeü h aHMuociH BcanucKoro.
NO HaCTOHHHK) KpHTHKa OH CTaa IlHCaTb «nHCbMa H3-33 rpailMIlbl»,
KOTopwe ncMaTajiHCb b 1840— 1843 rr., a MyTb no3>kc «HapH)KCKHe iiHCb-Ma» (1846—1847). Ero nepy npHHaaaexaT TaKxe HariHcanubie no npocbôe Fbroan «npoBHHUHaabHbie nncbMa». CaerKoií pyKH Ahhch-"OBaUHKa nnceM ct3hobhtch b40-x rr. oMeHbpacnpocTpancnHbiM *Mh Pom. 3to 6bia CHHTeTHMecKHH >Kanp, rae Hapaay c sthoipatJiHMCCKHMH
H "M ronia M n 3apHCOBK3MH, KapTHHaMH HpaBOB, npOBOaHaHCb OUCHKH •IHTCpaTypbl H MCKyCCTBa.
KaK aHTepaTypHbiH kphthk Ahhchkob 3kthbho CTaa BbicTynaTb b 'CoBpcMCHHHKc» yxe nocae CMepTH BeaHHCKoro, cmchhb cro Ha no-°y Výměro KpHTHKa xypHaaa h ct3b h3 kskoíí-to momcht ero Ha-MeaHHKOM h npoaoaxaTeaeM. Bcjiea 3a hhm oh npoao^xna Tpaanunio e*croaHbix o63opoB ^HTepaiypbi, KOTopwe ny6aHK0B3^ncb b tcmchhc cx      rr. CH3Maaa b «Otcmcctbchhux 3anncKax», a 33tcm h b «Co-
"PCMCHHHKe*. OaH3KO HaMCpCHHO, npOHBaHH Caep*3HHOCTb H Kop-
PCKT1,ocTb. AHHCHKOBaaa CBoeií paôbre, nocBHineuHOH aHrepaType 1848 r.,^.
173
pC.L1
PyccKüH MtmepamypuaH KpumuKa XVlIl-ttauajia XX «exa
- .3av.cTKH o pyccKOH aMTcpaType npowaoro roaa..
5nCWTM MHlcpCCHil tcm, MTO B HCH BHepBb.C AHHCHKOB HCHOabSOBaj. trnwMM «pc i im im.. ci.IIIIIIIIH ľ l'oi'o BpCMCMH oOlUCVIH) rpeflll ic'lbllblM
mih*k inMv npcMi'HH y*e cipopsiyanponaa OCHOBH1.IC npn3Ha-Ímhuimiu ihm im im.i k.ik xyao*ccTBCHnoro MeToaa. Oh nncaa o kom mo.mu., .peaabiioM nanpaiuicHMH» b aHTepaType, 6c3yc-„. Moap.ii>MciuM pciuiiDM, ciaiiiiinn iic;iyiiiit\i iiaiipaiueiiiicM ■
kuhiic 40-x ii OOHAKO i.c IMIICKMM He CyMCa nOaOÖpaTb HaiBailHe iUIH
iioiH.ioiiaiipan iciihh Oiipc.ie.ieinie na i ypaji i»i ias-1 iiiko:ki» Ciiaaoyaa'i-iio. ho ono n iiiaMtnc.ibiioii cieiiciin hochjio ikvicmiimcckmA h cyxe« null cmuc1 Ahhchkob nawca öoace yaaMHbin tcpmhh - «pcaaH3M.. 6<MM roio. on noiiuTancflOTflCJiHTbpeaaH3MOTHaTypa^H3Ma(cnn-
m*h tcm CaMbIM HCyaaHHblH OTTCHOK CMblCJia b TCpMHHOJlOrHH BcaHH-
CKoroi Kenn iiaiypa m im KaKamcparypiioe iianpaMCHne o(|>opmmtch
Mol. C  HO CIO MCTOKH BOCXOflHT K^HTCpaTypC 30—40-X rr. H He TOflbKO
n Povoní, m. m no <l>pannMii. Konia n raM noHBHancb mhotomhcjich-
MMC (pH ih0.10i H'ICCKHC OMCpKH, 3apHCOBKH, KapTHHKH C HaTypi.l h T. II. MocpCUIBCHMblC B XyßOKCCTHCHHOM OTHOIUCHHH npOM3BCaCHHH, ko-n.piJCOip.IMM'IMIWĽIMCI. lialypiLIMCIM'ICCKMM OTpažKCI i iieM (paKTOBiicii-CIHHIC.1i.MOI Ml   \HMCIIKOB OIMOCIIJI K IICCli/lopca.III IMV, pcaaH3My «B
oip.iMM'iciiMoM cMbioic», nocKo^bKy iuiH ero npcjicraBHTCJicH öbi.io Onincpiio iMK'iipoii iiicaciiiic líniu. «Hapyxuoii of)o;ioHKM xiniiH» h ivACMMc uircparypHOH ccpcpu ao aByx tmmob: «MeaoBCKa hhmtojkho-
lo. sfiMIiilO OÍKIOHICIKIliaMII. H MCJIOBCKa pa )l y.'ii.MOl (), hc iioiiiim.i
niiicro hx» B k3mcctbc iipHMcpa oh H36paa aßa npoiianeaeiiHH: no-itccn. H II. ByncoBa «Tcmhmh MeaoBCK», b ueHTpe KOTopoii inoöpaxcii m.nrm.Miii LifniiuM mciohck. ii cviepK H.A. ToiiMapona <Huan CaBHi nouafipMH*. icpocM KOToporocTan neTcpGyprcKMH aeynp, aioöHiiiii»
■KMOilMX MMHHH H XBacraKMUHMCH IlCpCa npHHTCJIHMH CBOHMH iioöc-
i.iMii n uliv vapaxTcpax. no much n io AniicHKOBa, HC 6biao xyaoxc-I PJMMDj iiyfmiibi. h xpuTHK cnpaBc;uiHBo noaaraa, mto HacTOHiucc ■ >•,., nm .ixiA.iacKH.iMiin, iipn co'iciaiiiui ncpiiocm oicpyxaioneifl
neCXtIM BbipaXCHHCM H C ľJiyOOKHM lipOHHKHOBCHHCM B )KH3Hb»
i mm pcaaii iMa ot naTypaanjMa, KaK HCKyccTBa oTaarcppo-icHKH AiuicHKOBa ne Bceraa Moryr 6biTb npMHHTbi: TaK. oh
li-h OlpaHTaCTHMCCKH-CCHTHMCHTaJIbHOM pOflC nOBCCTBO-OCBCKOro h ByTKOBa. (B TBOpMeCTBC ZloCTOCBCKOrO 3Ta - BMMM.IMMC K *H3HH Cepaua — fleHCTBHTCJlbHO IlpHCyT-
. croTBopMccKHH MCTOflflaxc onpeaeaaaM KaK ceHTHMeHTaav
hmh pc.\im im )
. iiwu-panuipiuiH Kpumutca timopoü noJioouHbt XIX aeica
OniHMHTeJlbHOH OCOÖCHHOCTblO AHHeHKOBa-KpMTMKa 6biao CTpCM-
acHHC nncaTb npoöaeMHbie CTaTbH. HanpHMcp, b 1855 r. b «Cobpcmch-hmkc»6biJiaony6aHKOBaHaerocTaTbH «OMbicnn BiipoMjBcaciiHHX mjhiu-hoh caoBccHOCTH. (33MCTKH no noBoay nocacaHHx npoinBcaenHfi rr. H.C. Typ ich c Ba h ^.H. ToacToro)», no3jiHee OMIMaÉMRRM «XapaK-TCpiicTHKH: MC. TyprcHeB h Jl.H. ToacroH». 3Ta paöoTa Kpinnxa npea-craanHCT coôoh o6cTO«TcabHbiň h rayGoKHíí cpaBnnrcabKbiii MM0H
y OÖOHX aBTOpOB OH 0TMCM3CT npMCyTCTBHe MbICaH m OflHOlipCMCHHO
yöcxaacT MHTaTcafl, mto 3HaMcnnc Mbican b ripon3BcacHHn hckht no-6oiiHbiH xapaKTcp. «Mbi npcHMymecTBeHHooocyxcaacM bhciiihk)K)ctopo-Hy aBTopcKoro TajiaHTa, ero npHCMbi h cnocoöbi co3aatiHH, ocTaiiaH«
HCTOpOHC CyiHHOCTb np0H3BCaeHHH, T3K KaK HaCTOHlIUlH 1 IC 'II. CTaTbH
lamiioMacTCH b oaHOM — OTKpbiTb h y»cHHTb cc6c, cKoabKo MM no-iBoaHioT cnabi, xyao>KHHMecKHe npiiBbiMKH iiHcaTeaH, ero CHopoBKy, crocBocoôbiMHbiH cnocoö HcnoanenHH tcm». 3acci> yxe npocMaTpn-BacTCH TCHacHUMH k co3a3HHK) 6yayiHHx aeiciiapanHH «mhctoto hc-KyccTBa». JXn» kphthmcckom MaHepu AHHCHKOiia xapaKTcpma hcko-Topan HeaoroBopeiiHOCTb, OTcyrcTBHC mctkocth h hchoctm BbiBoaoB. BoTaMMHc, HanpHMep, ot BcanncKoro h npeacTaBHTcacŕí pciioaiouM-oHHo-aeMOKpaTHMccKOM KpHTHKH, oh H36craa pc3KHx (fjopMyawpo-iioK b oucHKax, xoTea c6aH3HTb KpaüHocTH. ByayMH ctopohhhkom MHCToro HCKyccTBa, Ahhchkob, tcm hc MeHce, aonycKaa MHoroc, Mero apyrne ctopohhhkh sctcthmcckoto HanpaßacHHH hc upHjiiaBaaH. ütck>aa riopoM ucKOTopa« bhcihhah HeaorHMHOCTb cro cTaTcii. CKa-ibiBaaocb 3aecb h to, mto Ahhchkob 6i.ia apyxen nan xopoiiio 3na-kom c 6oabuiHiicTBOM h3 Tex, o kom riHcaa.
B ueaoM pHae CTaTeň Ahhchkob nonbiTacTcu cctropMyanponaTb npo-rpaMMHbie Mbican sctcthmcckoto HanpaBaeHHH kphthkh. TaK, b cra-Tbc «CTapaa h HOBafl kphthk3» (ncpBOnaMaabHoc najBaHHC «0 3naMe-H"H xyaoKccTBeHHbix npon3BeaeHHM aaH oöuuccTBa»), noacMiuupyn c llcpni,iujeBCKHM, oh nMcaa: «CTpeMaeHHe k mhctoíí xyaoxccTBCHHOC-™ b HCKyccTBc aoaxHo 6biTb He ToabKO aonywcHo y Hac, ho cnabHO W36y)KaeHo h nponoBeaycMO «KaK npaBHao». h 3aecbOH bhobi> Bbipa-
*aCTCH BHTHCB3TO H HeMeTKO QÔOpMyaHpyCT cbok) MblCJIb.
Ho MHeHHio AHHCHKOB3 m apyrHX npeacT3BMTcaeH «mhctoto HCKyC-
ctba», b aHTCpSTVpe h KpHTHKC nOCTOHHHO CyUieCTByCT npOTHBOCTOH-
"Hc nyujKMHCKoro h roroacBCKoro HsnpsaaeHMH, no3TOMy ohh npH-^TCTBOBaan noHBaeHHe hobmx npoH3BeaeHHň OcTpoBCKoro, JI, Toa-cioro " ocoGchho TypreHCBa, paccMaTpHBaw hx tbopmcctbo c tomkh 3pe-HH" npoHBacHHH nan HenpoHBaeHH» 6aH3KHX hm naeň.
174
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.MKMIIH Ml •( OUPCMCMHMK. jlyjlblUIKHH HC IlOJUCpXaJl OptCUHUMH
^•.mucmhH npcccu iidotmb r.po.pcccHBHoH aHicpaxypb. h Aypnaanc-
.......M mm i c -NMciK-hhoh. nponoBeauo «octwobhtb, oGpa lyvam
HNMHiicH. 11 up** iu/iohom KJiyiuHX na ruiaxy», «ayM3H, mtoohh ywqmcn
M OÖUICCIBO».
II .„„ucuihm .iBTopHTCTOM juih flyauuiKiiHa nceraa 6bUI Bcjihhc-mim OiuMinaieio ra.ianrjiHHUM iiyfwiimMCTOM, <|>h:ioco<|>om, KpMTM-
M>M .pCAKOro TUKTa M ho JTHMCCKOľO MyTbH» H CTpCMHJICM B CBOCti JIM-MfTYpil» ►.piHH'ICCKOM aCHICJIbHOCTH CJICJlOBaTb erO ipa.illllllSIM. 1.1 llllllll.ll cio H m M ii .ICWIC.tl.HOCTb Ol HaiUlTOK pcaKI LHOI11 hui kpilIHM!
d I.III.M •IHhiimiuhc ciapuKH». 1859).
( ic.iu-i DiMciiiib,'irooTHOiiicHHC iipcjicTannTCJicii n iciii'kTMiii
kpiMHKH K lllop'ICCKOMy HacaCJtHKJ BcaHHCKOrOÖblJIOCJIOttHblM H HC-olHoiH.IMHblM. IIa lipOTHXCHMH MHOTHX JieT OHM MMCH0B3J1H Cc6n .Mni„M- M INMCKOrO. llpil'ICM b 3T0M HC 6blJ10 n03CpCTHa HJIH 110-
n> in iM.i Ohm ,'icHCTHHTCJibHO onnpajiHCb Ha MHorac hjich kphthkh,
HO M (Hl ll.lllCH UCIICHH IICIIHJIH BcJlHIICKOK) «lipli M H pil I C 11.1101 0» Dt
piio i.i clooiicHMi HyiiiKHiia KaK iiojia-xyjioAiniKa, a nojjuicro Be-
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Hj|i nm .n o luuMioM ina'icHHH iiy6jiHUHCTH'iccKoro Ha'iajia b neu-ic ii.iKii m KpiiiiiK.i. xth KOTOpoiO Oi.i.iH xapaKicpi11.1 n BHMMMOBl ■
• luAiirniiiiiM iionpocasi coiipcMCHHoroo6uiccTBa» 11 «6ccnpcjJ.cjibiian noOom. k HCKyccTsy».
llpaKTHMCCKH BCC 3Ha>IMTCJIbHblC IipOH3BCJieHMfl pyCCKOH JIHTCpa-
lypu ccpcaiiHM XIX b. crajiH o6t>cktom nojicMHKH Mexcay iipcacraBH-
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iiu.iviH icMOKp.iraMH. B tbkom ay.xc paccMaxpHBajiMCb npoH3BcacHM« TyprcHcna.Jl.Tojieroro, OcrpoBCKoro. Hhccmckoto, CaJiTbiKOBa-LUcJ-pioia Mibcctho. -rro mhoihc nucaTcjiH ôojibujc npncayiunBaJiHCb k
voir huk) lipcaCTaBKTCJICH 3CTCTHMCCK0H KpHTHKH. HanpilMCp, Jl.TttV CTOM CHHTBJI boTKHHa C BÖHM «JHOÖHMblM 'IHTaTCJICM» H IlHCaJI CM>:
• IKMMK MOC HIIC'iai.lCIIHC. BCHK3H moh MbICJlb BOCnpHHHMaCTCH bsmii OIIIIC HCMCC h HWIIIC. «ICM oho BbipSXCHO MIlOK)■'.
