Pycctca» jiumcpamypnaa Kpumuxa X VIII—nanaJia XX aexa uiOTJL'iaHTa. ľbro/ib nnc&i, mto oöuicctbo ewe """l""rl""*"' .' ||0||Hn, i-HOp'ICCTIlO llyniKHiia, H KOľopOM OH IUI SSĽľ,J^ufl H HHCBpCMCHHOfl OÖJ1HK HCTMHHOľO HOST*. H M 1MHMC 01 60 ILllJHMCTBa MHTaTCJieH M B OCOÔeHHOCTM KpHTHKOB MKMCMM Iímouäm BbicoKyiooiicHKy noMHeií nyujKHHCKOM npo-Tnmm ■< mWMUrvr npoM3BCneHHHX nosTa «MMcroTy n 6C3B.C- ' „...... •HCMIHHO pyCCKHC XapaKTCpbl». B H033MH JlcpMOHTO- w luio.11. »iMC'i.i i .upninaKH TiuianTa iiepitocTeneHHoro», ho tobo-PM.1 h ocioucJoipaatiocTii, «6c30'iapoBannn», a o ero npose otoskuch MM mMAmCHMTOBpeMeHH: «Hhkto ewe 11c nHcaji y ik.c raxofl mm "•'<"». iipcKpacMO« H 6:iaioyxanno>i nposoii. Ty 1 mu.10 00:11,111c WlU.1C.ll.>. B.1CHC!BHTC;il.H0CTl.*H3HII - lOTOIHl.'IOI OvaVllIMU BĽ III khH xmbohmccu pyccKoroöuTa...». Hvia Ic l ICM ľolO.'lb CKOpÔHT O TOM, MTO B COBpCMeHHOH JIHTepaTy- pc iiowi čim- učí ofipaia biiojihc pyccKoro McnoBeKa b tom Maeane, b • 1 6uTb:«... no'J3HH Hauia He Bbipa3HJia HaM uHrae pyc- ■ i 11IIO.IHC, MU B TOM Uíkwie, B KaKOM OH flOJDKCH 6blTb, HH n toll ikuimimmciMMcmu, B K3K0Ü oll nunc CCTb». B ocHoiK iiccx cyxaciwH o ;iHTepaType h HCKyccTBe otmctjihbo ii|xk MarpHMCTCH oco6bift B3MHA IorojiH Ha PoccHK) — B3rjiíiÄ npa-MKJMMHoto xpiKTnaiiHna, co3Haiomcro, mto ôyaymee npouBeTaHHC h itoipox.iciiiic crpain.i h iiapoaa b boccocahhchhh c UepKOBbio, B xyxoBHOM iicpcycTpoHCTBc xaxaoro, b onope Ha JiyMUJiie /lyxoBiiuc M.ťi.1.1,1 M.111MOH.1.11.11010 xapaKTcpa. Cnoio Kiniry 011 cmia.i «HCtlO-KAM» u- mm; KOTopbiH npoBcn HCCKOJibKO JieT bhvtph ce6a», b nuopnit X01CI •'inciotcp;icMHo noKajan. ncKOTopi.ie 0111.111.1 Han cofon. m Mc h mo tc, me noMonia mhc pejiHrna b HccnenoBanHH ayuiii •icioBcua...». Knura toiuiM f)u.ia Bpaxac6no BcipcieHa nyôJíHKoii h kphtmk3MH, lipiHCM K.IK ranaOHHKilMH— ľepilCHblM, EOTKHHblM H AHHCHKOBIJM. T3K Ht. UllMM HeT, BnccapnoH rpnropi.cBHM, He^b3H cyjiHTb o pyccKOM Hapoae to m y, kto npoxm bck b rieTcpôypre, B 3AHSTMX xypHa^bHbiMH CTaTeíÍKaMH...». B OTnpaBJiCHHOM riMCbMe Toro^bBbic-K33ajicH ropa3no cüepxaHHee h noxeaaa BcjiHHĽKOMy «cnoKOMCTiiiiH .lymeBHoro». JlHMHocTb h TBopMecKoe Hádejme Bhc-capHoiia rpHropbeBHMa EejiHHCKoro (1811— 1848) cocTamiHioT ueny\o snoxy b hctophh oTC'iecTBeHHoíi ^HTepaTypHoří kphthkm. BciHHCKOro B hctophh JiHTepaTypHoří KpH-TiiKH Bno^He mo>khocpaBHHTbc A.C. riyuj- KIIHblM B OTeMeCTBeHHOM CJIOBeCHOCTH — °H T3K Xe «BejlHKHH HaMHH3TeJIb» H «Be- "IHKI1M npoüoaxaTe^b». DC^MHCKHM — C03aaTe^b OpHTHHajlb-HOÍÍ KOHUenUHH P33BHTHH JíHTepaTypbi, °^H0B3HH0H Ha TBOpMeCTBe A.C. ilyiii- K1,»a. M.K). JlepMOHTOBa h H.B. ľoro- KpHTHKa im« Be^HHCKoro — «npnKJiaaHan 3CTeTHKa», hmchho eMy npHHaajiexHT MeCTb 0K0HM3TeJIbH0r0 OfpOpM.lCHHfl peaJIHCTH 139 9 PyccKOH jiumepamypnan Kpumuxa XVIU-nataJia XX eeica .iHTcpaTypnoii kphthkh. EejiHHCKHÍí o6ocHOBa.i iařvoMbHoK iuko/ih m «rorojieBCKoro» HanpaujicnnH b;ih- KIMiype H UPHTMKC oc Kaacaotí hwk-h p.iGoiu, oi ncGo/ibiiioií pencil inn ;io c.'iOAHoro 1111 k, i ;i. ľHC CtO CyXUlCHHH HC yTpaTH/lM CBOCľO 3H3MCHHH 0.O CHX ľlOp, MHOľOC m ccM'i.u cíne ne iiohhto h ne pacKpbiTO, ho HHorfla ero cy^tacHim JKMOH> ipitpVKM IHWIHVK) 3CTCTHMCCKyiO MyXOTy H He BbUiepXHBaiOT hmmkoii KpiiiiiKU. BciHHCttfl Oi.i.i mc.iouckom yiuícKaioiHiiMCii. IMO iiHoiLtibiiUM. TyprcHCB BcnoMHHan, mto npw nepBOM 3hhkomctbc sto 6tM ckomhhuh. e/jBa roBopHBUiHH le/ioBeK, ho Korna 3aTparMBajin HiitcpccyioiuHc ero Bonpocbi, oh npeo6pa)Ka^cH, CTaHOisHJicH TpHĎy- MOH C'OBCpUJCHHOnpaBBOUCHKe Be/iHHCKoro ľOHMapOB — «3T0 6U.1 mu, l> IMIRKMli opiailMHHO BOCIipHHHJI TpaUHUHH OT fleKaÔpMCTCKOlí KpNWtt, iicHHHincH couMa^bHyio HanpaBJícHHocTb h rpaxcaaHCTBCH-Hocn. iHTcpaTypu; ot «MocicoBCKoro Te.nerpa(pa» GpaTbeB iloneßbix n HueXJHIia MWOIMOflCMOKpaTHMHOCTH^HTepaTypbl, npHHUHnbl OUCH-KM C TOMKH ípCHHH BCpHOCTH flCHCTBHTejlbHOCTM, HapOUHOCTb, HďíOTO-PMCOUCHKH TBOpHCCTBa ílyUJKHHa H ľbrOJlH. B UeJlOM >Ke OT KPHTHKH MKOB Bcihhckmm yHaoieaoBaHbi unajieKTHKa — npHHunn pac- IB.1CHHH B CTO P33BHTHH H MHOTOrpaHHOCTH H HC" -IHTCpaTypbl C n03HUHH OTpaJKeHHfl HCTOpHHeCKO- i Miiipciiim ,iio6 tiipn im. t. e. om to 6wTM» h ziyxa napojia C TOMKH jpC *i mojkho Bbwe^HTbTpn nepnona eioae (rre^bHocTH1. • 1834—1836 rr., BpeMH coipyaHHwecTBa b «Te/iecKonc» h «Mo;ibc» H.H. HaaoKflHHa. IlepnoÄ cTaHoancHH« KpHTH'iecKoro MeToaa h nimm BciMHCKoro. Hanôoriee 3HaiiHMbie paöora sToro BpevieHH: «JlHTepaTyp-Hbie McrraHHH (3^e™« b npo3e)» (1834), «0 pyccKoií noBCCTH h noiiecTHX r. TororiH» (1835), «Hhmto o hhmcm» (1836). B sto bdcmh 6i.uih SMQgttMM ocHOBbi HCTopHKO-^HTepaTypHoŕí KOHuenuHH BeriHHCKoro, oôbcHonano pasac^cHHe no33HH Ha «pearibHyio» h «H^earibHyio», noHATne o itapoano-CTH (b tom MHCJie o ziHaJieKTHMecKOM eüHHCTBc HapoflHocTH HHjiuero no-paaKa — Bepnoro H3o6pa>KeHHJi KapTHH pyccKotí wiohh; m iiapo^iiocTH Bbiciiicro nopajKa, t. e. OTpaxeHHH ocoöoroiiyxa h HanpaBJícHMH pyccKoii jcHCTBHTejibnocTH);í[aHbi oueHKH TBopMecTBa ľoro^H m ero npefluiecTBCH-iiiiKOB, h ľoro^b npoB03rjiaujeH «rjiaBOH pyccKoii jiMTepaTypu». ÜCHTejibHOCTb BeriHHCKoro — nepeBOimHKa, pcuen3eHTa h kphth-Ka HaMHHacTCH b xypHajie HaaoKflHHa «TejiecKon» b 1834 r. h npcpbi-BaeTCH npMMcpHO Ha noriTopa rofla b cbh3h c 3aKpbiTHeM >KypHajia b 1836 r. 3a aaa c He6ojibiuHM roaa oh onyô^HKOBa^ b «TcnecKone» h • MoriBe» cBbiuje 100 cTaTeíí, peueH3Híí, o63opoB, 33mctok. «JlHTepaTypHbie Me'rraHHH» — nepBbiň cepbC3HbiH kpmth>icckhíí onbiT Be^HHCKoro. A ecTb^H y Hac jíHTepaTypa? Ha stot Bonpoc yxe üaBanH OTpnuaTe^bHbiH otbct KHpeeBCKHií, HaüexcuHH h ^pyrne. Be-•iHHCKHH CMHTaeT, MTO o ^HTepaType mo)kho cyflHTb To^bKO Toraa, Kor-aa OHa OTpaxaeT caM0C03HaHne Hapoaa. B Pocchh oh He bhíiht TaKoH flMTepaTypbi, 3a hckjhomchhcm AepxaBHHa, 0HBH3HHa, KpbiJioBa, rpn6oeaoBa m riyujKHHa. Bce ocnunbHoe — noÄpa)KaTeribHoe. Mto TaKoe HCKyccTBO? 3aaaMa HCKyccTBa, no mhchhio KpHTHKa, — OTpajKaTb zibixaHHe Be^HKOíí h bcmhoh men. Bcjihhckhh b 3to BpeMH HaxoaHricH noa o6anHneM HCMeuKoM uriaccHHCCKOH (Jihjiocoíphh, 6bw "fieHOM KpywKa CTaHKeBHia, rae M3yMa^H Hac^eane Tercn«, Ohxtc, UJe^HHra. Bcticíi 3a hcmcukhmh (J)H^oco(paMH Bcihhckmm yTBep>K-mto h/jxh Hüea^bHa, a xH3Hb HecoBepuJCHiia. Ho Koraa Bc^hhc-KHň HaMHHaji cyjiHTb o TBopwecTBe toto HJiH HHoro nncaTe^fl, oh bo MHorOM K3K 6bl OTXOflH^ OT Hüea/IHCTHHeCKMX npeaCTaBJlCHHH H rOBO- npHHHTo T3K)Ke iie^eHHe TBopnecKoň aesiTe^bHOCTH Be^HHCKoro Ha mockobc-m (1834-1839) m ncTepöyprcKHii ncpiioflu (1840-1848) anil, bcootbctctbiih c "MaiiMHMH, b KOTopux oh coTpyüHHia^: «TejiecKon» h «Mo^Ba» — 1834—1836; 'MocKOBcKiiň Ha6^K)iiaTenb» - 1837—1839; «OrciecTBeHHbic 3amicKH» m <1mtc-^rypHue nPH6aaneHHfl k «PyccKOMy HHBanany» (1840-1846); ♦Cobpcmchhmk» -'W7—1848. 140 141 Pycacau AumepamypuaH KpumuKu XV/// nami.ia XX m-Ka OHKPCTMOM OTpaXCHHH jlCttCTBMTCJIbHOCTH. ripCAUICCTBCHHM-ItiIXWCHMMKH KpHTHKU IlblTlUlHCb BbICTpOHTb nCpHOAH3aUHIO (HOBHKOB, KapaM3MH,)KyKOBCKHH H^p.). KílK M OHM, Bc-1U«)*C BI4JC1HCT JTanw CC paJBHTMH: nepBbitt — JIOMOHOCOBC-MftÍMIMinie KlitCCHHH )Mil). BTOpOÍi - K3paM3HHCKHÍÍ (paCllBCT CCH-IIIVICMIX1H JM8) TpCTMÍÍ - nylIlKHHCKHH (BpCMH pOM3HTH3Ma), 3 T3K-*C IOHOOH1 O MCIBCPTOM - npOJaHMCCKM-HapOaHOM, COBpeMCHHOM BHMM I I.IHMOC CIO BHIIMaHHC COCpCflOTOHCHO H3 TOM, MTOĎbl IIOK.l- mtv tro » pyccicoA mrrcpaType cdb tchíkhiíhh k oTpaxeHHio o6me- l IKHlItlIf ťillH.IIIHH. OH ClipaBCJUHBO CMHTSUI - CCTb MHOrO HO3T0B H km. ho hci no;ipo6HoroaHawjajiMTcpaTypHoro npouecca mn MMiplIHlI I | " H0CaMKpHTHKB«JlMTCpaTypHblXMC1Ta- I0CHOHHOM BMpa*aCT lipCHMyiUCCTBCHlK) CBOH MyBCTBa H 3M0-IIIIH HO HOBQSy TBOptCCTBa TCX HJIH HHbIX aBTOpOB. 3T0 3MOUHOHaJIb- m iiipinccKoc Hanajio craHCT oTJiHMMTejibnoíí ocoGenHocrbio noira KCX paHHHX CT.ITCH BcjlMHCKOrO. I IpMIIIIHIIHiLlbHbIH liporpaMMHl.lH XapaKTCp HOCHJia CT3TbH BcíIHH-ťKOM) «() pyCCKOH HOBCCTH H nOBCCTflX T. lOrOJ]H» (1835), B KOTOpOM • i min amop itbuacTCH cacnaTb o6o6iuaiouiHe BbiBOiibi o pyccKoii iMirpiirypc 11 HCKyccTBC n uciom. Kphthk nunsmer Hacani>uoc h pe- .1 ii.iiik- ll.llip.lllIťHIIH B I1033HH, UHiW B HHX H HCTOpHMeCKMC nepMOJlbl ii tunu lonmcRM cnocoGu OTpa>KCHMH fleMcTBHTe^bHOCTH, onpcac- IMCI \ap.lKTCpilOC CBOiKTBOCOBpCMCHHOH pyCCKOÍÍ JTHTCpaTypbl — TOC- noacTMi npoiaiíMCCKHX UHpos: poMaHa m noBecTH, CHHTaH HX «(|iop- M.IMH lipCMCHH» Bc.lHHCKMH TO'IH0 y/IOBHJI 3T0T MOMCHT B pa3BHTHH inrcp.ii>TWoronpoiiccca. I) IS30-C rr. HHTaioiuasi nyojiHKa n3MCHitnacb— roi kjhi •iur.no ten fn.i.i mchcc hojhotobjich k BOcnpMMTMio no33HH, ii|*>i.i HV.|f)U.iafviH*C. ÍK.iMHCKMH no;ipo6HO xapaKTepMjycT TBopMecTBO nMcaTejieií-po-M.miiuím A. BccryjKCBa-MapjiHHCKoro, H. IlojieBoro, H. naBJíoBa, M l.iAciHHKOBa, M. laiocKHHa. Oh oTaacT hm aoaxHoe, ho otmcm3-<•! tn ne* íTaflHTcpaTypnaH npoayKUHH hc hrct b cpaBHeHHe c npoH3-HMMMM iiMcaTCjiH «*h3hm flcřicTBHTCJibHOií» — IorojiH. KpHTHKiial ■ l"""JtiHr.iy6oKniíaHa^H3TBopMccTBa IbrojiH, paccMOTpon c6op-inikH •Mnpiopoji> h «Apa6ccKH», noawcpKHBafl cbh31> npoM3BcacHitii niKa™1' C PeMWOH flCHCTBMTCJlbHOCTbK). EeJlHHCKMM OTMCiaeT 0AHY ■(■KTepHylo oco6cHHOCTb TBopnccTBa íbrojisi, BCTynaa no 3TOMy no- ■0«yBmi.1C\1IIKyCflpyrHMH KpMTHKaMH, KOTOpbie BHHeJlM y ÍOrOJlfl T0.1b" ■•Opacil. k M>MH'icCKOMy H.1H «6C3HpaBCTBeHHOCTb(HanpHMCp,C ( CHMIKKMM): I <)l O.ICIICK11M CMeX, HPOHHH, HO erO MHeHMK), He T3K U2 . /umcpamypnaa KpumuKa naitioit noAoanHM XIX nena yx Bece^bi, ohm HaBCBaioT rpycTb. CaMoe MaMtiM cocto«jio b tom, hto Bcjihhckhh npoB03macHJi Toro^H cwc npn xh3hh riyiiJKHHa raaBoii hoboh pyccKoii JWTepaTypbi. 