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AmncpamijpuaH Kpumuica , ,,„,i)oü nojioauubi XIX dexa
japoBaHHH JI. TojiCToro. TaK, ßpyxHHHH nncaa o bwcokohpsbctbch-^
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roOTMCTHJI B KaneCTBe B3>KHCMUJMX «'IHCTOTy HpaBCTBCHHOI'O 'lyilCTUa»
h «ncHXOJiorH3M oco6oro pojia», «jj.HaacKTHKy jiyujH». /Jpyroii iipiiMcp laKoio coBnaacHMH B3rjiaaoB — oucHKa TBop'iccTiia Ton-iapoBa flpy-
XHHHHMM H jlo6pOJH060BblM. 06a nHCaJIH O HenOCpCJlCTBCHHOH CHJ1C Ta.iailTa,06'bCKTH[lH0CTH, He 3aMyTHCHH0H HHK3KHMH jajiailllblMH HJTC-ma (KaK M BCJIHHCKHH, 3a ÜBajmaTb JICT JJO HHX HMCHHO B XyjJXWKCCTBeH-
HocTH BHjjcji ocoöyio CHJiy Ic>h>iapona-npo3aHKa). OjinaKO noejie 06-
lUCil OUeHKH JjapOBaHHH nHCaTCJlfl KpHTHKH «paCXOJJ.hjihci»» B pa3Hbie
CTopoHbi. Ecjih üo6pojiio6oB BCTaTbe «MTOTaKoc o6jiOMOBiuHiia?», ana-.liuiipyn xapaKTcp OöjioMOBa, paccMaTpHBaa cro KaK counaiibnoc hb-.icHiie h nopoxcacHHe «oöjiOMOBiüHHbi», to flpyxHHMH («06jiomob») bhjjcji b o6pa3e OôjiOMOBa 'lejiOBeMCCKyio Tparcanio h iiojiBoanji cro vapaKTep nojj. 6ojiee ujHpoKHH HpaBCTBCHHO-iiCHxoaoiiľiccKHÍí thii iiciipaKTH'iHbix m Hecnoco6Hbix Ha 3Jio wyjjaKOB.
ľlpcaCTaBHTCaH 3CTCTHMCCK0H KpHTHKH, B OTaHMHC OT CBOHX OIIMO-
HCHTOB, pa36npajiH jiHTcpaTypHoe npoH3BcaeHHC c tohkh jpchmm 06-m»x3CTCTH'iecKHx KaTeropnii, a 33tcm oöpamsjiH BHHMBHHG iiaoTjicJib-
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CTOpOHHHKH peBOJIKDmiOHHO-JJCMOKpaTH'icckoh KpHTHKH, TaK JKC, ttK H C1"0P0HHHKH 3CTCTHMCCKOH KpHTHKH, CMHT3JIH CC6n lIOCJlCJIOBa-TC1HMH BcjIHHCKOrO. 3tO He yjJHBHTeJIbHO, TaK KaK BCJIHHCKHH B CBO-
Hx WöoTax, c ojjHOH CTopoHbi, yjjcjiHJi 6ojibuJoe bhhm3hhc BonpocaM
vaojKCCTBeHHOCTH, 3CTeTH'ieCK0H UCHHOCTH JIHTCpaTypHblX lipOH3BC-
lCI,1|ii. a c apyroH — ct3bhji h peujaa Bonpocbi oöiuccTBcuHbie, hcto-p"'iccKHe h noaHTHwecKHe.
180
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jc iipcaaaBMTtriM acMOKpaTiiMecKoro tcmchhh b kphthkc: iicmckhh, H.A.Jlo6ptviio6oB, A.M. riMcapeB, araiOKC «mjuu-•niiť M \ AinoHOHMM, H.B. llJcJiryHOB, B.A. 3aiiucB. Bjih3-
IKMUIOMMO-flCMOKpaTMHCCKOMy HaiipaBACIIHK) GbLfia JlHTCpa-
mtl.....       n........." A HcKpacona n Ml CarrrblKOM
I.imi1i.H- n Li.iiiini.icMOKpaiiiMccKoio.iaicpM: «CoßpcMCiiHiiK»
), «PyCCKOC CJIOBO» ( 1861 — 1866) H npOAO.n>KHB[llHe HX TpajiH-
M .OtcMcanciiHiJC MHJKKH* "OA pyKOBOACTBOM HcKpacoBa .i lllcipiina (1X68 ISS4) n «/Icjio» (1868- 1888), n UUBBl lii.iHM.in-i.ioiii.iM. a laiCM IIB IIJc.iiyiioiii.iM. K iCMOKpSTH
ipaB.1CHHK)6bĽ1MtVIH3KH HJAaBSCMblC 33 ľp3HHUCÍÍ TcpUCHblM
ra'Drra «Kojioko;i» h ajibiwanax «nojmpnaH 3BC3A3». i.iioc mccto cpcflH ni/iannii ACMOKpaTHMecKoro nanpaBJic-iiiiH LiiiiiM.u Avpiiai •(.oBpcMciiiiKK», KOTopi.iü c 1846 no 1866r.Bbixo-III i iio.i psMimi.kimiM HcKpacoita. B 50-e 11. BOKpyl «COBpeMeHHH» <kiu- nimi inn. týníme iioiibi, imcaiciii n KpirniKii. B iicm COTpyBKH-•ta m . .im II \ HcKpacoB, H.C. Typicticn. JIM. To.icion. 11 Ii Annen ► on. H II IxiiKiiH, A B. ;lpy*lllinil. A.II. OCTpOBCKHH, ,111 I pumpu ■ms, ncsmtnn cnoii iipoinuc/icmiH A.A. Oct, A.K. Toactoíí n Miionie apyíMC HyTbiioiÄCBxypHannpiim.nii H.T. McpiibiuíCBCKiiii, H.A.Ü06-
polHXMIII II IIC.-I.IH H U'll.l.l  IMICp.llOpoll pa III0MII1II1CI1
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IIIJIIICIH.MIH HCiaibť •(X) HCKpCMHOCTH b KpMTHKC» BblCTyilHA npOllIB \McpCIIIKK IIIIUK 10MMH1MKTII B Ol ICIIKC . Ill ic pa lypi I blX H B IC 11II11 A ihk K
ii\í>iiiK.mnn cio niicccpTauini •'■)ctcth'icckhc othoiiichhji HCKyCCTM I .TCik.TBinc.ii.ii(ktm. (1855) Miioriic aiiTopbi, 6jiH3Kne k «Cobpcmchhii-*y» (naiipiiMcp. TyprciicB, ľpmopoBHM, flpyxH HHIl), Bbipa3HJIH cboc neon lame m MiioniMii cc iiojoachmhmh n iiciono.n.ci bo hoiii.im Hl np.miciiHCM, Koropoc McpiiuiiicBCKHŕi cTpcMHJicH npitaaTb xypHaiy HcťMoinn na pannu laciiH c hoboíí jihhhch McpHbiuieBCKoro, B kohiic l**f TyPreHĺB, TOJICTOH, OcTpOBCKHií h TpHrODOBHM noAiiiicanH c Hc-mUM of)H unCIMIOC COMaUICHHC, B COOTBCTCTBHH c KOTOpbIM bcc
.•linn MMXHU omám nciaTaTbcfl TOJibKO b «Cobpcmchhh-MpaKTH'iccKH HM'icro b TCMCHHe 1857 r. b xypHan hc Aai" MOn i. luuoôHoro nojioxennn npii3HaBan b jto iipcvifl h Hc-•"omnul •CoHpcMciiHMKa». «Cbin oTCMecTBa». HanpiiMcp ' : ' :',41,|niK-ikiuni\aiiiicii.cpaniiiiB;Li'icii.ipc\iiii^: mux iMTcnanipiwc npnioBbiMH AouiaabMH, KOTopbixAcp*3THanoKa3.í
to apCMH UK HUCl*aiOT H3 KAHM3X. üpy>khhhh HblTSACH nOBJÍHHTb na
182
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i [vi, nil lipOHM i
luinipanujpuaH KpumuKa nmopoh nojioauHbi XIX acKa
HcKpacoita h npca/io>Knn 3aMCHMTb Hcpni.imcBCKoro na nocry iTiamioio kpHTHKa jicypHana. Ho HcKpacoB 0TKa3a^ca h nonafl B3aTpyjininc;ibnoc iiaiojKCHHC C ortHoii CTopoHbi, oh o'ieHb ii.opo)kh.n yiacTHCM b «Coiipc-MenMiiKC» TyprcHeBa h To^cToro, a c flpyroň — ot»ictjihbo 003R8JHUI, mto ".umo McpubiiiicBCKHM h floöpo^ioöoB iipHjiaiiH >KypHaiy nanpaiuic-Miic. KOTopoe no^b30Banocb noaacpxKoŕí b o6iucctbc h fibwo CMy caMo-uyriiH3K0. Oh noHHMan, mto paHo h^h no3iiHO npn^cTCH cacjiaTb iiuGop Mc*fly crapbiMH h HOBbiMH coTpyanHKaMn >Kypnana.
PacKo^ peaaKUHH «CoßpeMCHHHKa» npoH30ujc^ b 1860 r. IIoboaom nooiyxmia cTaTb« /lo6po^io6oBa « Koraa xe npniicT KBCnMIOKfl ;ichi.?», iiiKBHWCHHaH po.MaHy TypreHeBa «HaKaHyHe», b kotodoh, otohuih ao;i-*iiocTanaHTy nncaTe^H, ero yMeHHio yranbiBaTb hobuc hüch h bchhhm, aiia iiapoxcaaBuiHecH b oömecTiie, h oöpaujaTb na hhx BHHMftKHÍ am-wmcii nyöjiHKH, KpHTHK ynpcKan ero 3a HenoHHMaiiHC Tora, mto Tenepb ■iiyxHbMioflH ae^a, a He oTBjicMeHHbix, Bccraa hcmhoxko jiiMKypciicKHx, paccyacaeHHH». B cTaTbe /I,o6po^io6oBa npo3ByMa^a naacacaa Hfl to, mto
lipoftUCT HOMb H HaCTyriHT HaKOHCU «HaCTOMLUHH AC Hb», ilCHb pCBOJIKlHHH.
noiiiaKOMHiiuiHCb c pyKonHCbio cTaTbM, Typreiieii iionpociui HeK-pacoaa hc ncMaTaTb ee. HcKpacoB nonbiTanc« yroBopiiTb jJoopo^ioGoiia acäaTb HeKOTopbie ycTynKH h cManiHTb otacabHi>ic iiojiojkchhh cra-
m>h. OAHaKO KpHTHK KaTerOpHMCCKH OTK33aACH mto-^HÖO H3MeHHTl>.
ĽraTbH, xoTH h c HCKOTopbiMM coKpauiCHHHMH, 6biAa onyfwiHKOBaiia b
•C'OBpcVICHHHKC». 3tO npHBeAO K TO M y, mto TypieilCB OTK33aACH ot
.uäbHeiiiucro yMacTM« b jKypHaAe. Bcaca 3a hhm y uja h h3 xyptiana HB. rpiiropoBHM, A.A. OeT, A.H. MaHKOB(JI.H. Toactoh noKHiiyA xyp-•ia.i eine b 1858 r.). nocAe pacKOAa b «CoBpcMeHHHKe» GbiAa co3Aana "onaH PCA3KHH«, b KOTopyio boujah HcKpacoB, MepubiuicBCKHii h iloö-PoiioooB. H3MeHHACfl h cocTSB coTpyAHHKOB xypHona. Mccto yuicA-iiiHx iiHcaTeAeii 33hhah MOAOAbie AHTep3Topbi-pa3noMHiiubi: r.3. Eah-c«b,M.A.Ahtohobhm, H.B. ycneHCKHH,O.M. Pciucthhkob, HJ. no-««•lOBCKHH, B.A. CAenuoB H AP.
C 1858 ľ. «COBPCMCHHHK» CTailOllHTCH H3 AHTcpaTypno-oöuaccTBCH-"Oro H3A3HHH OÖUieCTBCHHO-nOAHTHMeCKHM H AHTCp3TVpHO-XyAO)KC-"BCHHblM. B 1859 ľ. B HCl« nOHBHAC« P33ACA «ľlOAHTHK3» H C3THpHMCC-toc 'IPHJIOJKCHHC «CbHCTOK».
ßTCMCHHe 1857—1861 rr. MepHbnucBCKHii nyö/iHKycT b «Cobpcmch-
HMW» no^HTHMCCKHe, 3K0H0MHMeCKHe H (pHAOCCKpCKHC CT3TBH, a OT-^OM .1HTep3TypHOH KpHTHKH BeA3eT Ü06p0Alo6OB.
^ 1861 r. üo6poAio6oB yMep, a Mepc3 roA nocACAOBaA apccT n tfNX-^CKaa Ka3Hb MepHbiiucBCKoro. Ha HeKOTopoc bpcmh h3A3hhc xyp
183
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1CM0. KaK H paHMlIC, COTpyüHHKH B030ÖHOB-IlliolO •< OBDCMCHMHICa» lipo.mT*aan BCCTM IloaCMIlkV Iipoinn tCO MUKM .IMftcpalbHO-ICOHCCpBaTMBIlOH *ypHaJIMCTMKH - OT OTKpOBCH-HOpCBkUHuMMMX -ly-CKOtO BCCTHHKa» H «MOCKOBCKHX BCaOMOCTCfl.
k.iikOM .10 c.iaBHHO«|)H.ibCKoro «iliiH» HC. AkcaKOBa. B 1863 Ihí.S n flu 1.1 npoao.mciia laicxxe noaeuiika ľ *ypiia;iaMH Opa 11,011.In
ctocbckmx «BpCMH» H «'JllOXa».
C 1863 r b «CoBpcMCHHHKC» iia-iHnacT corpy/iHHHaTb M.E. CaaTbi-ko» lUc.ipim
ü,hi imiii k •CoHpCMCHIIHKy» pajIHKaibHO-flCMOKpilTHMCCKHH *yp-
M*i«PyccicoecJioBO»H3iflaBaflCHC 1859 r. HöbiJi 3aKpbiT o/uionpeMciino i uhm n IH()6i U cricuiiajibiioM npamncabCTBeHHOM nocTanoBaeniiii Cum CK.1MHO. Mio 06a xvypnaaa «npniiaaicAar. oeccnopHO, k que Q
l.ikliv   kiiiopuc iioctohiiho, C /UlDHCrO BpCMCHH, paJBHBaH Ha CBOHX
i ip.iiiiiu.iv yicuiie coiniaaii isia 11 Human3MB, Donee rrpOHHX cnocofl iinon.nn patiipameiiHK) vioaoaoro iioko.tchiih». DiaBHUM KpHTHKON
ľ. koro caoBa» b Hanaac 60-x rr. 6ua UM. IIitcapcB. B nepiioti no-JKMMHC 60-x rr. Mcxuiy anysiH 6an ikhmh no ayxy 11 iaannnMii panope
in i. im icMiixa, xoth pacxoxxjicHHH b oneHKax oömecTBennbix h jimtc-p.inpiiMx HnacHHR ik)ihhk;lih h paiibiiic.
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► II.. koiopuc Ha-IHHaCT HMaaaTb BMCCTC C CaJITbIKOBbIM-lllc/ipHHWM
m I .a ne cc bum lloaioaa 11 hhx coTpyami'ia^ ocBo6o»cacHHi.iH H3 3aic-ikvichhm HiicapcB. B hobwx H3aanMHX, npoaojixaioiUHX Tpaanium
flCMOKpaTHHCCKOH KpHTMKH, n03flHCC
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HaH6oabincro pacimcTa pcBoaioiiľ
ohho-aCMOKpaTHMCCKOÍi KpHTHKH H *VP'
naaHCTMKH (60-c rr.) npiixo/iHTC» Ha nc-PMoaMoinHoroo6inccTBCHHoronoa«Ma flpKOH, 3HaK0B0ÍÍ cburypoM 3Toro BpcMf-hm ma llHKOJiaň I ;mpn. lowri McpuM"10' ckhh (1828-1889), KOTopoMy npHna.v
184
.neparnýpnan tcpumuíca „unit noAoeuHbi XIX eena
icxaaa Bcayiuan poab He ToabKO b «Cobpcmchhukc» h b acMOKpaTH-
hcckom /IBHJKeHHH, HO H BO BCefi 06weCTBCHH0H aii íl i ii 60-X it. Ho-
juiHOMy oncHHBajiM jiMMHOCTb h jieflTeabHocTb MepubinieBCKoro: oaiiw bhxih b HCM Bbwaioiueroca MbicaMTcnn h o6uaecTBeHnoro acHTcan, fiopua 3a HHTepecbi napo.na, boíxah peBoaiouHOHHo-ocDoGo/jHTcabno-:i).iBH)KeHHfl.iIpyrMe6biriH yöexcaeiibi, hto npH3bii)bi McpiibiuíCBCKoro k MaciiabCTBeHHOMy HMcnpoBepxeHMio cymecTByioinero ctpoh hiuih-oTCflnaryôHbiMH ana Pocchm, a eroyweHne o bo3moxhocth nepcerpo-im.;iíM3Hbno3apaHee pa3pa6oTäHHOÍíTeopHH ray6oKooujn6o'ino. Hpw tom Bcc npiiJHaBajiM, hto MepHbiuaeBCKHH — aHHHOCTb HCjavpannaH, irooH oôaaaaeT o6uinpHbiMH no3H3HHHMH bo mhohix iiayKax, h yiia-xHTcabno OTHOCHjiMCb k HeMy KaK qeaoBCKy "lecTH, nocaeaoBaicabHO oTCTaiiBaiouieMy cboh y6e>itaeHHíi h nocTpaaaBUJCMy 3a hhx.
H.ľ. MepHbiujeBCKHÍí okohmha oracaeHHe oouícií caoBccnocni <|>n-locoqacKoro djaKyabTeT3 ncTepöyprcKoro yHHBcpcHTeT3. Oyaenncc-khc roau (1846— 1850) cauan aaa Hero BpeMCHCM HanpHxcnuux ny-wrnibix ncKaHMií h BbipaôoTKH ueaocTHoro MHpoBojjpeiniH. Kpovic wiHBcpcHTeTCKHx jancmanjiHH oh cepbC3H0 H3y»ian Bcco6myio KCTOpHK), ímaoco(pHio, 3K0H0MHHecKHe yMeHHH 3anaano-eBponcHCKHx Mbican-icicii (CcH-CHMOHa, ípypbe, Tereaa, Oeííeposxs h ap.) h BHHMaTCJib-
HOCaeaHJl 3a P33BMTHCM peBO-rHOUHOHHblX C06blTMÍÍ b Eiiponc y>kc b
IRHMpCHTercKHe roau MepHbiujcBCKHii npnuiea k BbiBoay o hcoôxo-
jhmoctii pCBOaiOUHOHHblX Iipeo6p330BaHHH b PoCCHH, xoth nOHHMajl,
"o npoH30HjeT sto He CKopo. «Bot moh o6pa3 Mbican o Pocchh: hco-
J0.1I1MOC 0)KHiI3HMe 6aH3KOÍÍ peBOJllOUHH h X3)ICa3 cc, XOTH h h 3H3K),
TOaoaro, mo>kct 6biTb, BecbNia aoaro, h3 SToro HHwero hc bwühct xo-Potucro, hto, MoxeT 6biTb, Haao^ro ToabKO yBejiHM3TCH yrHeTemiH h 1 n. - hto Hyxcabi?.. MHpHoe, TMxoe p33BHTHe hcbo3mo)kho», — nMcaa
"HBflHeBHHKe.
b 1853 r. MepHbHueBCKHH h3H3ji coTpyanHHSTb b «OTeHecrBcnnbix ""^^».aaaTCM b«CoBpeMeHHMKe» h psôoTaa Haa^HccepisuiieH «3c-
'CTHMCCKHe OTHOUieHHH HCKyCCTBa k aeMCTBHTCJIbHOCTM» (1855). Bämc-
«PTauHii MepHbiujeBCKHÍí caeaaa nonbiTKy paccMOTpcTb BaaiiMOOTiio-
mm "CKycCTBa h JieMCTBHTCabHOCTM C MaTepHajlHCTHHCCKHX iiojhuhií,
■^•íPbiTbnpoeaeMbi coüepxaHHH h Ha3HaiieHHH MCKyccTBa. npeaMCTOM "^y^TBa, noyoexaeHHio MepHbiuieBCKoro, hbjihctch o6uieHHTcpccHoe *«mu. Tpn raaBHbie 3aaaHH ncKyccTBa McpubiiucBCKHH Baaea b tom,
^ 0T°6paXaTb )KH3Hb, OÖlHCHHTb *H3Hb h BblHOCHTb CBOH npMľO-
"^WoTpHuaTeabHbiM CTopoHaM.
185
PyccKUH AumepamypuaH Kpumuxa XVIII   Hemajia XX eexa
lumepamypnaH KpuntUKa ,it noJioeuHbi XIX eena
ľ.,l[Vl6<>t.lHllUC B .lMCCCpTailMH JCTC 1 ItMCCKUC i ipil iII111111,1 K'l.ll, | OMM| cio liy<MMHMCTM'ICCKOH M JIMTCpaTypHO-KpHTHMCCKOM aeHTeab-...k 111   I MBlíuM KPHTCPHCM B OUCHKC XVaoxeC ľllOI iHOIO 11po 11 MC. k'
hmn .im Twaini— craaa oGinecTBenHaH 3tia>inM0CTb, «Mbiaib.,
HWp4*CMtia« h MM. C jtmx n03HUHÍÍ oh DC3KO OCyXfla^ 3a ľiyCTOTy CO-aCpm.lMU.l lipoil ibc.ICHHH TaKHX HlBCCTHblX 13 to IipCMH aiHopoB, xax
E. TVp, M. Amcch m np. Mcianiimo othoch;ich 4epHbii±ieBCKHfl h k ,, m < k i|h>ihmiii> -llc uchou cami ne caanci." n «be,iiiocn, hc DO 1«!».. t )h yniuc i h mix iionbiTKM apaMaTypra HaeajiH3nponaTb naTpM-
.ip\a.1I.H0C K>IIC'ICC1H0 U BCBH 1M C 3TMM 3aMCTHJI, hto «;i0XHblC nOCBO-
i-m 'k Holinou Mucaii lipou iiicaciiiiH fibiiiaior caaGi.i h h 'ihcto xyao*e-umom (iiHoiiiciiHii* >ioaaaoociioiiaiiMC ueaoMy piuiy iiiicaTcacil
m k|illlllkOlii)()lllllllllbllcpilbIlllCBCKOrOllHCnOHMMaHHH HCJICIÍ iu t .
in m vMiiMiMii ii|Vk|viciioio (Xi juiM, n 'laaiiocni, mi«>pii:iii .1.11 luk u>ii. M (   lypiciicii, A.B. Apyxmimi n ap. Ho hmchho HepubiuícBc-'Mi ncpnuM. kto onpcacaiia cuoco6pa3HC TajiaHTa Moaoaoro i H lo i. ioio Bcpnoc h ľayfioKoc iioiiuManiic McpiibiuíciicKHM cyui-
llil Ul IIOMHH lipOHIHblOCbH 11 OUCHKC AltpilKH HeKpaCOHÍl. KpiiTMKIlOfl-MIU i lipil (TOM, 'ho • iio'JJHH CCpaUa hmcct T3KHC xc npaBa, KaK h iiomhh MblC.IHv a CTHXH H03Ta «6c3TCHaCHUHH npOH3HOaHT CHJIblICH-iiicc nilCM.ll ICHHC, HCÄC.'IH IlbCCU c TCHaCHUlieiO*.
II i iiuín ncpiiux pafniiax McpiibuiiciiCKiiii pcucii iiipycT h KpiiTHK)'-ci icKyuiywaHTcpaTypy, yxc b hhx -ictko onpeaeanacu b cbohx chmiki-mm   cioiiurcpccoiiiuii iiponiHcaciiiiH, bkotopwx BHflea kphthmcc-
KOC otiioiiiciimc K CyiUCCTByiOlUHM iiopHaKaM.
ľloMHMo aiicccpTauHH, HanGoacc noaHO h BcccToponnc B3ranabi n k wnneam Kpcao HcpiibiuícBCKoro oipasnancb b ero KpynHOH pa-fioTe 'O-icpkii toroacBCKoro ncpnoaa pyccKoíí aHTepaTypbi» < 1855— 1856).
ľ.kcm.itpnii;iH iiciopiiKi pyccKoH JíHTepaTypbi n, tto ohchi B8XH0 imcpaiypiioH KpiuiiKii duícpByioo-icpcab 1830-1840-x rr.), Mcpnu-uirncKMfi. naK h ncc kphthkh XIX b., Ha-innaa c 3KCKypca b HcaaBHCC
"P"""«K. CipcMBCI. BUBBIITI. laKOHOMCpilOC 111 11 'í CIÍ.'IC 1111111i bjimtcp* "oi'ICCTBCHHOM p.l ÍHI11 mm ik Molie   HICpaTypHOOCTCTHMCCKOň K0HHCI11111m KpiITHKa — B3ľ.1fl-
■m iKľiiiMCKoro. MnorHc mx ouchkm cxoaHbi, ho 6buiH h paanH'w"
"C|)MMUICIICKHft, BOT.Ill'IHC OT BcaHHCKOrO, HeraTHBHO OTHOCHaCH KP
""J'WI* XVIII „., KapaM3HHy (npeHMymccTBCHHO. hctop«-
k) .      ou.i i|j|U , „ mk()m f)|>| tq 1)h 6uio ^tuhuhh „., pyccKyK) AHTC■ ™ "'■■■"'UM OTHCCCH McpHbHIJCBCKHH h k 3HaMCHHT0H KOMC"
v.
186
juh IpH&oeaoBa, CHHTaa ee MaaoxyaoxecTBeiinoii. 3aecbHBiio npocMar piiBaaacb nepeKJMMKa ero Haeií c cyxaeHHHMH BeauncKoro «iiphmh-pnTcabHoro» nepnoaa, KOTopbiň HcpHbiuieBCKHii ne npoTHBonocraB-íin Bccii ocTaabHoií aenTeabHOCTH kphthKa. Kct3th, erocTaTbio o «ľopc oiynia* MepubiuieBCKHH cMHTaa oaHoií H3 caivibix «yaaimbix h GacciH-iunx». ľlpaKTHMCCKH bch aHTepaTypa, na'iHHaH ot KaiiTeMHpa h ao ľo-iaia, npeacTaBaeHa MepHbiujeBCKMM aHuib KaK noaroTOBKa k noHBJíe-hhio iioaaMHHOH aHTepaTypbi, KOTopan, no ero mhchhio, hcthihioccboc .m u.0 oôpeTaeT a h m b c hbjichhcm nyujKHiia h Toroan. ripoaoaxaii pai-BiiiiaTb Haeu BeanHCKoro, MepHbiuieBCKHŕi oóoômaeT ero cy^jieiiHii n ouchkh h aeaaeT BbiBoa, hto «aaBH0 yxe He 6biao b Miipe nncaTeaii, KOTopu ŕí 6bia 6bi Ta k xe BaxeH jwh CBoero napoaa, KaK ľoroab aaH PoccHH».TaK, KpHTHK xapaKTepH3yeTOCHOBHbie 3acayrn ľbroaa nepca pyccKOÍí aMTepaTypoií: oh 6bm «otuom» pyccKoií npo3bi, Biica b pyc-CKyioaHTepaTypy caTHpniiecKoe, wan kphth'icckoc HanpaaaeHHC, CMy uircpaTypa o6H3aHa caivioôbiTHOCTbio, oh «npo6yana b Hac co3HaiiHe o nac caMHx», a TaKxe craji raaBOH h ocHOBaTeaeM ueaon UIK0JIU — ♦mmhctbchhoíí uiKoabi, KOTopoio MoxeT ropaHTbCH pyccKaH aHTepa-iypa». 3aKaHMHBaa «CBoa h pa3BHTne B033peniiii» B.T. BcanucKoro, Hep-huuicbckhíí npeacTaBaneT 3aTeM o6cTOHTcabHi>iH o63op mhchhíí, bwc-uwniibixoTBopiiccTBe roroaa, h aHTepaTypHo-KpHTHMCCKoii 6opi.6i.i, pajBcpHyBujeiícH BOKpyr ero TBopiecTBa.
3to 6bia HaeiÍHo-xyiioxecTBeHHbiH aHaaH3 npoH3BeaeHHÍí ToroaM, iiocxoabKy KpHTHK ocHOBHoe BHHMauHe yaeaua noacMHKe BOKpyr Ha-cicaHH nucaTeafl, ocoôo oh Bbiaeana KpHTH'iecKne BbicTynaeiiHH HA. floaeBoro, O.M. CeHKOBCKoro, C.n. LUcBbipcBa, oTpHuaTcabHO HKHMBiIiKX TBopMecTBO Toro^h. A cpean Tex, kto npHHHMaa nncaTcaH "aaBaa ero TBopiecTBy BbicoKyio oueHKy, MepHbiuieBCKHH Ha3Ba^ HA. flaeTHeBa, ľl.A. B$i3eMCKoro h, kohmcho xe, BcanucKoro. B cboíí KaiiiiTajibHbiH Tpya MepHbiuieBCKHH BOiOHHa nopTpeTbi MHornxaefl-Te.tcm, KOTopbie BbicTynajín b cbh3h c tbopmcctbom ToroaM, — 3TO H floacBoii, H. HaiiexaiiH, B. MaiiKOB m MHorne apyrHe, nosTOMy xoxHocMHTaTb pa6oTy HcpHbiuieBCKoro nepBoii qacTbio hctophh pyc-Clt0ií kphthkh.