3to 6bmo CBH3aHo bo mhotom c tcm, mto kphthk HaaooueHMBaa no3iiHee tbopmcctbo riyuiKHHa, hc noHH^i ho-MTopcKoro xapaKTepa ero npo3bi. OC06CHHO BaíKHOÍÍ JXJIH nOHHMaHHH HOBbIX IipiHllIHnOB xypnaJiHC-THKH M KpHTHKH, BBOaHMblX BeJIMHCKHM, CTa^a CrO CTaTbH «Hh'ITO O Mii'ieM» — nepBbiH onbiT roaoBoro o63opa. • B 1838 r. EejiHHCKHií 6bw npHrjraiijen BJKypHajr «Mockobckhíí na-6^iojiaTejib», b kotopom b 1838—1839 rr. eran BeayuiMM kpmtmkom. B MacHHO-TBopHecKoíí 3BO/HOUMH KpHTHKa HacTynacT ncpMoa «lipHMH- DCHHH C JlCIÍCTBHTe.TbHOCTblO*. B 3TO BpeMH OH, K3K H flpyiHC M/lCHbl KpyxKa daHKeBHMa b 30-e rr., nbiraacn HaňTH OTBCTbi Ha xHBorpene-myiUHe Bonpocbi coBpeMeHHofí pyccKoii fleiícTBHTeabHocTH b (|>h^oco-(|)iui. A;ih Be^HHCKoro r;iaBHbiM CTaHOBMTca Te3Hc Tcrc^H, KOTopbiíi mo-.lo^bic noKJioHHHKH ((jH^ocotpMH ynpouieHno ii He Bccraa kphthmho IipHMCHHJIH K 06T>HCHeHHK) »B.1CHHH OĎIHeCTBCHHO-^HTCpaTypHOH XM3- hh: «Bce aeiícTBHTeabHoe pa3yMH0, Bce pftSyXHOG ;iciicTBHTeabno». M. BaKyHHH b npeflHCJioBHH k nepcBOiiy «rHMna3MMCCKHX peiicH» Tere- ;lfl npOB03MaCH^, MTO «npHMHpeHHe C fleHCTBHTeJlbHOCTblO bo bccx cc <|)opMax h BHjax — bot a^b(pa h OMera naiuero bpcmchh». C stoh tomkh jpCHMfl m Bcjihhckhh Haujeji HeKOTopbie OTBCTbi ii noaTBcp>icaeHH« CBO-hm BonpocaM h coMHeHHAM. MbicjTH o couHa^bnoH necnpaBejuiHBOc-th KpenocTHM'iecTBa, 3ByMaBUJHe Bero cTaTbH.x, auropTcnepb ncpecMaT-PHBaeT h npHHHMaeT cyiuecTByiomyio XH3Hb KaK peajibHyio jiaimocTi, (TaK xe h Terc^b npHHMMan npyccKyio Monapxnío KaK HueanbHyio). B tom *eayxc Bcjihhckhm nHcan h o caMoacp>KaBHH, MOHapXH3MC h t. a. Han6oace no^HOSTii npHMHpeniiecKHe mrjiHau Hauiaii OTpa>KCHHC Bero peueH3HHx «BopoaHHCKaH roflOBiuHHa», «OwepKH Bopo/iMHCKoro cpa>KCHHH», CTaTbnx «MeHuejib — kphthk TcTe», «TaM^eT B. UJeKcnH-Pa- McianoB b po^H TaM^eTao h «R>pe OTyMa», HanHcaHHoií bcbh3H c nyĎJiMKauHeii no^HoroTeKCTaKOMeaHH b 1835 r. Ha npHMcpe3TOHCTa- Tbll MOXHO yBHfleTb, K;ik Be^HHCKHii nblTajlCHOUeHHBaTb XVflOJKCCTBeH-"We npOH3BCflCHHH C HOBbIX HfleťÍHblX n03HUHÍÍ. KpHTHK OTKa3bIB3CT c'iTHpc b npaBe Ha3bmaTbCH xyjio)KecTBehhhm npoH3BeaenncM, npoTH-"onocTaBjíaeT KOMeanio rpH6oeaoBa «PeBM3opy» kbk npoH3BCflcnHe He-"yflOKccTBCHHoe, nocKo^bKy 3aaana aBTopa cocTOH^a, no ero mhchhio, 8o5^hie3aeT. Oco6hm 06- Wjom KpHTHKTpaKTyeTMauKoro. Tepoíí komcahm, no ero mhchhio, CTpa 143 PyccKOH jiumepamypiiau tcpumuKu X VIII —HanaJia XX aena ^ ,,rli „oiOMy HTO yWMUft HCJIOBCK HC CT3HCT npOM3HOCHTb HHMCM HC MIIUM.UIIHUC pc'tM Bob, paj (JwMycoBCKoe oGmecTBo cymccTBycT, to uMHocib. ono paiyMHO, a BbicTynaTb npoTMB Hero — r/iyno. ■V UM HIDC» ACHCTBMTCJIbHO HCT fipHMOrO OÖJIM'ICHMH, KOTODOC CCTb ■ prát 'Uultoro ílo »CCH BHHHMOCTH, HMCHHO 3TO H UMĚJÍ B BHOy Bc- .cuift. ocyxwa rpMoocaoBCKoro lepoH. II „n.k m. iipiiMiipiiTCflbMoro ncpno/ia Be/iHHCKoro — b paccMOT- pcilHM M Hol Ht IkMipOCOB CyiUHOCTH H CI1CUH(|)HKH HCKyCCTBa. OflHH H J ilťli ipAlbMUX BOIipoCOB B CIO paOOTaX AHHHOIO ncpno/ia — iipo6/icMa KOHTCptlH XyAOXCCTBCHHOCTH. ílO MHCHMK) Bc/lHHCKOIO, TaKHM Kpil-1CDNCM MlťlMCICH HapOAHOCTb, BCpHOCTb ACHCTBMTCJIbHOCTM, «T3HH-V MNNM <• UMMM HJCH Ľ (J)OpMOIO» M ľipHMHpCHHC XyilOWHHKa C ACH-CimiTC.IMIOCIblO lIpHMCM KpHTHK llOflMCpKMBan, HTO 3THM ipCÖOBaHH- 14vi vuoxHHK OJCflycT Gccco3HaTC/ibHO, 6e3 cneuHa^bHbix ycn/mii (UM hlOoibl O HHX • lliK u- LikpiJTHM«MoCKOBCKOroHa6AIOAaTCJIH» BCJIHMCKOrOíipH- I MOM b llcrcpoypr A. KpaciicKiiii, iipHCTyriHBiiiHH k Haaaiuiio xyp- ii.tl.l •< >IC'ICCTHCIIIIUC 3ailHCKH» (C 1839 ľ.). KpaCBCKHH — aKTMBHblif HLutcflb h opraiiHWTop xypiiajibiioro ACJia, ctpcmhjich oC>i>e/j.Hnnii. ■oKpyr «Otchcctbchhux sarmcoK» JiynjJHe ^HTeparypiibie chjiw. Otjou iiotiHM h npoiu cio xyptiana (ibijiH Ha BbicoMaüujcM ypoimc. a ■ot pauc.i ►.piiiiiKii or mix HimooTCTaBan, xoth mmchho b cro 3anain uoamjio laoauTbTOH xypnany, 011pc.nc.nHTb ero oömecTBCHHO-nonn- TtWCKOC H -IMTCpaTypilO-XTCTHMCCKOC liaiipaBJICHHe. BCJIHHCKHH iipn-«M ■ HcTCpÖypi 00 MMOHQaniypnast Kpumuna neneoü no.iovuHhi XIX eena BjicHTc/ibHOCTH Bc^HHCKoro. CľaTbH, HanMcaHHbic 1839— 1840 it., emc HaxofliuiHCb b pyc^e npHMHpeHHH («ľbpe ot yMa», 1840), ho yxe b 3a-MCTKax o JlepMOHTOBe («Cthxotbopchhh M. JlepMOHTOBa», 1841; «ľe-poil Hamero bpcmchh», 1840) bhüho, mto Bcjihhckhh otxoaht ot «npn- MlipCHHH» C üeÜCTBHTeJlbHOCTblO H Ha'IHHaCT BblCOKO OUCHMliaTb «0T-pHUaTe^bHOe» HCKyCCTBO. riOü H/aeÜHblM pyKOBOJlCTIlOM BejlHHCKOrO •QrciccTBCHHbie 3anHCKH» CTajiH caMbiM nonyjiHpHbiM nciaTiibiM op-ranoM Pocchh. B xypHa^c ôwjíh ony6;iHKOBaHbi cTaTbH KpiiTHKa o llyiiiKHHC, JlepMOHTOBe, Torojie, roaoBbie o6o3penHH ^HTcpa-rypbi c 1840 no 1845 r, MMeimiHe nporpaMMHoe 3Haiienne ju\n ocMbic^eiiHH coiipe-MCHHoro /íHTepaTypnoro npouecca h Bbipa6oTKn npiinHHiioii pemiHC-TH'iccKoií 3CTeTHKH. B 3TO >Ke BpeMH 6buiM HaneMaTanbi poMaii A.M. Tcp-ueiia «Kto BHHOB3T?», noBecTH M.E. CanTbiKOBa-IHciipHiia «'llpoTH-BopcMHH» h «3anyTaHHoeiie^o», J\.B. rpHropoBM'ia «AepemiH», npoH3-BcacHHH fl.n. ByTKOBa, B.M. flajín, H.H. riaHaciia h ap. )KypHa/i 3Ha-KOMHji MMTaTcieR c coMHHCHHHMM 3apy6cxHbix aiiTopoB ()K. Caiui, 3.r. A. ToipMaiia, . Kynepa hapyrnx). ľloc/ioBaM Be^HiicKoio, B«Ore-•iccTBeiiHbix 3anncKax» 6bma «XH3Hb, übhxchhc, iioiiocTb, pa3Hoo6-pame, cBexecTb, H3BecTHoe HanpaB^eHne, H3BecTHbiŕi B3mHa na bcuím, cjioBOM — xapaKTep