Paccyxaaa o Toroac h «roroaeBCKOM HanpaBaeHHH», McpnbiuícBc-■i xoHCTaTHpoBaa, mto «roroaeBCKHH» nepnoa npoaoa)KaeTCH h, co-"^ctbchho, KpHTimecKHe oueHKH h npHeMbi, BbipaÔOTaHHbie KpH-^koíí «rorojieBCKoro» nepnoaa (t. e. BeanHCKHM), aoaxnw ôbiTbTBop-*CKH BocnpHHHTbi coBpeivieHHOíi KpiiTHKoii. JInTcpaTypa, no mhchhio cPHbiujcBCKoro, «He iiaaeKO yui^a ot «PeBH3opa» h «MepTBbix ayui»
187
Pijcckuh jiumepamypntiH Kpumuna XVIII-Hanaro XX eeica
mi m
> uk'
h tuiuM crarm ite Moryr mhoto OTJiM'iaTbCH no cBoeMy cymecTBeiiHOMy
ctUCpjMMHIOOT KpHTHHCCKHX CTBltft, HBHBUJHXCH H3 OCHOB3HHH «Pe-
ii • Mcpmux ,iyui». Kpmthk nonuTanc-H c tomkh ipenHa co6-\ iiuanaoB na ;iHTcpaTypy oGlhchhtl npn'innbi iiepcnowa b i iik-iihh iiMcaic.iH ii ouchhti. «BbiOpaiiHbie MecTa...», b ochobc
MitopiJV OH iih.1c i .|.l\doKOC CO'IV'HCIHHC CTpa.'UH 11m m fl.'iidkhhx* h
. iivm icimc Ioio/ih coiaan. iicjiocthvk) Koniiemuiio/ieMCTBMTe;ibHoc-
fH. NUOTMWyK) HC TOflbKO O&ih'ICHHC, HO M n03HTHBHO-yTBep>Kja-
mimic, ii.ica ii.mi.ic na-iaaa.
li.lAIMH (pyilKUHM .O'lCpKOH I 01 O.'ICIICKOK) IlCpilO.'la- IHIip.it
acinic lyniiHX ipaniiiuiH kpmthkh BcrumcKoro, nponarauna cro ii ii in urn. iipmi ic'iciiiic BiiiiMaiiiiH k ero ouenKaM TBop-iccTBa riyiu-khiia it Ionian B tot iicpnoa, Koma 3Ta pa6oTa nenaTa^acb, hmh Bc-miukoio Ou:io nun 'janperoM, H no3T0My McpiibimcucKHH Bbiny*-aeM 6bi/i naiuiian cro kpmthkom «Otcicctbchhi.ix 3anncoK» hvih b>
lopoM i MICH o MylllKHHC, 11 IO.ii.KO II IIOC.'ICJll 111X qaCTHX ••O'lCpKOi'
oh no/iyiiia BoiMOXiiocTb Hainan, hmh Ee/iHHCKoro (ii mcm Sun b ncpHyio o'icpcai. sacnyia HcKpacoBa, aoGHiiuierocH juw jtoto uen-lypiloto pa ipciiiCHiifl).
line icniiiciiaii.il •()'icpKoii» nojwocTHO iiocnniiieni.i BeJIHHCKO
MS McpilMIIICHCKHM CIHTaCT Cro BblJUHOlUHMCH fleHTCJlCM, 0Ka3<llllllllM
iv iiiNiiiic iia iiucpaiypiiwii npouecc. rcniiajibiibiM 'lejioiieKOM, «hcthh-hum ynucacM nccro tiuHcuiHcro Manoaoro noKOJieHHH». CncTCMa Be-MM paccMOTpciia kbk htoi p33bhtmh oTciecTBCHHoii (|)hjioco(Jk-
ko ICOpcTH'icckom ii KICIII'ICCKOl'i MblCJIH, K3K pOIV.II.ial lliaKKII'
•WCKoio HCnptWlW kphthkom jiyuuHx otkputhh M. KHpccBCKoro,
H  llniCIIOIo. ||  Ha ICAaillia II apyiHX lipCfllllCLTBCHHHKOB. «0'icpMi
lortMCBCixoio ncpHona» 06.nan.a10T oco6oh crpyKTypoii: McpiiuuicBC-mhi iik iHi'i.u-i h mix oCinnpiibic ni.iinicKii H3 CTaTefi h pcucH3HH Kpii-miivob 1830— 1840-x rr., b ncpByio o<iepe/ib H3 CTaTcii BcaimcKoro, no-cmhiichiimx TBopMccTBy HyiiiKHiia h FbrojiH, a tskxc conpoBOX/iaeTOC-
MOtHO* TCKCT JliaiHTC I I.I I b| m11 110 OOtCMy npHMC'iaUHHMH. Hmchhob
iipHMc-i.iiiiiHx aacrcHoucuxa no3/j.Hero loro.™ (II TOMa nosMbi «Mepr-muc num. ii.»uf,p.iimwx\icci 111 iicpcimcKH c ;ip\ iwiMH»),X8paW( PMCTHka6c.ncTpHCTHKH 3()-x rr.. «KpHTHHecKoro» HanpaaneHHfl h JiPV-imx aiucparypHbix hbjichhh.
Pchciuhh b Manajic AHTcpaTypHo-KpHTHwecKOH ae«Te^bHOCTH Mep-tiwiiiciicixoro - naBiiaH <popMa cro BbicTynjieHHH b xypHa*e. Hp"-mm 'i.u to pouch .mi iipciipanuLiHci, ■ npo&ieMHbic, waHMTMi** -noewiiy. nyCiHiiiicTii'iccKHc craTbH. B KaaoioH H3 hhx kphthk buc-
188
•mpamypttaH KpumuKa I nuiilOU noJioeuubi XIX oeKa
sciHBaJi oflHy BaxHyio npo6jieMy >kh3hh. TaK, wanpHMcp, b cTaTbc o .hficpHCKHX 0McpKax» M.E. CajiTbiKOBa-IJUciipHHa 011 nuGpa^ To^b-uooflMH uhioi «noa-bHMHe» h noapo6HO paccKa3aji o tom, KaK am op iijoGpaxaer pyccKoe mhhobhhhcctbo h BCKpbmaeT cyrb bshto'ihhhc-aBa,hctomhhkh KoppynuHH ht.a. HaocHOBaHHH stoio kphthk npii-xojht k BbiBonaM o 3aKonoMepHocTH 3^oynoTpe6aciiHH b cymecTBy-toiuHxo6mecTBCHHbix ycjioBHHX. TaKHM o6pa30M, .nHTeparypiibic npn-ncpu 11 aHaaoraH Macro CJiy>KHjiH jinn MepiibiujcBCKoro-ny6aHUHCTa no6iuccTBCHHorofle>iTeaH noBoaoMiinH no^TBepxcaenHH mwc;ih otom, MtoHeo6xoflHMO H3MeHHTb ycjiOBHH )kh3Hh, cyuiecTBywiuyio rocyAap-ciBCHnyio CHCTCMy, KOTopaa nopoxcaaeToGiuecTBCHHbic h iie;ioBC'iec-kiic nopoKH. 3totyM03pHTejibHbiH no^xoa, TenacHUHH, nayiuaH b 3na-'iiiTcabHoii CTeneHH eme ot Be^iHHCKoro h nojiyiHBuaaH paaiiHTHe b nraeayiomeM oGmecTBeHHO-nojiHTHMecKOM abhjkchhh, 3aKjnoiiaaaci. noiejiyiomeM: maBHbiM 3jiom o6iHBjiH.riocb rocyaapcTBo, cymccTBy-niH.iii cHCTeMa oGmecTBCHHbixotholuchhh, «cpeiia». HcpHbiincucKHii Bapyrne oCmecTBeHHbie ae«TejiH — ctopohhhkh pCBOJliOUHH, 6i>ijih )11C)ICaeHbI, hto ctoht JlHUJb H3MeHHTb rocyaapcTBCHiibiii cTpoii, co-uii.uibHyio cpcay, KaK h3mchhtch h MejroBeK. OnHaKO pyccKaH icnac-cii'iccKaH ^HTepaTypa b Jiwue ^yiimnx cbohx npcacTabhtcjicii iiceraa BucTyna^a iipothb 3Toro, CMHTana, mto HyxHo iia-innaTbc yconcpiiicn-noBBHUfl MCJioBciecKOH HaTypu, c caMoro cc6h, a hc acaaTb himchc-
HHH BHCUJHHX (jOKTOpOB.
rioiioOnbm iioaxoii b oueHKe ^HTepaTypbi (buabh>kchhc COUHUb-Hoii npo6jicMaTHKH b ymep6 scTeTHMecKOH uchhocth) nan noiioa cto-
POHHHKaM SCTCTHMeCKOH TCOpHH o6BHHHTb HcpHblUJCBCKOrO h lipCil-OaBHTCJieti ACMOKpaTHMeCKOH KpHTHKH B yTHJIHT3pH3MC, HCnOHHM3-HHH CyujHOCTH AHTepaTypbl. HO 3TO He COBCeM TaK. MepHblUICBCKHH ^'IC^OBeKOMyMHblM HflOCTaTOHHOSCTeTHMeCKHMyTKHM. HCJlblH piUl ^KTOB TOBOPHT 0 TOM, 4T0 OH yMe^ BbWe^HTb CaMOe M3BHOC B npoH3-
1IMHM, pscKpbiTb cyuiHOCTb h cBoeo6p33He TBop'iecTBa Kaxaoro xy-J0*HHKa. TaKOBbi ero ouchkh «CeBacronojibCKHx pacXKB30S» h «YTpa n°McmHKa» To/icToro, b kotophx MepHbiujeBCKHii yBH^ea DpoflBMHlK 'laBiibix >iepTTanaHTa HanHHaiouiero nncaTeaa — «MyBCTBO b ero flBHr
"HMH H P33BHTHH — JIHaJieKTHKa ayiHH» H «MHCT0Ta HpabctbcHHoi'o
^"CTBa., CTpeMJieHHe k HpaBCTBeHHOMy naeajiy, onpeae^HBUJce Becb nyrb TojicToro. MepHbimcBCKHii noHHMaJi, 'ito b ero psOo-^wuHanbHaa CTopoHanpeBa^HpyeT,o6iflCHaa, noweMy Go^buie bhh-*>Him yac^HeT pemeHH10 couna^bHbix BonpocoB: oh cmHTa,i hmchho ^ofi noaxoii HaH6o^ee cooTBeTCTByiouiHm CBoeMy BpeMCHH, 3aaanaM .
189
PyccKOH Mimepamypnau Kpuntuxa XV111   Hiita.ia XX aexg
tipMMpoMHHH nporpcccMBHoro MMpoBOTjpcHiiH h npejjXTaiuieHHfl 0
•.CtMIII iicpciicktmbc 06lIlCCTBCHH0r0 piUBMTHfl y HHTaTCJlCH.
IkM tipMnoaa b .CoBpcMCHHHK* flo6pojiio6oBa (1857 r.) HepHu-
iiicik kllM OCJlKOOOpillHaiCH KflMTCpaiypHOH KPHTMKC. B KOHI1C 1850-x-
Htwic 1860-x rr. 6buin ony&iMKOBaHbi TortbKO 2 ero pa6oTbi, hmcki-iimr omoiiiciiiic k .imcparypc: «PyccKHfl 4CJIOBCK Ha rendes-vouM i h «Hc H&Hznam nepcMCHbi?» (1861). Ctitm «PyccKiiii 'icaoBCK na rendes-vous» 6btJia Haiincana «no no-Miy> iioiwcth TyprencBa «Ach». Ho ony6jinKOBaji ee MepiibimcBCKiiii mc i«c<>HpcMCMHHKe», a it Avpiiaic «Ohhckmh bccthhk» (nOCMMTCBHe ion.cm MiriiiMM MOMciiiaTbCTaTbioBxypHanc, naeohh 06acTyprcitc-hum toipyflHH«ia.iH). B hch Mcphijuicbckhh He npocTO aaeT ouchkv iipomiH u-hiiki lypiciicna, a attain wpycT h paccMaTpntiacT THn msb-moto repon b pwy ranepeH «jihujhhx /no.aeH»: OHernHa — nciopHHa -iVnaoiu    IViitiia.OcHOBiiblc BblBO/ibt KpniUKa Kacaioioi HeCTMUEO
i.imoio ii|*>I1 ibcuchhh, CKOJlbKO 06lHCCTBCHH0H JKH3HH. B MaCTHOCTM.
on mi i.ii.i i, 'no iiai lyimao iioiioe iipcMH, noKa laBiuee HCMepnaHHOcn
i«i iwiiAiicH ten aiiopMHCKiix MiiTC/i/iHrcHTOB. Ohh OKa3ajlHCb 6eccnvib-
HHMM, HCCnOC06HblMH K fleHTCnbHOCTH, COBCpUJCHHO iic IipilCllOCOO-/1cmhumm MM k k.lkOMy Tpyiiy H JiajKC B /ihhhoh >KH3HH ohh hccoctoh-
u-ii.mm. i.ik k.ik iic Moiyr iipmnni. penicillin, Kak h repot) nOMCTI
•AC«»   Upil'icm HcpilblUICBCKHH HCOJIHOKpaTHO nOtt'ICpKHBaCT, HTO
• nam I'ovico*. k.ik on h|k)Hii>nio iiaabiBacT rcpoH «Acn», npHHaaK*)"
> .Ik p.i I k iymiiii1m iki.IHM ciiocio lipCMCHH, «XapaKTCp K'poil licpcil W
uiCMy o6iiiccniy».
K ik ii ipvuic ciaii.it acstoKpai ii'iccKOM opitcti laiinii. 0*0011
'iVpHIJIUCBCKOrO CO,1Cp*MT HCTKO cdlOpMyjIHpOBaHHblH 06lllCCTBCH-h<> iio.IMTH'ICCKMtt BblBO/i: HyXHbl HOBblC JHOilH, pa3HOHHHU.bl - rJ13B-hijc <|llllVphl HOBOtO lipCMCHM. aKTHBHbie, fleHTCJlbliblC, 3HaK)ihhc.
MV..-h.iiu1c iic at, b *MiHii. B KaicoH-To cTeneHH otbctom Ha 3anpoc "PCmchm cTaHyT .HOBbic AioflH. - rcpoH poMana caMoro McpubtuicB-cicoro.
iTOMeajlHH IHTCpaTypHO-KpilTH'ICCKaH CTaTbH McptlblllJCBCKOrO «Hc
"•'i.iin in ncpcMCHbt?. 11861) itocBHiucita cTiopiiiiky noBecrefl I I*
> i Km II It NctlCHCKOto. Kpinilk ItpitBCTClBVCT iiohh-ichhc upon,!C
icmiih NcncHCKoro npotuic Bccro noTOMy, mo nncaTejib, no cro mhc-into, cwnii o napoac nojuiHHHyio npaaay, evty yaanocb rjtyooKO npo-Mitkii\'Ti. it napo.iMyio Anjiib h pacxpbtTb .KopcHHyio npHMHHy cc I*-WMOro xoaa. HcpitbtiucBCKHii noasepKHyjt, hto npoin/io Bpc««
m»o6pa«mhh KPCCTMH CHMCXOilMTeJlbHO, BpCMH m^eHbKHX JlKUK*
190
lumepamyptiaH KpumuKa .mot/oii noAoauiiM XIX eeKa
kOTopwx HyxHO noxajieTb, — Hyxwa npaB/ia 6e3 npHKpac, bijhhjihkj Ulan Bee ypozuiMBbie cropoHbi HapoaHoii xhjhm. B stom, hobom 1104x0-jc ■ H3o6paxennio >kh3hh Hapoaa MepHbtmcBCKiiii yBuncn «ija<ia^o ncpevieH* b JiHTepaType m o6iucctbchhom xh3hh. noao6noc H3o6pa-*cHHe Hapoaa, no mhchhkd kphthk3, 3acTaMHeT bhccth b cro cpe/ry
IICMCHT 3KTMBHOCTH, npo6yi!HTb B HeM AaA.lV fleHTCJIbHOCTH, T. C. 60-lCe'ieTKOOnpcaCAHTb Ue^H pa3HOMMHHO-AeMOKpaTHMCCKOH HHTCJIJ1M-rCHUHH.
HepiibinicBCKMii k TOMy BpeMCHH Gbui y6e)ttacHHbivt CTOpOHWUBOM
kpCCTbflHCKOli pCBO^lOUMM. oh nOHHMajI, HTO npOtCHC HCM rOJOBHTbCH
k cc ocymecTBjiCHHio, Heo6xoanMO onenb xopoujo 3HaTt> napo;i, 1136a-
HHTbCH OT HAJI103Hii BO B3rjlHflaX Ha HeTO, BHJICTb B hcm BCC HCpTbl — M
xoooiuhc h naoxHe. B ziaHHOM caynae, KaK h b apyriix jiHTcpaTypno-kpiiTH'iecKiix pa6oT3x MepHbiuieBCKoro, mojkho H36aioii3Tb, K3K pciieit-iim npcBpsTMJiscb y Hero b CT3Tbio o6o6in3touicro xapaKTcpa, b uciiip KOTopoii nocraB/ieHa o6uiecTBeHHaji npo6aeM3, ksk, OTTSJiKimasicb ot
UpaKTCpHCTHKH KOHKpeTHOTO np0H3BeflCHHH II H3 KaKOH-TO M0MCHT UflblBaH 0 HCM, 3BTOP npHXOJIHT k peUJCHMIO M06anbHblX COHHiUH.ho-noaHTHMCCKHX BonpocoB.
B^IDKaHUJMM COTpyflHHKOM MepHbl- ^—j-,
uieBCKoro 6bta HHKOjiaH A^eKcamapoBHH .1o()Po.ik)6ob (1836—1861) — caMbiii ap-kHi't it oflspeHHbiH npejj.cTaBMTejib aeMO-kpaTii>iecKOH KpHTHKit. Ero HCTbipeXJieT-
hcc COTpyflHHHeCTBO b «COBpCMCHHHKC»
™ioueaoH snoxoir b hctophh kphthkh. K iiiTcpaTypitoH aenTejibHOCTH /lo6pojno-Hanan ce6« roTOBHTb oneHb paHo: yxe
"OBDCMH yic6bl B CCMHHapHH B HMTaTCJIb-
ckom fliteBHHKe oh 3anncbiBan cbom Ha-^ittaeniiH Haa npoHMTSHHbiM hjicmohct-P»POBaji Be^HKOJicnHyio naMHTb. Oh npii-B.iHTepaTypy eme 6yayHM cryaeHTOM r-iaBHoro neaarorHHecKoro HHCTHTyra, Koraa npiicjiai b «Cobpcmch-HM"»CTaTbio «Co6eceiiHHKaio6HTeaeii poccHHCKoro c^0Ba» noa nccB-^hhmom h. Jlaii6oB (o6pa30BaH H3 nocaeaHitx caoroB cro hmchh m
^wmh). HoBOe HMD 3aHHTepeC0BaJ10 COTpyflHMKOB «C0BpCMCHHH-
tj'. h Mojioaoro aBTopa xotcah cpa3y xe npHRJienb unn coTpyanitHc-083 B *ypHarie, ho peuiHJiH, hto sto moxct noMeuiaTb CMy 3aK0H>titTb ^P-noBaHite. »
191
PyccKux Aumepamypiiaa tcpumuKa XVIII—nanajia XX acKa
Hode <iMMi'i.iiiim HHCTHTyra floöpoaioöoB nman 3kthbho pa6o-
THTI. b .COBPCMCMHMKC». Yxe B HaH3Jie CBOeň JIMTepaTypHO-KpHTH— HCCKOfl JKJlTCJIbHOCTH OH HBH0 THľOTejl K CT3TbílM o6o6uj.ai01JJ.erO Xar
p.iMcpa. OiiHOH H3 TaKoro poaa npoÖJieMHbix craTeň CTaaa ero pa6o-
l.l -O ĽICIICHH V'laCTHH HapOAHOCTH b pa3BHTHH pVCCKOll .mi cpa i \ -
put (1X58). rio-jjinec oh He oähh pa3 SyaeT oöpamaTbca k stoh npo-
(i icuc, paipaOaiblBBH cc BO MHOI'HX CT3TUIX, b laCTHOCTH, la KMX. k.lk
i ,ni campa 11 hck ĽKaTcpnHbi»> (1858) n «MepTbi ana xapaKTepii-cthkh pyccKoro npocroHapoiibH» (1860).
,'lo.loópo iKióona MHOi'HC KpiiiHKii paccMa rpuBajiii pa imune jih-icpanpu li" i uiipc;icjicHHbiM yrjioM 3peHHa: pa3BHTHe cthjih, bhhb-uiiiic icpoH'iccKoro Hswaaa h ap. XI,o6pojiK)6oB noaxoaHT k H3yne-
ii lllo ik i npiiii OTC'ieCTBCHHOH CJIOBCCHOCTH C TOMKU 3pCHHH ee flBM-
AciiHH k iiapo;uiocTH h H3o6paxenHH HauHOHajibHoro xapaKTepa n
lipilXOJlMT K HCyTCIUHTCJlbHbIM BblBOaaM. ľlpaKTMMeCKM bch pyCCKaH
iiiicparypa He 6u;ia hcthhho HapoaHa, HBaaaacb JiHuib jiHTeparypoii i * m ntaaiaibix BcpxoB. ľlyuiKMH, no ero mhchhk), aKiub b HeKOTopbix npo-ii im- h'iiiihx iipiifwiMxancH k hctmhhoh HapoaHOCTH, ho b ue/ioM 6bu •iici -ntiokoii nai\poii»,an>i KOTopoii xapaKTepH3«xyaoxHHMecKan boc-iipiiiiM'iiiiiocii.» n oTcyrcTBue «aesrrejibHOCTH MbicjiM». rbrojib tojilko iipiiiiaii^ajicH k iiapo/iHocTH. ß/inxe Bcex, ksk CMHTan kphthk, k Ha-pQBHOClM noaoujc^ JlepMOHTOBBCTMxoTBopeHHH «PoanHa», ho npc*-aciipcMCHiia« cMcpTb hc aana eMy bo3mo>khocth noano pacKpbiTb ee b cbocm iiiop'iccine. flpoGacMy iiaponiiocTn UoGpoaioöon peuian miwic.
'icm. liaiipiIMCp, ßCJIHHCKHH. noerOMHCHHK), MTOÖbl CTaTb HapOÄHbIM. llHCaTCJHO HCo6xOAMMO npOHHKHyTbCH HapoaHbIM ayXOM, OTÖpOCHTbCO-
caoBHbic npcapaccyflKH h npoMyBCTBOB3Tb HCTMHHyio xn3Hb Hapojia.a i ni Mino naao iii.iiiiii na layóim iiapoaa, npoxMTb ero XH3HbK). Ta-mim iiac.ĽioM Hapo;iHoroiio)iaaiM/lo6po^ioöoBaöi»i.i A.B. KoflhUOi inaaiucabnyio MacTb TBopnecKoro Hscjieann floGpoaioôoBa co-
> lail hlKU pCIlCHlHM - OUCHKH COBpeMeHHOÍJ JIHTCpaTypbl (HCTOpH-
• i N iipouijioc JiHTcpaTypu 6biJio jojih Hero He Ta k BaxHo), Ha ko-ropvK) kpiiiiiK CMOTpcji c TOMKH 3peHH« MeTKOH nepcneKTHBbi 06-luccTBciiHoro pa um i na h HapoaHOCTH. Oco6o ao6pojiK36oB BbiJie-íHa .iHTcpaTypy, b KOTopoii OTpaxanncb npoöJieMbi HapoaHOH *H3-mh (TBopMccTBo A.B. KojibuoBa, A.H. njiemeeBa, M.C. Hhkhtww).
Ho MHCHHK) KPHTHK3, He CTOJIb yx B3XHO TO OÖCTOHTeabCTBO, HTO mih.i.k- lipon IHcaCHHH o XH3HH H3P0aa OTaHMajlHCb hcbmcokumm v>aoACCIBCHHWMHaOCTOHHCTBaMH,nOCKOJlbKy oHHBaxHbiaJraJiW-
'cpaiypu h oômecTBa.
192
.\umtpamypnaH tcpumuica »moooii noJioanHhi XIX eoca
IlojioöHbiH noaxoa ocyxaaa onnoncHT KpHTHKOB-ac.MOKp3TOB
VB. flpyXHHHH, KOTOpbIH nHC3Jl O T3KOTO poaa JIHTCpaType, MTO OHa
uoACT BoaaeiícTBOBaTb TOJibKO Ha MHTaTejiH CBocro bpcmchh, ho npo-
HlpblBaeT b PCIIJCHHH BeMHbIX OÖmeHCJlOBCMeCKHX IipOÖJICM. üchctbh-ic.UH0, H3 T3KTHMCCKHX COOÖpaxeHHH /loGpOJlk)6oB HHOUia lipcyBC-lHIHBaJI 3H3MCHHC npOH3BeaeHHÍÍ T3KHX 3BTOpOB, K3K, HaiipiIMCp,
M.ipki) Bobmok. Ho B ueaoM oh 6bia kphthkom, tohko 'i \ ih i h. ma mu h m
tlKOHU, HO KOTOpbIM XHBeT H COjaaeT CBOH npOH3BCaCHHH Xy/ioxhhk.
.lü6pojiK)6oBcaM 6bia TansHTJiHBbiM jihphmcckhm iiojtom, nojToiny ero
kpilTH'ieCKHC pa60TbI OTaHMajIHCb HpKOH Of)pajHOCTbK) H JMOUHOHaJlb-
noBbipa)KCHHbiM HacapoeHHCM. Oh Bceraa ctpcmhjich 3aHHTcpccoB3Ti. HMTaTCJiH, norpy3HTb ero b xyaoxecTBCHHbiii mhp nncarcjicH h iio3Tob. iloöpoa K)6oBHBnacH co3aaTeJieM opHrnnanbHOH jiHTcpaTypno-riyG-
1HUHCTHMCCKOH KOHUCHUHH «peaJlbHOH KpHTHKH», KOTOPifl ÖbUia tipt'a-
craBJieHa h pa3^HCHCna hm bo MHornx CTarbHX, b ncpByio oMepeab no-
CBHIUCHHblX TBOpMeCTBy A.H. OcTpOBCKOľO, fl.B. TpHrOpOBHMa,
MC. TypreHeBa.
PcajibHaH ĺ pit 11 ika. no yTBepxacHHK) üo6pojno6oBa, otiukhtch k
npOH3BCJiCHHHM XyaOXCCTBCHHOH aHTCpaTypbl K3K hiuichhhm aCHClTJH-
IWUHi )kh3hh, H3yMaeT Hx, onpeaejiaeT ocHOBHbie Mepibi, paccMaT-
PHBaCTBOnpoC o COOTHOIJjeHHH MHpOC03CpuailHH, HaCOJIOľHH IIHC3TC-
n h ero TBopMccTBa, h csMoe rjiaBHoe — pas^HCHHCT 3H3mchhc roro H-iH MHoro npoioBeaeiiHsi juih oöiuecTBa. «Pea/ibHan KpnTHKa» — 3TO cymacHH« o caMoü xh3hh h ee npoueccax, counajibUbix rnnax, cocTaB-
ICHHbie Ha ociiobc i I pan. I a III .i \ X3paKTepOB H KapTHH, BCeH nOJIHOTM .lCHCTBHTejlbHOCTH, OTOÖpaxeHHblX XyaOXHHKOM b npOH3BCaCIIHH.
Oahhm cjiobom, oh ripHjbiBan cyaHTb He caMO npoH3BCjicnHC, a xH3Hb, •"PaxeHHyio b HeM, h b 33bhchmocth ottoto, HacKOJibKO nojiiio h niy-faxo 3TO caejiaHo, onpeaejiHTb ero uenHOCTb h 3H3MHM0CTb.
Chhthh HcnocpeacTBeHHoeTBopMCCKoe MyBCTBO aBTopa, «MHpiKoaep-•uhhc xyjioxuHKa» (a He ero nojiHTHMecKHe yfJcxaciiHH) BaautenuiHMH "PH KpHTHMCCKHX oueHKax ero TBopsecTBa, /JoöpojiioöoB noüMcpKHBaJi, n" caMoöbiTnaH naTyps xyaoxHHKa npoHBJiHCTCH b o6pa3ax ero rcpocB. "'•ic.UHbix cuenax h aaxe cjioßax. Hmchho Ha hhx Obuio HanpaBJiciio
**U,MaHHCHo6pOJllo6oBa-KpHTHKa, KOTOpbIH, BOTJIH'IHC, HaiipHMCp, OT
^fPHbiujcBCKoro, CMHTan, MTO kphthk (a He C3M xyaoxiiHK)aonxcH OHC-
|^3ai<JIKDMeHHblH B npOH3BCaCHHHXC^T^KTHBHUH COUHaJlbHblii CMblCI.
^"ÖQ'icc nojiHo KOHuenuHH peaibHOH kphthkh, k3k yxe 6buio ciüua-H0' npeacraaneHa b craTbxx 06 A.H. Octdobckom. Bot oaHO H3 tbkmx "•"HueHTpHpoBaHHbix» onpeaeaeiiHH «peaabHoro» MCToaa kphthmcckom.
193
PyccKti» .lumepaniypnau KJMMNM XVIII--»auaAg XX «etca
,c„kM .B ,ipoM»e«MHHX Ta.iaHT.iMm.ro xyaoxiiHKa Bceraa moxho muce. xapaKTcpn lyiomce Bce hx h OTaHMaKmiee hxot
in MMi.iic.icM Ha icxhhmcckom iin.ikc nck\cciiu ,ro MHpocojcpiiauMCM xyaoxiiHKa. Ho nanpacuo
tipilMCM.Ill.l
npoHUtcaci
linMHNtO HaiUHSTb
CTMH 6w Mbl OOnOrmOTOM, TTOÖbl npHBCCTH 3TO MMpOC03CpUaHMC B
on'iK.ic.cMi.iac loiH'tccKHC iioctdochhh, DiiipajHTb ero b onpcaeacunbix
V OlMCMCHHOCTCH nHXOOblKIIOBCHHO HC ňl.lM.lCI McaMOMCO 'iHUUlVxN lOAMMK.i. HCpiVlKO ;UXC II 01 m-'ICMCH 1! 1.1 X pac'CVAacilllMX OD „U^.IIUIL.C. m«.ll>nH«,pailllC.1I.IIOIirK)TIIMOI10.IOAII|)IC lOMV.HTOBHpl ».IC1CM HCIO XyaOXCCTBCHHOH aCHTCJlbHOCTH, - nOHHTHH, ľipHHHTblC HM M l*Py MMJWOMTMC MOCpCflCTBOM aOXHblX, H3CKODO, MHCTO BHC11IHHM
oftpajoM «KiMcic.....ax cmuiorHJMOB. Co6ctbchhmh xc BJMaa ero Ha
Miip. i ina.hmhm K.iHi'ioM k xap.ik rcpiic i n kc ei o i a. iai 11 a. iia.io nekán, I xhhmx oíípa tax. coiaaBacMbix hm».