h üyx». B CTaTbHx n peueH3HHx Hawajia 40-x rr. Bc^hhckhü, 3HajiH3HpyH KoiiKpeTHbie jiMTepaTypHbie npoH3Be/j.eHHH, ocoöoe BHHMaHMe y/je-.1HJ1 pa3-bHcneHHK) noHHTHH cy6ieKTHBHOCTH xyAOAHHKa KäK ryMan- H0M CyÔ-beKTHBHOCTH, OCHOBaHHOÍÍ Ha KpOBHOM pOÄCTBe H CO'iyB- CTBHH OKpyxaiomeMy MHpy, nbiTa/icn ocMbic^mb cymiiocTb rnnn-lecKoro b HCKyccTBe, nncaji o xyüo>KecTBCHHO-o6pa3HOM 0Tpa>KC- HHH )KH3HH. Ec^H paHbUie KpHTHK yTBepXiiaJI, HTO M3BHblM B J1HTC- paType hbjihctch BepHoe BOcnpoH3BeaeHHe /jeŕícTBHTCJibiiocTH, to TCtiepb OH rOBOpHT O TOM, 4TO np03y )KH3HH HyJKHO ClUC IipOBCCTH CKB03b CpaHTa3HK) XyflO>KHHKa, B03BeCTH ee B nep^ C03aaHHH, MTO HyxteH (paKT, hc npocTO cnncaHHWii c .aeiicTBHTC/ibHOCTii, a npoBe-JCHiibiii iiepc3 (|)anT33Hio no3Ta, 03apeHHbiii CBeTOM o6inero, a He ToabKo 'lacTHoro h c^ynaňHoro. BCJIHHCKHIÍ BemiOÔbUI B/JLBMJKeHHM, ľlOHCKe, yBJlCKaiCH HUCHMH, pe3-K0 OT HHX 0TKa3blBaJICfl H He ÖOHJ1CH nopblBaTb CO CBOHMH ľipOKHHMH >*exjieHHHMH. ripH 3TOM oh HHOH pa3 /ionycKaa oujh6kh, HanpiiMcp, npH oucHKe paHHero TBopnecTBa flocToeBCKoro: boctopxchho npiman •BcflHbix aKweii», npox^aflHee oT03Bancn o «übohhhkc» h pc3KO OTpn-"^reJibHo o «Xo3HiiKe», He yjioBHB, mto aBTop casJian xyaoxecTBCHHbíc ^wthh, KOTopbie 6yayT 3aKpen^eHbi b 3pe^0M TBopiecrBc nncaTcaH. V. 144 145 PyccKOH jiumepamypnaH Kpuinuxc _XVIU natajia XX eeko UJAHCC lipCMH •lipilMMpCHHH», HJJ.CM H OUCHKM TeXJlCT, vibKO roBopMJi o cboch «ruycnocTH» («iHycHoe np«- OR pOCCMHCKOtt fleMCTBMTCJlbHOCTblO»), HO H BblJiejlHJI Ma'IMa B CBOMX HÜCHHI.IX MCK3HHHX «npMMMpilTejIb- «BCBOMX.lHTCpaTypHO-KpHTMMCCKMXCyXJlCHMHXICpH-I >)blC1H 0 KpOBHOM pOflCTBC XyjK»KHMK3 C JlCÜCTBMTejlb-■OBTMDt 0CftfcCKTHBHOCIM, liapO.'lllOCTIl 11 110 )I IIMCCKOM I.l Ulli ( mioiib H.iu.KHMon M.iccM oipiinaiuiH. Ha'iiinaM c iia<|>oca IIviiimiiu. ■ ,w.\ iiipiiuaMMM y JlcpMOHTOBa n kohm3h ryMopoM1 IbrojiH, Kpil-in'in mm. «oTpiiuaioinaH» CTopona pyccKoro pcajiM3Ma no^yiacT 4»yn-LUbMoe 060CMOKIHHC b paßoTax kpmtmks 40-x rr. Ih>|>.i».icT,'iManaK)MkpmtmhcckmxHbicTyruicHMH BcnHiicKoro, btom •ok ic *.iii|K>MMii. ;iiticpaiypiii.iciiopnK-ii.i(H.B.('i;iHKciiiri. IIA Kpi.i 1»n. A It KaibllOB), lipOOJICMHWC CTaTbH, pCHCH3HH, (pCJH.CTOHbl, Hammen. KuoBijc obopu in 1 cpaiypia. b KOTopux oh Hanôojiee node kimtc imiooki.iiik.ii tnou iiii.in.11.1 11 yfiCAjiciuisi. Iluca i HX HaiHHM c IMI r: •Pyccxaii jimcpaTypa bt3kom-to rojiy» (nenaTSJi ao 1845r.)-Munin o6u>p.i\in iiikpi.nia.iiici. HimapcKnc noMcpa «Otcmcctbchhi.i\ HflMCOM It •CoBpCMCHHMKC» B TOM XC XaHpe, HO C JipyľMM Ha3BaHII- CM mihi m .nu od (opa BciHHCKoro «B3rjiHjibi na pyccKyio /iHTcpaTypy» IM6m 1847 it. Ocofoc iwiyrpcHHcc po/ierno na nporaxenHH mhoimx jict ouuyiuai I«- ihm mihc rorojicM. TaK. BOĎ3ope «PyccKaHjiHTepaTypa b 1841 rojiy». OR IKYIHCpKHMUl, HTO C ľbľOJlH liaMHIUlCTCH HOBblťí ncpHO/1 pyCCKOÍÍ JIH" Tcparypu Uc.imh p«;i cTaTcW oh nocBHTHJi íbrojiio b xoac nojicMHKH o • McpiBwx ayiiiax» b 1842 r, BbicryriMB c kphtmkoh no3itiinn cjiaBHiio-p ■ K < AKcaKOBa. HMpa*ennoii b Opomiope «HecKOJibKO cjiob o no> MC fbraji* .Roxo^jiciihh MwiHKOBa, mjim McpTBbie jiyujH». Akcbkor iMCMOMipojMCHHH b «McpTBbix jjyuiax» /ípcBHero anoca, craBnn fern.™ pmov c ftMapOM n lileKcnupoM «no aKTy TBopnecTBa», nojjHcpKii-M.1 n ikv>mc • -mnccKoc cojcpuaHHc», pacKpbiTwe «t3mh pyccKoŕí M» MM.. »CCCTOpOMHOCTb. MCTHHy H ílOJlHOTy JKH3HH. BejlMHCKHH He COľJia-CHilCTC noflOOHblMH CyxjlCHHflMM. Oh CHHTajl, HTO ľlOHflTHe «aKTTBOp- ••CÍMiríHBoc m HcropHMecKH HC TOMHoe, oTMenaji, hto jnoc npcji-r 5nMsccKy»o6w;icTHBHocTb h cnoKoňcTBHe, a íbrojib 3M0UH0- MÄ.TCM M Cy&WKTIlBCM I K- 111H c K1111 HaCTaHBíUI H3 06^HHHTCJIbH0M, CO- K'p"«« SoHHCKMň noHHMaa He toMopHCTiiiecKHH naejKK, a pe3icn<« •1HMCHHH coiwauHoro na h HpaBCTBCHHbix nopoKOB. 146 .luimpattiypnan KpumuKa nrpttoii no.ioauitbi XIX eena UHa-UHO-KpuTHMCCKOM na(poce no'JMbi, ho yxe b nepiiux oTKjiMKax oh jOBOlbHO OCTOpOXHO OTHeCCfl KaBTOpCKHM (jIHpHHCCKHM) OTCTyOneHH- XM B neu. ripn BTopoM n i.iaiinn «MepTiibix flyuj» (1846) kphthk bhobi. KpHy^CH K C BOM M FipOKHHM OnaCCHMHMM M BbICKaiaaCH l|MWIff6WM|0 pC3He O TOM, MTO «3TH MHCTMKO-JIMpMMCCKHC BblXOüKM 6bWM HC CJiyiaii-HblMH OUJMÖKaMH, HO HaMaJlOM COBCpUJCHHOM yipaTbl CIO ImAw ílih pyccKoň jiHrepaTypbi». BaxHO b äihhom cjiyMae ne TOJibKO to, hto «bc- ;1IIKMC HCTHHbl» TorO^H K3K ílMCaTCJlH pC/lMrM03H0-(|)l1JK)C0<|>CK0M OpM- cHTauMH, /jyMaBiLicro npcxae BccrooayxoBnoM bojpojkíichmm Pocchm m npoöy)KflCHHH oMepTBCBLueH jxyvun Kaxcuoro HCJioBCKa (a hc to;u.ko oC oóVih'ichhh yxacoB k pe n Oct h h m cenia, carnpM>iccKOM M3of)pa*cniiM Kpc- nOCTHMKOB M 'IMHOBHMKOB M B03BCJ1MlIMBailMM KpCCTbHH 3ÍI MX nUUHT M TpyaoJnooMC), Bc^mhckmíí He hohhji h hc DJWMMi a b tom, mtooh, yiuíc- MCHIIblli C06CTBCHH0ÍÍ Haceíí «COUMa^bHOCTM» M COUMaJlbHO-tlOJIMTMMCC- KOH KpKTHKH, m hc xoTe^ noHMMaTb h BHjieTb hto-^mGo jipyroc B JlMTCpa-rypc. 06 3tom cbhuctcjibCTByeT, b wacTHOCTM, nanMcaimoc mm noSQKC b 3ajibu6ypHe 3HaMCHHToe nwcbMO k Toro/iio, iiocbhiuchihx-ouchkc «BbiO-pamibix mcct M3 ncperiHCKH c iipy3bHMM» (1847). BcKope nočné hojicmmkh o «MepTBbix/iymax» Bc^mhckmm HaWBUh CTpaôoTaTb Haj CTaTbHMH o ílyuiKMHC. Boo6mc KpKTMK iiaMcpciuuícH iiaiiiicaTb uorcocTHbiM tcopctmmcckmh h kphtmmcckmm Kypc HCTOpMH PytCKOÍÍ C^OBCCHOCTH, O 4CM, B MaCTHOCTH, yiIOMMHaH B 5-M CTaTbC H3 «liyUJKHHCKOlO» LlHlOia. CTaTbM «M/TCH MCKyCCTB3», «PaJilCJICHMC II03-HIH Ha po/lbl M BHÜI.I», «XlpeBHMC pOCCMHCKHC' CTHXOTBOpCIIMH», J1BC CTaTbH o HcpjKaBMHc, no3aHMC paöoTbi o HaTypanbuoii uiko^c, ho caMoc r.iaBHoe — MOHyMCHTanbHbiM «nyujKMHCKMM iihkji» Moryr paccMaTpn- BaTbCH K3K MaCTH Ue^OCTHOľO Tpy/ia, KOTOpblH KpMTMKy HC CyXOCHO 6bU10 3aBCpuiMTb. HO HeCMOTpfl HaTO, MTO MCTOpMKO-KpMTMMCCKMM Tpyjl BciHHCKoro no pyccKoŕí ^MTcpaType He 6bw Hanncan, b ero paöoiax *>-x rr. OKOHMaTejibHO otpopMMJiacb uejiocTHaH kohuciiumh pflSWITM OTCMCCTBCHHOM C/I0BCCH0CTM H (|)0p M H pOBa H H H pCanH3Ma. BeAHHCKHfl MacTO Hcnoiib30iKUi xaHp pcucn3MH. ripciipamaH cro b °6cT0írre/ibHoe Hcc^eaoBaHMe. OyHüaMCHTaabHbiii umioi crarcH o ilyiu- "MHC 6bU OTKJl M KOM Ha TOJlbKO MTO BblUJCiHUCC COÔpaHIIC COMMHCHMM nVUJKHHa H OÄHOBpCMeHHO HCCJICÄOBaHHeM TBOpMCCTBa ROSTfl B KOH- 'CKcTe OTeMecTBCHHoro m otm3ctm MHpoBoro JiMTepsTypHoro npouceca. 1,3 npHMepe 3Toro UHKJia bhuho, k3k Be^MHCKMŕi 3H3^m3mpob;ui ^iiTe- PäTyPHblC HBJíeHHH, OÄHOBpCMeHHO 33TparMB3H MHOXCCTBO BOIipoCOB °6uiCCTBCHHO-nO^HTHMeCKOM XH3HH, BCCľAS yMC^ TOM H O M nO^HO BblM-1c"HTb B TBOpMCCTBC TOTO M JIM HHOľO 3BT0pa TJiaBHOC BtlilCTb CyTb CľO 147 j - i Pyccxa» jtumepamypnaa Kpumuxa ^ff^ XV 111 nauiiAa XX acKa UPOMMM«, a TUKAC TO HOBOC, MTO OH BHCC B JlMTCpaTypy H o6u4eCTBeH- ' .||uill,MtKKHftlU«lüI»(«C0'IHHCHM«A^eKCaHJipa riyilIKHHa»)cOCT0KT II I I I i MICH M>lopwC liyGjIMKOBaJIMCb B «OTCMCCTBeH HbIX janHCKax» c i tKWOpb IK46 r. HiaBHa« ycranoBKa airropa - oueHHTb TBopne- ITT») MvillMIH.I C HCTOpilMCCKOH H XyflOttCCTBCHHOH TOMeK 3peHHH. Cra- TbM 11 -ft no4-to npcjoaBflHioTcooon o6uiHpnoe aHa^HTn>iecKoc Bcryn-MNNe - /to MccicaoBaHMC paiBHTHH pyccKOM ;iHTepaTypbi J10 riyujKM- H». ÜIUMCMMC TpaaHUHft, Mil KOTOpbie OnHpaflCH n03T. C 3TOH TOMKU ipcHHM Ix' I II I IC Kli M paCCMOTpC.'l TBOP'ICCTBO flepXaBHHa, /kvKOBCkOln ItartnuiKOKí m /ípynix mottob h iincaTC/ieň, cnocoôcTBOBaBuiux paHne-VI\ i i.inienHn ľlyuiKHHa. Ha npoTSUKeHHH BCex ci.ucit Be/imi i ibicopajoôpaiuaJicH k onpcacaenHio CBoero 3aMbic;ia, oíim- CUMťl M y/TOMHÄ,! Cit). B MaCTHOCTH, 3TO 0TH0CHTCH K 5-Ř CTaTbe, 3aHH-M.IMIIICH IICMITKLIbHOC MCCTO B CTpyKTypC HHKJia H B KOHUenUHH BeflHH- i Mím Hmciimo h Hcft Bcihhckhíí BbicKa3an cboh cjoküchmh o 3aaanax ► piiuiKH K p k iiiK, nocro MiiĽiuiK5,ao.i)KeH myöoKO H3yHHTb nosTa, no- IIHII. MKOHM CrO XyilOíttCCTBCHHOrO MHpa, «yjlOBHTb» TaíÍHy JIHMHOCTII ílom. ckoGchhoctm crojiyxa, «ncpeMyBCTBOBaTb, nepexHTb ero npon> HC.1CHHH» K.1IOH k TaftHC .tihmhocth nosTa h ero TBOpweCTBa BcJlHHCKllií MILIC I HlUlptKC, Mil KOTOpblM M flOJIÄHO (il.ITb lUIipaiLICIIO 111 I II MI II DK KpB iiiK.i Oh [Hnilo h i.iyfMiKo pacKpi.i.i hohhthc iia(|ioca KUK no rrmecxoM h irh -H naipocc no/r hflihctch HjiioôJieHHbiM b uaeio, k3k b npcKpac- III»-. »MiOCCyUICCTBO.CTpaCTHOnpOlIHKHyTblM CK), — M oh co3cpuacTcc MepiiwioM. ne paccyaxoM, hc MyBCTBOM h He KaKoio-jinöo oaHOiocno- CCflMOCTWO CBOCft flyiIIH, HO BCCK) ÍIOJIHOTOK) M LieJIOCTblO CBOCľO HpaB- I i—OTO duiim. — h nosroMy linen «anaeTC« b ero npoH3BeaeHHii hc orancicmioft Mucjibio, hc mcptboio (J)opMoio, a xhbum coaaaHHCM. b KoropoM na Kp.icorKC BeJTHHCKHH, CTOJlb TOHKHM H 3CTCTH>ieCKH 'lyTKHH KpH-TI1K, BbICOKO I! LI i 11 III II II il reHHH ľlyUJKHHa, He TO/lbKO HC I10HHJI, HOflaJKC He CTpeMHJica noHHTb ue^biH paa nyujKHHCKHX n po h 3 iiciie h h ii ? Bo3- MO)KHO, C HHM npOH30UJJ10 TO Xe, MTO H C KpHTHKaMH-pOMaHTHKaMH, KOTopbie ne CMOMH b no^Hoü Mepe oueHHTb pa3BHTHe peajiH3Ma y ^io-6iiMoro no3Ta. TaK h Bcjihhckhíí, na eme h b nepnoa Gopb6bi 3a 060-cHOBaHMe no3MUHií roro^eBCKOH «HaTypajibHoii mKo^w», He yBHjieji CTa- HOMCHHH Ta^aHTa riyUJKHHa, P33BHTHH eľO He TOJIbKO B anpHKe, HO H B npo3c hapaMaTyprMH. A MOxeTôbiTb, reHHií ľlyuiKHHa HacTo^bKo onc- pCflHa CBOC BpeMH, MTO KpHTHKa ÔJlHXaHUJHX flCCHTHJICTHH [ipOCTO HC Moraa oueHHTb ero xyao)KecTBeHHbix otkpwthh. 