,l.«.p,nh*>.iiiKaKcio|x>iiiiiiK|X.t.Lii.iioii KpirniKiiHcciaaniicpiivioo'ic
pc.1l. HMICpCCOlVLICM HC ICM. MIO XOIC 1 CK.l 1,111, .llllop. m ilm. mio V HCIO
mu i\mm iih i. -.Im nač iic ao.ii.ko iiaxno io. Mio xtmici CKaian. aiuop. cxanxo to, sto auaamch hm. xoth 6w h iicnaMcpcuHO, npocro Bcnca-cimic npaivuiBoio BocnpoH )bc;ichhh cpBTCTOB xh ihh», — nncaa oh. Otmc-•um c«iocof>Hocn. HCTHiiHo rdaairraniibix airropoB BnacTb bcio noaHory 'ic-iomcmcckoh iiaiypu b cc MiioTooGpaiHbix couHani»Hbix m HpaBCTBCHUfl cum lax h miioiMCHHHX, Aof)poaio6oB c'iHraa, mto mmchho ara noanora n
tip.in.li Oip.lACHHH AM IHM MOXCT C.1VXM 11, KflOlOM cc 0uciikh KpHlMKON
\k.\ it.iioio iiaiipaiucintH Xyaoxca Bennau aocioHcpiioci i.oi.i.ia .um nein
m iiNDM.iiK'ioncpiiocTH n iipaii.ii.i pcajUMfl au um I lanpHMep, Kaflpp*
ll.l llwJciOpo IMmmu HC lipoCTO XyaoXCCTBCHHblii oopa 1. CO t "Hl II 11.111 ()l
ii»»« mim. .i pc.in.iian ACMiiiMiia in iipoBiiiimiiuiiaioro ropoaa.'a bcc iio-cryiiKax h i10i1c.1cimih kphthk miaca aaKOHOMepHoc oTpaxcHHC loraanoB h (KotVimocreH iioHcncHHH oiipcacacnnoH Macro napoaa, KOTOpafl hc xo-Mci a h Tb no-cTapoMy h ßpocacT Bbi30B oKpyxatoiuen cpcae. Hmchmo ik lc.u mne Takou no iiiiiiiii ;iofi|vviK>6on iioon.i odpai i i,i 11CJI k npOMM
1CII11HM .lliliip.ui. lUCOlolMMCCkll .I.LICKHX 0T DCBOaiOUMOHHOH aCMOKpa-TMU M.1HCIKNCOHim-OttKCIOMRHMX,CMHTaH, >ITOOTCyTCTBMC HpKO BbipaXCH" II,MI .WTopCMlH TCIUCHIIHH oTvlCPlaCI KUil'IH pC.l. 11.1 IOII kplllltkll
ti.iAHoll am iioHHM.iHHH Toro, mto Taxoc pcaabiia» KpiiTMKa, HBa>v
CKM H MlBCCTHaW CTaTbH floGpoaiOOOBa «CTHXOTBOpCHMH HASH! H* KHTHH.V (I860). B KOTOpOH mctko 0603HaMCHa CBH il> pCaabHOH KpHTH-
km c pcaatuMOM b aHTepaType. üo6poaio6oB, b 3HaMHTcabtioH crcncH" MNDOtiCHHBaii iipcaiiiccTBytoiiiyKiaiiTcpaiypy n oiKaiuiu» IIwiik"»* h .IcpMOHTOBy b pcaaH3Me (cMHTaa, mto y hhx oh npoHBaflCTcn ToabKO
194
Aumvpamypnan KpumuKa „nwi'Qii noAoeuHht XIX eexa
BonHcaHHflx npMpoabi), pwcycTCBOH naeaa no3Ta — hcthhhoio pea-.iHoa, KOTopbiii coeaMHwa 6bi KpacoTy riyuiKHHa h cnay JlepMOHTOBa
CpCaUbHOH M 3aopOBOM CTOPOHOH CTHXOTBOpeHHH KoabuoBa.
OnnpaHCb na noaHOTy xyaoxecTBenHoro BonaoujcHHn xh3hh b xa-paKTcpax TyprcHeßa, Octpobckoio, ToHMapoBa, Z)o6poaio6oB npcaaa-ra.i coôcTBenHyio MHTepnpeTauHio aMTepaTypHbix npoH3BcacnHH. BraxoM noaxoae nponBajuiMCb h HeraTHBHbie McpTbi peaabnoü kphth-kh: H3biMan repoeB M3 eaHHoro h HeaeaHMoro xyaoxccTBCHHoro MMpa npon3BcacHHH, KpHTH k TpynnHpoBaa hx b öoabiiicH CTcnciiH b coot-
BCTCTBHh c COÖCTBCHHblMH KOHUenUHHMH, c06ctbchh0h aOrMKOH, a He
c nacHHO-xyaoxecTBeHHoii CTpyKTypoii npoH3BcaeHHn. KpoMeToro, b pcaabHO-KpHTHMecKOM noaxoae k aHTepaType TanaacbonacHocTbnoa-iioro pa3pyuieHMH noHflTHíi aBTopa n aBTopcKoři no3HUHH (MHoro no3-jxe, B03MOXHO, 0T03BaBiiiaflcn b KOHuenuMHX nocTMoaepHH3Ma). rio-iTOMy TypreHeB, HanpnMep, npoTecTOBaa npoTHB ny6;iHKannH CTaTbH Jo6poaio6oBa «Koraa xe npnaeT HacTOHUiHíí aeub?», cMHTa«, mto kphthk ncKa3Ha CMbica ero npoH3BeaeHHH.
BoabujHHCTBO cTaTeH üo6poaio6oBa coaepxaan Himyio nan cKpia-
TyWnOaCMHKy C n03HUHHMH 3CTeTHMCCK0H KpHTHKH. ĽMy BaxHo6biao
BbidBiiTb npcHMymecTBa coöcTBeHHoro KpHTHMecKoro MCToaa. Tax, oh
CMHTaa, MTO HeKOTOpbie np0H3BeaeHHfl C TOMKH 3peHHH 3CTCTHMeCKOH
xpHTHKH hc npcacTaBaiiioT cyujecTBeHHoro HHTepeca, ho pcaabHO-xpHTHMecKHü noaxoa k hhm moxct npHBecTn k uchhum BbiBoaaM. flpKHii npHMcp TOMy — CTaTbH «3a6HTbie aioan», nocBHujennaH bm-way flßyxTOMHHKa HocToeBCKoro h ero poMaHy «YHnxcHHbic h oc-"op6aeHHbie». Zlo6poaio6oB aoKa3bißaeT, mto ecan noaoiÍTH c tomkh
IPCHMH 3CTCTHMeCK0H KpHTHKH, TO pOMaH «YHHXCHHbie H OCKOpßaCH-HWe» HHXC BCHKOH KpHTHKH — OH MeaOapaM3THMCH, HeCCTeCTBCHeH CTO'IKH 3peHHH XapaKTCpOB, pbIXablH nO K0Mn03MUHH. ho C H03HUHH
PcaabHoií KpHTHKH — sto 3aMCMaTcabHoe npoH3BeaeHHC, nocKoabKy °ho npaßanBo BocnpoH3BoanT xH3Hb yHHxeHHbix h ocKopöaeHHbix, "ypaxacT 6oab 3a MeaoßeKa, KOTopbin He b coctohhhh oco3HaTb cc6h "K-io&eKOM. TaKHM o6pa30M, oTTaaKHBancb ot MaaoxyaoxecTBeHHO-
r°, C cto TOMKH 3PCHHH, npOM3BeaeHHfl ^OCTOeBCKOrO, KpHTMK UCHO h
jpHo onpeaeana ryMaHHCTHMecKHH xapaKTep TBopMecTBa nncaTea«. "OHuenuHH peaabHOH kphthkh KpHTepnn HapoaHocTH CTaa aa» "*P°WJ60Ba onpeaeaflhoujHM: «Mepoio aocTOHHCTBa nncaTean nan
^acabHoro npoH3BeaeHHfl mm npHHHMaeM to, HacKoabKO cayxaTOHH
PaXCHHCM eCTCCTBe h H m x CTpeMaCHHH H3BCCTHOrO BpCMeHH n Ha-
Poaa».
195
Pa,, han jiumepamypnax Kpumutca XVIII- Hava.ia XX ttexa
>1io6onwtMa cTaTwt /JrópoawooBa o poMaae TypreneBa «ÄBopmi-MM iHeiao.. nia»MoeflocTOMHCTBO repoeB TypreneBa on BM/rea bo6-HMMOH i'* • '•< .iK-piHM bojím MCKjno'iMTeawio na caMHX ceö«, na ca-momkiimi jhmc ayxoiiiiuM m MopaabMbiH poct. 3acayra TypreneBa, no MMCMMk) ,lo6poaio6oiia, jaiono'iacTCH b moopaxenHM ayxoBnoro h
Mc>p.l1MIOI() |HK la ICPOCB, H CrpCM/lCHMM K HOBUM iiiikim. OIH.CK i lili Mi) OTpaXaBIlIMM HCOtlXOAMMOCTb OOHOBJICHHH JJJIH bccx KJiaCCOB 06-
Uomhoihxv iaii.nx;lof)poaK)f)OBaero biím Marnic ne ĽoepcAOTOWHO M.ioiicmkc xyaoAcciiiťiiiioii ciopoiibi upon iiicacimii, nocKoabKy onu iio.TIMMCMI4 «cncpxiaaaHc» — cyaMTb jkhJiib, aeaaTb buboam o coacp-ajhmh, a Mc 06 xTCTMMccKMX aoctomhctbíix. Ho b iipouecce anaania iipoH iitcacMMii on acaaa mhoxcctbo uchiiux HaoaioacHHii naa koh(|i-imkiom, cTpyKTypoft o6pa30B, KOMno3HUHeií h t. n. TaK, b CTaTbc «Mto iükoc 0(1 loMOBiiiMiia?» KpiiTiiK iipocaoKimacT paiiiiiriic mna «aHW-
mcio 'IC.IOIICKa* B pyiX'kom aCHCTBHTCabllOCTH h b 0/j.hh pna C HHMM ct3-
iiMi o6pa)OfiaoMOBa. «JImiiihmh 'icaoBCK» jjjih icpHTHKa — jto hcthh-mo [m i mim ihm. m.i koiopi.ni kaxjuiH Jiioxa iiakiaaai.iiia.ia ciioii omc-
•l.llll»    ii H.lkOIU-ll HOBOC lipCMM MOpoail.lO OGjlOMOHa, ii KOlOpOM 3t0t
iMii aoiiica ao CBocro aoniMCCKoro jaiicpuieuHM. Tenepb yxe, CMHraa ,|.h.|xi notion iiiikioiioai.mc ne viuiam 11 «ainiiniix aioaiix» nacaaa. H
IQ It' I Upiti 1VlllMll.il bCH k MX lOaOCaM. TaKHM 06pa30M, KpHTHK paiBii-
lui i m ,10110 uma Mi.11. im 'IcpiibiinciicKoioo npiixoac iiom,i\ 1 epOM I "'
Iii h pil.mimik iii l l.ipiJX IHIIOI1
I • • iipHHiiHiico6aioaacTCHÜo6poaio6oBbiM BCTaTbe«Koraa*e i in ifi ii.H loHiiiMH aciib.'., naiiHcaiinoH it oftciaiionKc HanpflXeHMOl oOiuccrncHHoH 5opi/)bi 11 iiocbhiuchhom npooacMC rcpoH BpcMCHH. Kto oh — 3TOT rcpoH? B CTaTbc A3H aHaani poMaHa TyprcHCBa «HaKanyiic» m cacjuhu Mcmo'iiio nahnúc » CMeauc Bbmoaw. HecMOTpH Ha to. •no HHcaTtAb He iipHiixa ao6poaio6oBCKOH TpaKTOBKH CBocro npoiu-Mi«. HMCHHo üofipoaK)f)OBy yaaaocb oMCHb tomho onpcacaiiTb 1 Mmi>N> iKofHľiiHocii, .iHicpaiypiioii acHieai.noc 111 Typiciiciia 0 caruiwyMCA yaaaaMBan. TaKHc hiuchmh b pyccKoii xh3hh, KOTopuc loM.kMM.^H-i.nHii.HciiicHciiiiiccTHoGi.iao.rnavi aiioint patmiiun ch. mo oh y*e oôpamaaca k hmm. noKasbmaa mnw hobhx aioaeH (Hh-■•poM i nouHcc kiiapona). H Miicapoiic ZloGpoaioOoit viiiiaca iepo« MyXMOfO ľlKCMM. lipMHWHHOroOOpOTbCH y*e He c bhcujhhm, a BHyT-PCIIMHM npjtOM (MMCJIOCb B B HAV CaMOACpxaBHe).
Ctpcmbci, pcuian, aaxHuc Bonpocu o6inecTBCHnoH xh3HM. ü<*>-DojiioÓoB. oTTaiKMBancb OT KOHKpcTHbix npoH3BeaeHHH, aHaaM3Hpo-
196
.lumcpamypnafi KpumuKa „„„mou noJioeuHbi XIX eena
Kll He TOabKO HX, HO H JjeaaA BblBOabl O TBOp'ieCKOM CB0C06paiHH llll
caTeacii b ueaoM. TaKOBbi ero cy^enHH 06 A.H. Octpobckom: pcii.cu-mm na AByxTOMHMK nbec apaMaiypra Bbipocaa b npoGacMiiyKi cTaTbio «TcMiioe uapcTiio» (1859). TaaBHoe üjiji üo6poaio6oBa — 1 mmiíhti. oco-üchhoctm TaaanTa OcTpoBCKoro h toh >kh3hh, KOTopyio 011 M3o6pa)Ka-CT. Oh npHUiea k BbiBOflaM, hto /jpaMaiypr yMecT oTan'iHTb naTypy, xa-
pjKTCp rcpOH 0T BHeiJIHHX HaCaOeHHH, BHeUJHHX BaHHHHÍi, eroTMnbi —
jto He ToabKO aio^H H3 KynuoB h mhhobhhkob, ho b hhx Bonaoiiicni.1 oöiucHauHOHaabiibie nepTbi. ľlo3TOMy Octdobckhh aa« üo6poaio6oBa — BcaMKiiM xyaoxHHK, KOTopbiH o6o6uiaeT 6oabUjoti xhjhchiii.ih MaTe-piiaa, C03aaeT nannoHajibHbie Twnbi, H3o6pa>KaeT bchhmc KoaanjHH na-
llllOHaabHOM JKM3HH (KpHTHK 0603HaMMa TpH THna KOHltlJlHKTOB: MJiaü-
uiHe-CTapuJHe, 6ejj.Hbie—öoraTbie, 6e30TBeTHbie—CBociioabiibie). 3to, ii0MHCHHioilo6poaio6oBa,aeHCTBnTeabH0 BCMHbie KoniJiaHKTbi nauii-oHanbHOH XH3HH, pacKpbiBaiouaHe ee ochobbi. «Y OcTpoBCKoro ni.i 11a-
XOailTC HC TOabKO HpaBCTBeHHyK), HO H JKHTeiíCKyiO, 3kohomh'ieCKyiO
cyujHOCTb iionpoca», — nncaa jHo6poaio6oB. ľlo3>Ke b CTaTi>e «Jlyw cße-Ta BTCMHOM uapcTBe» KpHTHK HaruieT CBOio noaoxHTcabiiyK) rcpoHHK) — KaTcpHHy.