3ac^yra BcnnHCKoro b tom, mto oh caejiajr to, mto h no ceň ach b Ka)KeTCfl npaKTHMeCKH HeB03M0>KHbIM JXJiH KpHTHKH H jlHTCpaTypOBC- fleHHH, — BbiHBHji oGiuHe MepTbi Ta^aHTa h TBopMecTBa riyiiiKMHa: yHH-BepcajiH3M nosTHMecKoro HHTepeca; ryM3HH3M, nacjioc BocncBannH "HyTpcHHeií KpacoTbi MejiOBCKa; 6e3ynpcMHbiH TaKT acMCTBHTCJibHOc- TH;6cCK0HeMH0e MyBCTBO KpaCOTbl H rapMOHHH BO BCCM MMpC 11, H3K0- Hcu, coBepiiieuHyio (popMy a/in coBepujeHnoro coaep)KaHHH. B pyccKotí jiHTepaType 6bm pan aBTopoB, k kotopwm Bc^hhckhíí oöpaujancH nocTonHHO, — noMHMO riyujKHHa, sto JlepMOHTOB (b hcm kphthk BHae/i nosTa hoboíí snoxH, cpaBHHBaji OHerHHa h ľleMopHHa WKaByx repoeB BpevieHH). Kphthk Macro ae^aji nonbiTKH ocMbic^HTb POMaHTHMecKHH nepHOii, noÄBecTH ero HTorH. B oöimipHOH pcueiniiH •llo^Hoe coôpaHHe comhhchhh A. Map^HHCKoro», onyö^HKOBamioH b 'WO r., BejiHHCKHH yôeaHTejibHO ziOKa3aJi, mto xoth poMaHTUMCCKHe h PHTopHMecKue npoH3BeaeHHH no-npexHeMy npoao^^aioT 3ano^n«Tb K|iH*HbiH pbiHOK, ho Hx BpeMH npouj^o, nOCKOJlbKy aBTOpbl H3o6pa-*ajiH naKyio xn3Hb, TaKoe oöuxecTBO h t3khx /noiieH, KOTopux TiueT-"OBbicTajiHôbi MCK3TbBceM noiwyHHOM MHpe». Bynyiuec oTeMecTBeH H°M JIHTCpSTypbl KPHTHK CBH3blB3^ C nHC3TCJltlMH «HOBOH», «rOrO^eBC 149 ľiľ i k n u .lumepamypnau IJW—in _XVIII nanujia XX nexu hl. UM lipMUJtl K BUBOiiy, MTO BpCMH pOMaHTHKOB yXOJIMT, frtjvmec .iMicpaTypu biuc/i b naTypanbiioii m kojíc MlK.lt Itf.IHHCKHH H O MO.10.IblX illliopax. VMC.I VIHt.lCII, lilAC lipo nici.ui Mi.iiii.i Hc c.iyiaiiiio ia« iu.icoko oh oucmii.i «Btvuibix jiio-irtt».l>Ki<»ci«*.Miio.ciM\ouiopfiinc HeicpacoBa«Baoporc». B tuaaum wmMMttaMTopoB, bxoahuihx BJíHTepaiypy, KpMTHK bhucji naaexay h ft>.iyiuMocTb pyccKoA .iHTcpaTypu. • B 1847-1848 rr. BtnHHCKMti coTpyjuin'iaji b *ypnajie «CoBpc-MMM» )th runu oiiiaMciionaiibi ero 6opb6oH 3a roro/iencKoe Ha-tipan-icimc m iiaiypajibHyio uiKOJiy b JiHTcpaType. O.B. Byjirapxn. iiuiantb vim im b iioByio uJKOJiy, naJBaJi ce «HaTypanbuoii», ho onpc-III- okaianocbMapcflKocTby/ui'iHbiM: Bcjihhckhh nanojiHHJi ero iKMOJKHic.ibiibiMCMbicnoM h Bitci b uinpoKHMJiHTepaTypiio-xypnajib- iiiJH KOHTCKCT. Ho MIIOI MX C l.lll.HX, Of) lOpaX M pCUCHJHHX, Ony6jlHKOBailHbIX b «Co- npcMciuiiibc*, Ihmiiiickhíi nQKHHM&H iipoôJieMbi HaTypanbuoii uiKOJibi, CCCOCI.HU. ip.LIMIIIIII.OCIIOIHIblX TIIOP'ICCKMX I ipil 111 111 IIOB. K liaispa.1l. on oihoch.i: paccKa'ibi 111 «.'JaniicoK oxoriuiKa» HC. Typ-icHciu. iioBccTii .1 B. [piiropoiiiťia «ücpeBH«» h «Ahtoh TopeMbiKa». •6CINUX JIIOflCH» .M. floCTOCDCKOľO, «KtO BMHOBaT?» AH. ícpiiciia. •Ofajutoncioiyio iicropiiK)» HA [bn'iapoiia, «3anyniHHoe üejio» M.E. Can-TbiKOKi-lllc.ipitiia, «riaiiitibKa CaKC» A.B. upyxHHHHa, npoiuBCfleiiim HU byntOit.B.H.ila^H, H.H. riaiiacBaHap. II.IhChiICC IIO.1H0 If OflCTOHTCJlbHO JCrCIM'ICCKMC lipillllllllll.l - UM I > pauaioic iiiKoiij Ihmhhckhü mi.ioäii.1 n cian.e «B iijih.i na pyCCKyK iniriwrypy IM7 roaa». DiaBiibiM ripunuHnoM hoboh ji htcpaTypHOfi iiimi iu fcpilIHKCHHT&l BcpilOCTbJ1CMCTBHTC-J1bHOCTH, nOCTailOBKy BJ1M- rcptiype noiipoconcoBpcMeHiiocTH, TCM caMbiM pa3BMBan Mbic/ib, iincp-»bic »ycMHHnyK)cmc b 1835 r. BcraTbe o íbrojie. Baxubic 'icpTbi na-np.ui.Mon iiiKo.iu - acMoxpanOM H lysiami im. Ilo mhciiiiio BÚDOK KOTO. JIKWMC HR.ICIIHH H (paKTbl JICHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH MOryT M JJ.OJDKHW ftbnb min.iouicHu b JiMTcpaTypubix npoH3BeaeHHHX, hx repoHMH hm«- WTC« npc.lCI.IHIITC.1H BCCX COCJ10BHH. OCOCHOBbllMH TBOp-ICCKHC npilHUHnbl «HaTypajlbHOH» IHKOJIbl. &c- NNHCKHH vjcimji oojibwoe BHiiManHc npucMaM THnn3auHH. Kaxaw»' kJI^iimk. npeauc hcm npiicryiiHTb k co3iiaHHio CBoero npoioBCjie-mm«. oTuHpacT KKKfuill Ba*ni>ic (paKTH üeiicTBHTejibHOCTH, Bbiacm« otipdciHioutHc 'lepru b xapaKTcpax repocB. Ho 3Toro noKa eure MaJio. r"^*"""" *m,hc""wh MaTepHa^ botijiothtch b xyao^ecTBeHHW» mmco Toraa. xoraa 6yaeT npoBeaeH «nepe3 (paHTa3Hio no3T3. .UtnwpamypnaR tcpumuKa mpiioii no.ioeuHhi XIX «eng 150 03apcHHbiii CBeTOM oömero». Ho h 3Toro nc^ocTaTOMiio. Ojina 113 BMX-HeňuJHX Miieíí BcjiHHCKoro coctoht b tom, hto xyao^ccTBcuHoc npo-niBeKHHe iio/DKHO 6biTb oayiucBJíeHo, corpcTo othouichmcm k Hcviy amopa (yneHHe o nacpoce k3k oflynicMeHiioň no3TH'iccKoíi nace, «*h-iioii crpaCTM* Han6o^ee hojiho H3^oxeHo b 5-ií CTaTbc «nyiiiKiincKoro» UMKJia). Ha npoTHJKeHMM HecKOJibKMx ^ct KpHTHK HconnoKpaTHo oBpauuui-c» k Bonpocy o cojiep>KaHHH n (|)opMe xyjiottecTBCHHoro npoiuiiciic-Hiiti MHorüa OT^aBai npe/inoMTCHHe cpopMe, iiHorna coAcp^aiiHio. BnoJÄHHXcTaTbfix oh noüBoaiiT htoth chomxpa3ayvinií n louopii 1, KecTBeiuiyio (|)opMy, to roBopnn. 11c o hcm. ľlponojDKafl cnopc BajrepnanoM MaiíKonbiM, BéJlMHČKltfl hhuict H O COOTHOIIieHHH HayKH H HCKyCCTBa, 06 HX paJHOM BOIJlCiiCTBHH Ha 061UCCTB0 (npn o6iuhx 3aaaiiax HayKa ü0Ka3biiiacT, a HCKyccTBO lca3MBtteT). OüHH H3 Ba>KHeHUlHX HOCTyjiaTOB SCTCTHKO-^lITepaTypilOli Konucn- 111111 Bc^HHCKoro — HapoüHOCTb Kak RbipaxxciiHC napoÄHoro xapaKTcpa h napojiHoro ca\ioco3HaHH«. (TaKHM npoH3Bc;icHiicM oh cíHTaji po- M.1H ľlyUlKHHa «EßrCHMH OhCTHH» — «B BblCHJCií CTCIICHH HapOilHOC npoii3BcjicHiic».) HapoflHOCTbCTajiaeuueoaHHM H3 BaxHciiiiiHii npnH-11H110B «HaTypanbiioH» ujKo^bi. Hcno^b3yn b CBoeň TBop^ecKOH aenTe^biiocTH caMfaie pajnuc, npe-HMvinccTBCHiio npo33HMCCKHe xaHpbi, npcacTaiuiTc^H «HaTypa'lbHOH WKOflbi» OTiiaBa^H npeanoMTCHHe «(pH3HOJiorimccKOMy o>iepKy», b oc- HOBC KOTOpOrO, K3K npaBHJIO, JieXa^O TOHHOC BOCnpOll JBC^CHHC )KH3- HCHHbix (|)aKTOB h 3apHcoBKH 6bua h h pa bob npe.acTaBHTC.JicH pamíľi-HuxcouHMbHbix cocjiobhíí. 