Ho6poaio6oB HepeaKo oöpauuajicji k TpannmionnbiM aa« otchc-ctbchhoh kphthkh npHeMaM, HanpHMcp k aHaaoraM c Booöpaxac-mum Ha h KOHKpcTHbiM onnoHeHTOM. KpoMe Toro, BHaa, mto MHorne *anpbi, iianpHMcp roaoBbie o63opbi, ncMe3an, oh nonwTaacH itx bo3-
POaHTb, B MaCTHOCTH, B 0630pH0H CTaTbe «O CTCnCHH yMaCTHH...».
BaxHyio poab b craTbHX kphthk3 nrpaeT 3nHrpacp. TaKOBbi, Ha-iipiiMcp, annrpacpbi k CTaTbflM «Mto TaKoe oöaoMOBinHiia?» («Tac xc tot, kto 6bi Ha poaHOM H3biKe pyccKoii ayuJH yMea 6bi CKa3aTb naM 3to BccMorywee caoBO Bnepea»? ...» — UHTaTa H3 BToporo TOMa «McpT-Bwxayuj» ToroaH), «Korjia xe npnaeT HacToauiHH aeHb?» («Bch Böa-Paßau h He 6ohch» — H3 cthxotbopchhh TeHHe), HenocpeacTBCHHo CBH3anHbie c hjtchhoh no3HUHen jTo6poaio6oBa h nacJiocoM ero KpH-
TBSeCKHX OUeHOK.
Mnorne cy>icaeHHJi ZI,o6poaio6oBa hc Moryr He Bbi3BaTb HcaoyMe-m«, HanpHMep, ero oueHKa ľlyLUKHHa KaK nosTa aerKOMbicacHHoro h •UicKoro OT HapoflHOCTH. b jjaHHOM cayMae CKa3aaHCb, no bcch BHan-m°cth, otroaocKH noaeMHKH MOKay ctopohhhk3mh nyujKHUcKoro h roroacBCKoro HanpaaaeHHH, b kotopoh kphthkm-aeMOKpaTU oTaaßa-•1H "PeanoMTeHHe roroaeBCKOMy HanpaßaeHHio.
ßne BCHKoro coMHeHHH, 3acayrn jTo6poaio6oBa nepea pyccKoü an-TcPaTypoH h KpHTHKOH TpyjiHO nepcoueHHTb. EMy npHnaoaexaT pa3
197
Mil
PyccKOH jiumepamypttaH KpumuKa _XV111   navajta XX gfgg
M MIMllCIIUMM HapOflHOCTH. C0M3HHe aMTCpaTypHO-nyOJIMUHC-
•coHKOMUcmniM .peaabtioH kphthkh», bujhwchmc raaBHbiXMcjrr ,ta h xyaomccTBCHiioro MHpa OcTpoBCKoro, Typrent»Ba, ibiiMapo-
IKTIOCBCICOrO, D8JBHTHC IIDCaCTaBaCHMH O aMaaCKTHMeCKOH ci1h iii
im)i iix-MiiH lineare.™ m cro TBop'iccrna, o Tiiiiax M xapaKTcpax, 06
CIBCHHOll IM3MHMOCTH aHTCpaTypbl H HCKyCCTB3. UOCK CMCpTII
0 IKHTm.IU ' IcpilMUICBCKHH T3K OnpCaCaMa CTO pOJlb B pyCCKOW *H3-
1 m> (.u.m. 10.11*0 25 ;ict. Ho y*e 4 roaa OH CTOmi BO i kiiic pyc ckoh JiKTepaTypu, - hct, ne roabico pyccKoü aiiTcpai-ypbi, — bo maße
IKCIO paiMITHM pyCCKOH MUCJIH».
COJIHJMHCb C «COBDCMCIIHMKOM» B peJKO HCraTHBHOM 0T1I0UICIIIIII ...mo.lcpAailllK) II KpCCIbHIICKOii pC(|)0|lMC, pa l.'IC.imi iiii.ih.11,1 Mcp
iiuiiicBCKoro M ilo6po.iio6oBa Ha neooxoaHMOCTb peBoaKJUHOHHoro ii|h'oi<pa i..iummh .iciiciiinicaiaiocTH, *ypiiaa «Pycchioe c.iobo», tcm hc voice. M MiiorHX caytaax OTCTaMBaa no3HUMH, oTaMMaBiuHCC» ot ii ii ni.ion|H'ho iKiiiMoiicpoB acMOKparon. ho iipo>iiiii.iocbiipc>Kae BCC-io h iipiincp*cHHocTH coTpyaiiHKOB «PyccKoro caoB3» ByawapiioMy Ma-irpiia im im\. I npcyncan'icHHH iwneHHfl ecTecTuemibix Hayx b XM3HM ofiiiicviua ii pom .KpiiTM'iccKH mi>ic;ihihmx aioacii» («peaJiHCTOB») I
Itpcodpa KHiaHIIII 06lUCCTBCHHblX OTHOUlCllltH, b 0TpHU3HHH 3CTCTHKH
it ii oTitcacMMii aHTcpaiypc yrHaHTapiibix 3aaa4 b >kh3hh.
Beayiuyio poab b xyptiaac «PyceKoe caoBO» HrpaaTaasirniHUbiii kphthk n6ac-i I 1111 ii ii nyöanuHCT, KyMiip nepeaoBOii MO ui.icAii 60-x rr. .Hmhtphh MßaiioBiri riHcapeB (1840-1868). Ero cTpacTHO h
TCMnCp3MCHTHO H3nHC3HHbie CT3TMI BO MHOrHX CBOHX nOaOXCHHHX 6biaH 6JIH1KH
BbicTynacHHHM McpiuaujcBCKoro h Ho6-poaio6oB3. 0 HeM MHoro ronopnaH, cro MMH h no3HHHH b aHTepaTypno-oöiiic-
CTBCHHOii 5KH3HH Bbl3blBaaH CaMbie pa> HOpC'lHBblCOUCHKH. nMCapCBObUl HC lipOCTO
HCsaypnaiibiM h yaHBHTeabiiwM McaoBC-
KOM. mo ii HpKOM ailMHOCTblO, 6aCCTflUlHM KpHTHKOM H noaCMHCTOM ( t.iti.m MiicapciiaoT.iM-iiUiici.TO'lHOCTl.lo it aCHOCTbK) ll UIOXemM. 11 immcckom •ICTKOCTblO h apryMCHTHpOB3HHOCTblO.
OGuiiiH noaxoa llMcapcBa k oueHice aHTcpaTypHbix jhwchmh. iipjHii io. ot uriaacH hpko BupaxcHHoii TeHaenuH03HOCTbio. Ero cy*-
198
.lumvpamypnaH Kpumuna stnoyou nojioautibt XIX eexa
acHHH oaHTepaTypHbix aaaenHHx 6bU7H ocHOBaHbi ne na o6i>ckthbhom
npOHTCHMH h OCMblCJICHHH npOH3BeaCHHH, a npOB03ra3UI3aHCb C TOM-mi ipcHHH 33p3Hee 33aaHHOH HaeHHo-noaHTMMccKOH no3MUHH, cao-*iiBHjeiicH b cro co3H3hhh.
Haiiöoaee HpKO 3to npoHBHaocb b ero cyxacuHHx o Tuop'iecTBe flyujKHHS. nncspeB bOTaMMHe ot EeaHHCKoro bobcc necrpcMHacHasTb oObCKTMBHyio ouenKy TBopMccKoro HscaeaHH BeaHKoro no3ra. IIa« iicro riyuiKHH — 3T0 HBaeHHC npoiuaoro aHTepaiypbi, npaKTHMCcKH ncHyrc-hoc h HCHHTepccHoc coBpevieHHOMy MHTaTeaio. Paccyxca3H o nyuiKH-hc, riHcapeB bo MHoro OTBepraa noaoxeHHH, BbiaBHiiyTbie Bc;ihhckhm. Tax, HanpHMep, oh CMMTaa, mto llyujKHH He HapoaeH, a Ohcthh hc «opaaaioujHii sroncr», a npocTO nycTott Maabiii, npMMCM ncpeaKOOTox-.icaBana o6pa3 OHerHHa c ca\i h\i aBTopoM.
Ho npw bccm 3tom riHcapeB 6bia, 6e3ycaoBHO, oneHb TaaaiiTaHB. iii.ikoMHci. c ero CTaTbHMH, MHTaTeab HeBoabHO nonaaaa noa OOfMHHC eroaorHKH h MyncTBOBaa, mto cyxcaeHHfl aBTops 3ByM3T iiopoii aocT3-tomho yöcaMTeabHO. Bo hmh aoK33aTe^bCTBa H3H3M3abHO onpcaeaeH-moh ueaH nHcapeß 6bia totob npeHeöperaTbtcm, mto k aMTcpaTypiibiM HBaeiiHHM neoöxoaHMO noaxoaHTbc ooTjCkthbhoh tomkh 3dchhh h oue-
IIHBaTb HX C HCTOpMMeCKMX n03HUHH, c yMCTOM 3BTOpCKOÜ I101MUHH,
"axpa3, K3K roBopna riyujKHH, — «noHATb 3aKOHbi, kotoplim cacaycT
IIHCaTCab B cbocm TBOpMeCTBe».
riitcapeB, no bociiomhhshhhm poacTBCHHHKOB, pano naMaa npoHH-
.lÄTbTBOpMCCKHC CnOCOÖHOCTH (ß 7aCT nblTaaCH H3nHC3Tb p0M3H). Bbia oh HCaOBdCOM aOCTaTOMHO 06pa30B3HHblM, c TOHKHM 3CTCTHMCCKHM IKyCOM, XOTH nOCTOHHHO BblCTynSa npOTHB 3CTCTHKH K3K H3VKM H CMH-Ta", MTO 3TO BeUlb HCHy>KH3H, OTXHBUjaH.
JlHTepaTypna« aeaTeabHocTb FlHcapeBS H3Maaacb p3HO — oh coipya-HH'iaa b xypHajie aaa aeBHU «PaccßeT», rae b 1859 r. onyöaHKOBaa He-«oabko CTaTeri, b MacTHocTH, o poMaHe ToHMapoBa «06aoMOB» h o po-MaHe TypreHeBa «ÜBopHHCKoe rae3ao». B paHHHx cbohx BbiCTynaenH-»X k oueHKe npoH3BeaeHHH FlncapeB noaxoan^ npcHMymccTBCHHo c
nOIHUHH 3CTCTHMCCKOH KpHTHKH h n03TOMy, TOBOpfl 0 pOMaHC «06a0-
mob», OTMeMaa b hcm npexae Bcero cipeMaeHHC aBTopa o6teKTiiBHo HJo6pa)KaTb xH3Hb, noaHHTbca HaaxHTeriCKHMH BonpocaMH. Oh noa-^PKHBaa, mto aaa ToHMapoBa xapaicrepHa «noaHa« o6i>CKTHBiiocTb,
cn0KOHHOe ÖeCCTpaCTHOe TBOpMeCTBO, OTCyTCTBHe y3KHX BpCMeHHblX
""ch, npo<paHHpyiouj.Hx HCKyccTBO». «ÜBopaHCKoe mc3ao» TyprcHe-83 nHcapeß Toxe paccMaipHBaeT c 6aH3KHX k screTHMeckoh kphthkc no:>HUHH, ho bero oueHKax yxe npocKaab3biBaaH kphthmcckmc hotm. .
199
PyccKOH .lumepamypua» Kpumuxa XVUI-Hauajia XX eexa
Kuiopwc icyiMH-. HanpMMep. BynpeKax^Hie KaaHTHHoii 3a naccMB-
„„Ctb. ..TtyrCIBHC TBCpaorO B3MWU "3 *H3Hb.
OCJWMHHC íipMHUMIiaM 3CTCTHHCCKOH KPMTHKH HpOaOaXajlOCb
iMiOjiro' B IK6I r. flMcapcB CTanoBHTca coTpyaHHKOM xypnaaa II 'l.i.iiix.itci.ioiu .PyccKoc caouo» 11 DCKope ianii.\iaci n HCM BGJQ „,(-c Meno ( HibiiaM npKa» ahhhocti, Iliicapcim n ero KpHTHHCCKHť MicryibiriiMN craaM bo mhotom onpcaeanTb anno xypnaaa. B to *c itpcMM ijmpMMpyrrcji hoboc «pcaancTHHccKoe», t. e. paanioabHo-aeMOK-
p«TMSeCKOC H aHTM3CTCTM4CCK0C MHp0B033peHHC KpHTHKa. B ueAOM
mm u.iiťii MucapcB iipiubimui oiKaiaibCH oi iipexiiero b3duuu M
lliup.ll\p\ H K AH HIM IIO.WMHTbC IIOHI.1X 110)11111111      HC C IIOIIIIIHI!
,|,m m <m|kbom lucaaii iMa.acTO'iKM apcuHH «pea^bHOH» (|)h;ioco(|)iih.
I, 0) MOK KOTOpOH AC*HT TPC3BOC OCMblCJieHHe (J)aKTOB aCHCTBHTeab-
M.H m On ciaiioiiMicH iiocacioiiareacM ByjlbrapHOro Maiepita.ni im.i N nojMTHBMiMa 0OXT3 m MoacujoTTa, c'iMTaeT, hto rnaBHOc — ocMbicaeime iv.i ii.iiux i|iaKTOH. a uce paiMi.iin.'iciiMH o ;ui;uicktmkc h pa3BMTHH -II m I (|i.iiil.iimi. HO HC OUCHKa flCHCTBHTCJlbHOCTH.
lllll.ipcB BO MHOIOM pa3JlCJIHVl B3MattbI pCBOJIKDUHOHHblX ACMOKDa-m» lomipiUI, HTO CJiejiyCT 3a HcpilbllllCBCKHM h ÄoGpoaioGoBbiM, HO, ICM HC MCIICC, CHHTaa, HTO KaxaOC lipCMH pOXÄSCT CBOH B3DIHAbI, HOBbJC
cyjKACHiiM. h no unce HcoaiioKpaTHo oTMenaa, HTO ccHHac ne coraacw-ťH ftu c AoöpoaKxKiiibiM mi b oanoM Bonpoce. B OTannne ot pcBoaioun-
OMCpoB-ACMOKpaiOII McpUblUICBCKOlO M üo6poaK)60Ba, KOTOpblC paTO-
iliui li H.ipoanyio pCBoaiouHlO m naiipan.HL'111 cnoio acmeAbHOCT* M npooyxKHHC KpccTbHHCKoro B03MymcHMH, ľlHcapeB BbiaBHiiya HHy» koHiicmiMK) nporpccca h oomecTBCHHoro pa3BHTHH, KOTopa« n onpeac-iii i.i ciDcvAacHHH n .iMTcparype. On yniepxiiaa, hto na aii hu. MDXHO
MHHTI. .'1BVMH CIIOCOOaMH — MeXaHHHCCKHM (T. C. pCBOAKDUHOHHbIM) »
ObMHM KRM llpíľicM Kpn i UK noancpKHBaa, hto napoaeme hcoco3HU1 OOM,oh tcmch.fícciipancH, iicBcxecnieii n emcaeayci paiBHBaTb,a.in
nOrO HCOÖXO.IHM K3K pa3 BTOpoií CHOCOÖ H HyXHbl HOBblC aiOaH, KOT0-
pux oh na lutku peaaMcraMH. B -lacrnocTM, oh roBopna, hto «pcaaMCT-,TO'" "P«»RcpnTToabKocBoeMynpaKTHHecKOMyonbiTy,onii-
P-ICKM lUOMCBIUIIHCltWKTbl.aCaaCT IUHMX npHMblC llblBOflbl M V KOI"
poro caouo HC pacxoairrcH c acaoM. Peaancr cöpacbiBaeT c cc6h Bce mcm-lartibHoc. raflaTCAbnoc k3k iipohmchuh caaöocTH, orpaHHHCHHOCTii I ABxe bnucmcdmn. pcaaMCT He cBopaHHBaeT c oaHaxabi BbiôpaHHOH iio-rwM. iicHcniycT no y6c*acnHio h noaroMy totob k caMonoxcpTBOBa-MiiHi" Ucu JTMXpcaaHCTOB-pacnpocrpaHeHHe b Hapoae m boouiecrBC noKHiux HayMHbix iiiaHiui h hach, Boco6eHHocTH coBpesteHHoroetrc-
;iumepamypnan KpumuKa nm<>V<>i* no.ioouHbi XIX aeica
200
cTB03HaHHH. ToabKO ecTecTBeHHbie HayKH, no mhchhio ľlncapeBa, mo-ryr npoôyaHTb oômecTBO, bhccth b Hero co3HaHtie, kohkpcthoc hchuc-anH3HpoBaHHoe npeacTaaaeHHe o6 3tom MHpe m b kohchhom more H3-MíľiuiTb cymecTByioijjyio aeiícTBHTeabHocTb.