3aTparHBaa npoG^CMbi jKaupoiioii 11 poao- "OWcnCUHípHKH, Be^HHCKHH OÖpaTH^CH H K BOÍipOCy O JKaiipOBOM CHH- tck r npoH3BeaeHHflx «HaTypa^bHOii» ujkojin, nocrpocnnoM na oô-be-•iHHCHHii xyaoxecTBCHHoro h HayMHoro ((J)H3Ho^orH'iccKoro h^h ny6- TmilCTHMCCKOro) CnOCOÖOB n03HaHHH ÜCHCTBHTC^1»H0CTH. BTopaa iaBiijyioc» B p.I Will II II OTC'ieCTBCHHOH JlMTCpa ľypiJ, KpiITHKH H >KypHaJlHCTHKM OľpOM RM P" li. iipiin.i.i U' ah i I Iiikci lam Vick ct'ťBHMy HeKpacoBy (1821 — 1877), koto pblíí B Ka'ICCTBC KpMTHKa BbicTyna^ 03 HOBpCMCHHOC BejlMHCKMM M MaÜKOBblM y*e b Hana^e cBoeio TBop>iecKoro nym oh npoöoBaji cboh cw^bi b JíHTcpaTypHOň HTeaTp&nbHOH kphthkc. ľlepBbie pcueH-3HH HcKpacoB onyG^MKOBan b «OreMe-CTBCHHbix 3anncKax» b 1842 r. eine ug BCTpeMH C BCJIHHCKHM. floCJlC 3H3KOM- CTBa Mexcay BcjIhhckhm m HcKpacoBWM ycranoBmiHCbTecHbie othoiuchhh, TBop-•Hvk.m nepcmiHMKa no3HUHH h mhchhh. 1111 cpuTypHO - KpHTMHCC K3H <13CTb HaCJIC/lHH HCKpaCOB3 CpaBHHTCJIb- Ho Hcnc.iMKa, ho ona hcotíicjihms ot ero TBopnccTBa. HcKpacoB B ca-Mux paiiHHx CROHX KpuTH'iccKHx cyxaeHMHx b H3iiajie 40-x rr. BbicTyna,i nporwB nccRaonaTpnoTH'iccKOH /iHTepsTypw ByjirapHHa, rio/ieBoro h • Torjia roBopH.i o hcooxoahmocth ôepexHoro othoujchm» k •'>IM imiiMiM \a 'i.icm MOAiio úi.i.io c ii.iinaTb npc-c >pcAiiTc.iMiuc cymacHHH o noinHeM riyujKHHe, ľbro;ic n t. a). Ä-i* Haiptcot» Hx TBopnecTBo - HauMOHanbHoe 6oraTCTBO, kotopum h>*- HO rOp.lHThCH. "'•Koro. HeKpacoBoo^ee bh n NiaTc.n Mto othochu* ' MT0 k KOHny 40-x rr. pyccKaH no33HH nepc*n-ft onpcicncHHuft kPh3hc h WHTaTejib «Kpyro noBepHyji Ha npojy- 156 oh caenan nonbiTKy npo6yanTb HUTcpec ny6/iHKH k TBop-iecTBy ksk MOJlOflblX, T3K H H3BeCTHblX, HO yxe nOAJ36blTblX n03TOB. B^3ro;i3p« MiaaTejibCKoň n kphth'icckoh jxantjibnocTH HcKpacoB3 b hsUuk 50-x rr. n030)KeHHe H3MĽHHJ10Cb. B «CoBpeMeHHHKC» CT3J1M nOHBJlHTbCH «HO-JTHieCKHe CT3TbH», HX aBTOpbl p3CCM3TpHBariH TBOp'ICCTBO ľl03TOB, &IH3KHX K T3K Ha3blBaeMOÍÍ «HeKp3COBCKOÜ UJKO^C» (H.íl. Oľ3pCB), ,iii6o npe.ucT3BHTe.neii (pH-iococpcKoro H3npaBjiciiHn (A.M. Bchcbhth-hob),^h6o He33c^yxenH0 3a6biTbix no3TOB (O.M. Tktpicb). ľlepBOH in Ue^OÍÍ CCPHH CTaTeří O n033HH B «CoBpeMeHHHKC» CT3JUI C3M3H IHHH-TtnbH3H JlHTCp3TypHO-KpHTMMeCK3H P3Ö0T3 HcKp3COB3 — CT3TbH «PyC- CKHC BTopocTcnciiHbie no3Tbi» (1850), b KOTopoíí oh o6p3TiwcH k xa-paKTcpucTHKe TBopiecTBa O.M. Tiothcbs. rioc^e Toro, k3k Tiotmcb 33-nrnn o ce6e, ony6^nKOB3B b nyuiKHHCKOM «Cobpcmchhhkc» uhici «CTHXOTBopcHHH, npHc^aHHbie M3 TepMSHMH», ero y)KC ycne^M 3O0ÍRI, acaiw no3T HHKora3 hc CTpeMHJic« k nonyjiHpnocTH h ByfinHKBIQIM cbohx CTHX0B. HeKpSCOB 6bW nepBbIM, KTO 33r0B0piW M 06 HCTHHHOM T3J13H- TcTioneBs, 3aH0B0 «oTKpbui» eroaia pyccKoii JíHTepsTypu. Cbokj po^i. Cbirpa^O H TO OÔCTOHTe^bCTBO, HTO MHOroe B ^lOÖOBHOH JIHpHKC TlOT- HCBa ôbi^o CwH3K0 eMy k a k nosTy. B CBoeíí cTaTbe HcKpscoB anu, 4T0 HecnpaBeiuiHBo 3a6biT 33MeqaTe^bHbiií no3T, 3BTop (|>h^oco(|)ckhx, IIOÔOBHblX CTHXOB. Oh nHC3JI O «ÖJieCTHlUCM HBJICHHH» B pyCCKOH J1H-PHKC, IIOflMCpKHBaJI C3M06blTHOCTb H «n033HK) MblCJIH» B CTHX3X TlOT-'ICBa. A JUIH TOTO HTOÖbl He 6bITb rO^OC^OBHblM, OH BKJHOMH^ B C BO K) CTaTbK) 15 npOM3BCiieHHÍÍ n03T3. riOC^^ nyÖJIMK3UHH HCKpSCOBCKOH craTbH HaManocb HOBoe poicaeHMe TiOT'ieBS-nosTsanH MHTaTe^eří. HcKpacoB He wy>icaa^cH ko^ckthbhocth BxypH3^ncTCKoííac«Te^b- HOCTH H -IHTCpSTypHO-KpHTHMeCKOM TpyZlC B 1855 tí OH OTKpbIB3CT B *ypHa^e peryjiHpHbiŕí orae^ «33mctkh o xypH3Ji3x», KOTopbiii bc^ bmc-crec B.n. Botkhhwm, a 33tcm c H.T. MepHbiiucBCKHM (b 1856 n). Kor- M A.B. HpyjKHHHH CO CBOHMH e>KeMeCH4HblMH OÓ30P3MH pyCCKOH JIH-TCpaTypbl H WypH&TIMCTMKH yuje^ H3 «COBpCMeHHHK3», HcKp3COB C3M ^»w nHcaTb 33MCTKH o xypHíuisx: Ä3Ban oueHKy xyuoskcctbchhum, Ha- V'HblM, KpMTHMeCKHM ny6jlHK3UHÍIM paülHMHblX H3Ü3HHM. IlpH 3TOM °H BbICKa3blBajlCfl He TO^bKO O JlHTCpaTypHblX, HO H 06 OÖUieCTBCHHblX JMax. HeKpacoB yTBepxiian Hüeajibi BbicoKoro rp3>ica3HCKoro cjiyxe-h,ih JiHTcpsTypbi, nHcan o tom, mto OHa hc nCMOPOfa HsxojiHibCH Ha oa- HOM ypoBHe C OĎmeCTBOM B erO TeMHblX CTOpOHaX, 3 npH3B3H3 yTBCp)K- KaeaiTbi no6pa, cßeTa h hcthhu, kphthk3 äo^>kh3 «yMHTb 6biTb '•ysüjHMM, MeM Mbi ecTb». T3KHM o6pa30M, b peujeHHH npoö^cMbi Ha- 'H3HCHHH HCKycCTBa HCKp3COB nOJlHOCTbK) P33ÜC3HJI npOrpCCCHBHO 157 Pi/ľľKíiH .lumepamyptiUH xpumuttu _XVIII nam** xx m-xa kiMiiľiccKHc HOJMUHH. «3aMCTKii o *ypHajiax» HeKpacona bkjiio-«mm ice&t duchmi inop'iecTHa NyiiiKiina, Ioiojih, TypreneBa, Toji- , IOIO H m I H\II«) HÖH H IIHCaTCJlCH. OflHOlipeMCHHO T3M nOilllHMajIHCb ■ICiMIC lipOOJICMbl OÔlUCCTBCUHOrO Ha3Ha«ICHHH MCKyca-'luip-ICCIIM H IH'IHOl III W.IO/t.llllK.l IICUiyiIIMMH BOIipOCaMH B KpMTHKe H nyGjlH1IMCTM KC 50-x rr. ti 11 myoncNHCKOTO* h «rorojiCBCKoro» HanpaiuienMH h M KpilllIKC. TpiUHUMH H lipcCMCTBCHIIOCTM, npOTHBOHOC-I.HIICHHC KMHOrO «HHCTOrO» apTHCTH'ICCKOrO HCKyCCTBa H HCKyca- M.i opMciiiiipoiMHHoioHa i.ioGojihcbhi.ic noiipoci.1, counanbuyio Kpii- lllkS Hi.lIlipS ( (HIIIICIl IIICHHO, II TC'ICIIllC M HOTMX JICT 111 1.1 nOJlCMII-n MC*.1V lipCilCTaBHTC.IHMH 3CTeTH>ICCKOH H JlCMOKpaTH4CCKOH KpH-111 k. II B PCUICHHH J1H\ HOIipOCOB CaMOC aKTHBHOC yliaCTIie lipHHHMa.1 HMDJMcob. kutopuii Hco.iHOKpanio m.iCKa h.ibujicm oň apnic i h-icckoh IIIMI.1C H HUMUM H IIMCTytKin IipOTHBCTOpOIIHHKOB «HCKyCCTBa JU1H HC- KyCCEMSOir i.iiinmx HyiiiKiiiiacBoiiM niaMciicM. Hol IyniKHHJVM mi" iKCi.n.Hxj i iiciipc|)CKacMbiM aiiiopincroM. On oi.Maua.i jio.mžkiioc kCTD pii-icv koMN iH.