ľlporpaMMHOM CTaTbeíí ľlHcapeBa, b KOTopoíí pa3BKBaiOTCB 3th Mucaw,cTaaa paôoTa «PeaaHCTbi» (1864). ÍIphhcm kpmtmk6bia iibinyx-acH npH3HaTb, hto b pea^bHOM >km3hh noKa eme HeT «pcaaHCTOB» — iioübixaioaeM m «npaKTMHecKMX paöoTHHKOB»; «>J xoTca roBopHTb o pyc-CKOM pcaaM3Me h CBea pa3roBop Ha oipnuaTeabrioe HanpaaaeHHC b pyc-cKoií aHTcpaType... Beab b caMOM aeae, ToabKo b oanoii aHTepaType m upoHBaHaocbaocHX nop xoTb HTO-HHÔyabcaMOCTOHTeabHoc HaeHTeab-hoc». KoHKpcTHbiM BoruiomeuHCM baHTepaiypcTHna pcaancTaoh chm-Taa o6pa3 Ba3apoBa, xapaKTepHCTHKe KOToporo nocBHTHa paôoiy «Ba-upoB» (1862).
ľlHcapeB 6bia OTKpbiTbiM npoTHBHHKOM cyiuecTByiomHx nopüAKOB, ne npH3biBaa k «MexaHHHecKOMy» (peBoahouHOHHOMy) hx h3mchchhk),
OH, TCM HC MeHee, aOCTaTOHHO PC3KO BblCKa3blBaaCH O HHX. B HaCTHO-
aH, b 1862 r. b Gpouiiope, HanncaHnorí b 3amHTy TcpucHa npoTHB Kae-iicthhmcckhx H3MbiujacnHií b ero aupec arcHTa uapcKoro npaBHTcab-cTBaöapona O.M. (PpnKca, BbicTynHBLuero noa nccBaoHHMOM «liJeao-OeporrH», oh nncaji: «Hn3Bcp)KCHne öaaionoaynHO uapcTByioiucH amiacTHH PoviaHOBbix h H3MCHeHHe noaHTHnecKoro h oöuicctbchhoio cjpoH cocTaBaneT eaHHCTBeHHyK) ueab h Haacxay bccx hccthux rpax-aan Pocchh». M aa^ce: «ÄHHacTHH PoMaHOBbix h ncTcpöyprcKaH 6io-poxpaTHH aoaxHbi norHOHyrb. <...> To, hto mcptbo h mnao, aoaxno caMocoĎoiocBaaHTbca BMornay; h HaM ocTaneTCflToabKoaaTbHM noc-•leaHHH ToanoK h 3a6pocaTb rpa3bio hx CMepaHiUHe Tpynbi». 3Ta pa6o-Ta nooiyxHaa npHHHHoií apecTa ľIncapeBa h 3ai<aioHeHHH ero b ľleT-PoiiaaaoBCKyio KpenocTb, rae oh npoBca 4 roaa (1862—1866). Haxo-Mcb b 33KaioHeHHH, oh npoaoaxaji 3kthbho coTpyaHHnaTb b xypHaac h nanwcaa aocTaTonno mhoto cTaTevi csMoro p33noro xspaKTepa.
ľlHcapeB CHHTaa, hto HacTaao HOBoe Bpevin, KOTopoMy HyxHa ho-MflaHTcp3Typ3, a BpeMH riyujKHHa h ibroa« yxe b npouiaoM. 3t3 Mbicab HeoaHOKpaTHo BbicKa3biBaaacb bo mhothx ero CTaTbax. Oh ncpccMOT-W h cBoe OTHouieHHe k TeM nHcaTeaflM, o KOTopux roBopna psHce. Tax, b cTaTbe «riHceMCKHH, TypreHeB, ToHHapoB» (1861) rincapcB ot-•Uct "PeanoHTeHHe He ToHHapoBy h TypreHeBy, 3 flnccMCKOMy, CHHTaa, '"o b ero npoH3BeaeHHflx OKpyxsiomsH aeHCTBHTcabHOCTb npeacraeT ^oň, KaK 0Ha ecTb, h hto eMy cbohctbchch cToab neooxoaHMbiH b "acTOHaiee bpcmh «Tpe3Bbiŕi, peaabHbiH B3raHa Ha MHp». ToHHapoB xc, .
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PyccKUM Aumepamypnan KpumuKa XVIII   ttauajia XX «eng
. MUCHU*) KpHTHKA, (ÚIMKC K CT0DOHHHK3M «HMCTOTO MCKyCCTBa..
Icnep. lliu.ipcii vac ne paccsiaTpHHHCT OfwioMona KaK Twn pyccKoň
AM IHM. ■ MalipolHH. C'IMTaCT, hto 3TO o6pa3 IipRfly M3HHbl h, KaK m 06-
;..i i MiK.ipoKi n |H)MaHc «HaKaHyHC» Typieiieiw.
I i.niii\Ki(x)pi/)y lliicapcii líca iipomii «4HCTOro HCKycCTBa», iiaciaii
IMM MA hucokoh (tfUlCCTBCHHOM 3H3HHMOCTH M nO/ie3HOCTH IipOHJBCJlC-
Hiiii McixyccTBa: «Tojimcoto HCXyCCTBO hmcct npaßo Ha cyinccTiionaniic, KOTopoc tipiKBcmacT napo/a, bhocht b ero co3HaHHe k3khc-to hobuc iucm». 3ry laariy bcbocbpcmh MtnOJlHSinH iieanKne xyjioxHMKH cjioBa, laioic, Kau ilaurc hjiii IlJcKcniip. «K coAajieuHio, cpcan Hac, — CHHTaer lliicipcii. - noaotjiibix TiiranoB mbiciih hct». B cobpcmchhoh /íHTepaTy-
dc. ii.ilipilMcp. b IBopHCCTBC 0X'T3, OH BHJIHT 06pa3Ubl TOľO, KaK XyflCOK-
hhk yxann ot pcaabnoíi jkmjhh b mhp MCHTaniiH. Oh CHMraeT, mto Bcaii-OM qOKBDODCOM moxxct najbiBaibCH ToabKO tot, kto peujaer rao6aai>-Mbic hoiipocu, Koropwc aicryaabHbi ww cerojiHflUJHero /j.hh, hto xy/jo*-
lllllv  lllOo «TMT8H B ailTCpüType», JWOO «K03HBK3, KOnaK)UI3HCH B UBC-
TOMHofl nbiiiH*. K TaKMM «KojHBKaM» oh othochji A.A. OcTa. MyBCTBa,
HOOOIUHHC Kp.ICOI.imii lipiipoai»l. 110 cio mhciihk), B ikic I OHI I icc HpC\ľ-i
mmkom\ ne iivaiiw Ilncapcn6bia hc o/j.mhok bcbocm noÄxoae k HCKyc-ititv. i|xin mokucah vac iiaMci iiaaci. Takaw iciuicmuiiíi iipiiopiiici.i ccrctnicHMo ii.ivhhi.ix mamin h upniiHAenHC pojiH HCKyccTBa, hkoou "in (ck.ikmiicio hc lOBCKa 01 pe.tai.iii.ix Hiiacimii aciiciiiirie.ii.nociH.
llMcapcna HcpcnKO iiaibiiiaaM h naibmaiOT «pa3pyujHTcacM sctcth-km- (,h i'lHiaa. hto KicíHKa KaK nayKa ne cyiuccrnycr, nocKoabKV tioMHTHH o npcKpacHOM h BociipHHTHC KpacoTbi y Kaacaoro HCaOBCKa
cboc, CyÔVľKTMBHOC. A 083 T3K, TO 3CTCTHK3 KaK HayKa HCMe33CT, nOTO-
m\ -no n cc očnom: učí laKOHon, KOTopwc aoaaciibi GbiTb y aio6oH Ha-
VM'   " ">Vl 11 "POCTO b BOCIipHHTHe, B laCTb (pH3H0a0ľMH M
i hi lienu KpiiTHK 6bia ytácauieH, hto HyxHO cyaHTb o6 HCKyccTBe c tom-mi iiH-iiiiH clo no a mm h hto raaBHoc b hcm coacpx.hmc. Oh pe3K0 h
HUik.lll.llu.kHO TOM, HTOXyaOAHHK HKOfibl niopni 110 HM BMCTHCHHOMV BaoXHOBCHHK). ľlo mhciihk) lliicapcua. HO
iMiiib iiycTuc pairoBopw, a xyaoxxHHK Mo*eT üOHecTH ao aioaefl Toab-KOCWH xopouio npoayMauHuc MbicaH, KOTopwe ToabKO h jioaxHa oiie-
HHIUTI. tvpHTHKa
BucryíiaH iipontB «HHCToro MCKyccTBa», riHcapcB nepcflKO boo6-»"c oipMuaa poab MCKyccraa b cobpcmchhoh xmshh. 3thm mo*ho < ...Ho,,,,,. ,,„HB ,omu. cio CTaibH .nyiUKHH ., BeJIHHCKHlt. (1865). B «toc una.1 riMcapcBa .pajpyujHTcacM. 3ctcthkm h HCKyccTBa, oiiupa-OTOi tccraa hmchho Ha ary craTbK). Kphthk oôpaTHiicH k I^BDOÄ
H|XIIII
t m r)
.lumepamypnaR KpumuKa ,;„itii>oit nojioeunbt XIX eena
nO0W «HJÖaBHTb» ny6jlHKyOT«3CTeTHHeCKOrO MHCTHUHJMa, KOTOpbIM
r.iyôoKO 3apaxen BeriHUCKMíí h ot KOToporo He cobccm yöcpercH jiaxc
Jo6poaio60B». flpH 3t0m riHCapeBOTpHUajI CMblCa H 3HaHCHHC ri033HH
Hoofiiue h yTBepxaari, hto hosťom «moaho caeaaTbca tohho laK ac, UKMOAHOCTaTbaaBOKaTOM, npoQbeccopoM, ny6aHUHcroM, cano*nn-
KOM HaH HaCOBLUHKOM».
üan «aorHHecKoro» flOKa3aTeabCTBa 6eccMbicacnHOCTH no33HH flyuiKima rincapeB Ta k KOMMeHTupoBaa ero npoH3BeacnHH, hto pai-pyujaa caMy cTHXOTBopHyio (popMy h «nepeiiHCbiBaa» iiyiiiKHiicKHC cth-xnnpo3oŕi. 3aaanH0CTbBbicTynaeHHH nucapeBanpoTiiB riyiuKMiiacbh-lana h TCM, hto cbok) 3aüaHy kphtmk amen b BbicTyrijicHHH npoTHB cto-
POIIHHKOB «HHCTOrO HCKyCCTBa», ľlOSTOMy OH h paJBCHHHBaCT IlyUlKH-
naKaKHX«HüeiiHoroBO>KjiH». riHcapeBpaccMaTpHBariTBopHecTBO ľlyua-KHiia t3k, KaK CMy öbijio HyxHO. Oh oÔBHHHa nosTa b npe3pcHHH k Ha-po/jy, nocTaBHa 3naK paBeHCTBa Mexay HapoaoM h ToanoM, cbctckoh,
*ypHaaHCTCK0H (CCblJiaflCbHaCTHXOTBOpeHMU «ri03T», «ri03Ty», «ľl03T
HToana» hap.)h o6tjHbhji FlyujKMHa HCHapoaHbiM h hcccpi>cjhi>im no-iroM. Paccy>Kaafl o poMaHe «EßreHHH Ohcthh», nHcapcnoanoBpcMen-iiüiicpccMaTpHBaeTcyjKaeHMH BejiMHCKoro. CaM rincapeB cucnui Ohc-riiHa He «CTpajiaioiijMM stohctom», a 6c3aeai.HHKOM, h poMaH b ucaoM ne iipn3HaBa^ hh «3HUHKjione.ij.Hen"», hh HapoanuM npOIUBCaCHHCM. KpiiTHK He cyMea (aa h He xoTcn) noHHTb rayôHHy o6pa3a Onenina kbk npoHBaeiiMe Be-iHoro HauHOHajibHoro ™na. rincapeB cTpcMHacH ne ToabKO noaBcprHyrb cyyay n nepeoueHHTbTBopnecTBO no3Ta, ho h bmh-
BHTb OUJHÖKH BcaHHCKOrO, KOTOpblíí, K3K OH CHHTaJl, HC yBM/JXa IIO/J-
iiiiiHoro ľlyujKHHa, a TaKxe yôeaHTb HHTaTcaH b tom, hto nopa ncpe-cTaTb npcKJiOHHTbc« nepea nyuiKHiibiM.
nocyTH, riHcapeB He ToabKO hc cyMea h He 3axoTea noHHTb jctcth-'icckoh uchhocth nyujKHHCKoro TBopnecTBa, ho h nocraiiMa noji co-
^HCHlie BaXHOCTb M UeHHOCTb BCJ1HKHX np0H3BejlCHHM pyccKOÍí aHTe-
PaTypu b ueaoM KaK ann oômecTBa, TaK m mh OTücabHoro ncaoBCKa. Ann Hero noaoxHTeabHbiMH, aeiícTBHTeabHbiMH repou m h b ahjhh h •iHTcpaType 6bijin TO/ibKO npaKTHMHbie h üeaoiibie aioan, no/ioÖHbie re-P°»m poMaiia HepHbiuieBCKoro «Mto aeaaTb?». UHcapcBy TaKxe chm-
"aTlIHHbl aiOÄM, KOTOpbie BCerO B >KM3HH /JOÖHBaiOTCH COGCTBCHHbIM
h^yaoM, OTcioaa no/ioxHTe/ibHbie oT3UBbi o reponx npoioBcacHHii ľlo-M,W0BCKoro «MoaoTOB» h «MeiuaHCKoe cnacTbe» (cTaTbíi «PoMaH kh-cc*íhoh aeByuiKH»). MoaoTOB juw Hero üeücTBHTeabHO repoií. koto-PuH ^eroaoôancH cbohm TpyaoM h HHTeaJieKTOM, ho oh ero enpaßea-,lHB°ynpeKaeT b npeBpaujeHHH b o6biB3Tejin, cymecTBOBSHHH 6e3 ueaw
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