ľiťiiiiK) Tiiop'iccKoro iiacJicjiHH BCJlMKOľO HOJTa, HOHII M.IM rl() HCII|H-\o.|HIII\K) po;ll..riH pVCCKOH IIOTIHH. HcKpaCOB IIĽOIIU' ►.p.uiiii 06p.uii.Licn k no i inn IlyniKHiia kmk k o6pa my > i ,i:u u i\ nop •ici nu n n chomx npOM iiie;iCHiin\ 'uicio lícnou, iona.i a.ivno IHM, pOMM MIH IIOIUMIt. OTCIJ.IKH K lipoHMBCJlCHHHM n03Ta. II S''"'" 11(11 MI'IHCOI lKMIIIIĽkOIOUCHOCIOACCOip\.lHIIKanKpH- iHiui 50-x —HaHiua6fl-x rr. H.ľ. McpubiiucBCKoro, He 6biJi kphthkom-rcopeiiikOM. ho oh o6jtaa&i oejynpcnibíM BKycoM b ouchkc tbop'ic- CIH.I kOllkpCTHUX aBTOpOB 11 HX HpOH3BCiieHHH. TaK, TOBOpM O forOJIC HeKpacon minci b hcm iipoKjie Bcero JinpHKa, a He naCKBHJiHCTl, k»k iih.hii iieKoropue KpiiTHKH. Oh npoHMuaTc^bHo OTMeTiui, MToTyp-ICHCB.-U.1CKO iicpciiiainy.i rpaiuiubi «naTypa.Mi.noii ihko.mi.i», a B M« HUHiicM riMcaTMC JlbBc Tojktom yBHjieji «BCJiHKyio Hauexjiy pyccKoii niirp.ii\pij. C KOHiu 50-x rr. HcKpacoB npaKTipiccKH ne oöpaiiiajicH k ÄHItpt- T\pitou KPMTHKC Ho Hli C ei 0 po .Ml. M 11.1 nm, pc.UKTopa h, nocyrH. ncpBoro KpiiTHKa mo/ioabix nHcaTejien. M HJCOpaníHKOB H C/IIIHOMblUJJlCHHHKOB BT. EcJIHHCKOrO B «Vmnixe h Kyp..., IWK* iTy^MUHCTHice b 40-e rr. 6biji AieKcaiup Hm '"•»hm i-piu-H í IH12 IH70) ()h ne iaiiii\ia.Mcn ninciicHBHOll icpnt" » .ICWTC^MIOCTbtO. HO CľO JlMTCpaTypHO-KpHTHMCCKHC CyXJJCHMt. 1» HCPCAKO OflMO U.CJ10C C nOJlHTHKO-ny6jlHUHCTH>ieCKllMII x 158 ftmepattiypnaa Kpumwca nroeoü noJiouuHbt XIX očku craTbHMH (HanpHMep, «IlMCbMa h3 ippaHUHH H HTa^HH» coAepxaT Ha6jiio-.u'HHH o 4>paHuy3CKOM TeaTpe, MCKyccT-bc, jimepaType, KOTopbie npouHioiHCb JVXOM KOMMCPUHH, 6ypXya3HOCTH) HJ1H C XVflOJKCCTBC H H bi M M np0M3BefleHHHMH («ßbuioe h ayMbi»). B 40-e rr. TepucH 6biJi 6jth3ok k Be-niHCKOMy h «HaTypanbHOH ujKOJie», hb- :-i ICH OflHHM H3 HeflTeJlbHblX COTpyaHH-KOB «OTeHCCTBCHHblX 3aiMHCOK» h «Co- npcMCHHHKa». B 1843—1845 rr. OHonyö- .IHKOBajI JlHTCpaTypHO -KpHTM'ieCKHe naMijxncTbi, HanpaB^eHHbie npoTHBnpejiCTaBHTe^eii «0())iinHajibH0H Ha- POAHOCTH» H n03MIJHH «MOCKBHTHHHHa» («HyTCBblC 33MCTKH ľ. Bcil-PHHa», «MOCKBHTHHHH» O KonepHHKC», «MOCKBHTHHHH» H BCCJieii- na«»), rae HpoHMiecKM Ha3biBaji «actckm mhjiumh h HBHBHUMH* no-nwTKM B03poaHTb MejioBCMecTBO c noMoujbio npaiiocjiaBHH h caMoaep- AalIHH. Haiiôo^ee 3Ha>iHTe^bHaH paôoTa TepueHa-KpHTHKa — öpomiopa m\n iapyöexHoro 'iMTaTc^a «0 P33bhtmm pcblvhouhohhux micii b Pocchh» (onyö^iiKOBaiia b 1851 r. CHaHana Ha hcmcukom, a noTOM na (ppanuy3c-xoM MMbiKax) HaMiiHanacb c paccKa3a o pyccKOM Hapojie, HaxoiwuiCMC« y*e HccKo^bKo BeKOB b KpcnocTHOM pa6cTBe, o ero cbo6o;jo^io6hh h friaropoACTBe, a TaioKe paccKa3a o tom, KaK ôopo^acb 3a cBoGoay Hapoüa nepcaoBan pyccKan, no npeHMymecTBy aBopHHCKan, HHTCJiJiMrcnu.HH. Bpoujiopa ripejicTaBJiaeT coöoii o>iepK p33bhthh pyccKoii oouicctbcuho- IHTCpSTypHOH JKM3HM. TepueH XOTeJl n0Ka3aTb, lIT0 y H3C BCCľfl3 6bĽI3 •iHTeparyps, iipoHHKHyTaH HjieeH ocboôoxcjmchhh, m qepc3 Hee npoxojiH--laTeiiaeHiiHH pa3pyujeHHH aöcojiioTM3M3, CTpeMJieuHH k cBOoojie. ľep-ucH BocnojiHHji MHorne «nycTOTbi», nponymcHHbie neHU b humbucm "CTopiiH OTciecTBeHHOM cjiOBCCHOCTH. O jiMTcpaiypc 6bU10 y>Ke MHoro "anHcano h kphthmcckhx paôoT, m yiie6HMKOB, ho He Bccrjjs b hhx h3X0-^ocbMecroiuiH H.H. Hobmkob3, A.H. PaanujeBa, jjeKaôpucTOB m t. jj. TepucH nHcaji o TpsrMHecKMX noTepax pyccKoii jiMTcpaTypu («mjih Map-"•Pojior min pcecíp noBeujeHHbix»). Oh ojihhm h3 nepßbix yjiOBMJi iie-^paTUMccKyio TCHaeHUHio pyccKoii jiHTepaTypw, npoHBMBiuyiocH b ^PHecTBc nyujKHHa, JlepMOHTOBa m, rjiaBHbiM o6pa30M, TorojiH. CľaB ^aojiroe opera npejicTaBMTejieM jieMOKpaTH'iccKOH pyccKoii mwcjim b "'»ne, TepueH csMTan cbohm aojiroM no3HaKOMHTb 3anaaHoro MiiraTC 159 II PyccKOH Aumepamypnaa KpumuKa __XVIII -nauajia XX Hexa » WAWypoR. 3naMHTOibHoe BHHMaHHe TepaeH yaeana pa:j-Htiuui nepaoaofl o6wcctbchhoh mucin — ot aeKaGpMCTOB ao ae>rrc-ten A0\ n B MinrcaaHbi upKiie nopTpcTbi pyccKMX nHcaTeaeti, kphth-Mffti oftillPr^"""* jchtcjich: riyuiKHHa, JlcpMOHTOBa, IbroaH, Maaaa- ciu. Ix.iMHCKoro m up. i paiomcH Icpucn npHcrynHa k HiaaHHio aabManaxa «rio-Ha ofinoxxc 6bi/iM HioGpawcuw iipoipniH nam km-MttOtttx ACKa6pHCTOB. FlporpaMMHOM ue/ibio H3iiaHHH 6biao «pacnpoc-rpsHCHHC b Pocchh cBoooanoro o6pa3a Mbicaert». B nepBOM homcdc uu mi on\f> iiiKoiuiMiJ •IImci.mo BcJiHHCKoro k loi o.'i in ■■, ia 11 pe I IIC1 III I.I. •II.1 II.HOCTV* M «JiepCBHH» flyUJKHHa, npOH3BeaeHHH JCKaGpHCTOB H ip Hajifc»iaHtwyBaaenHCBCT3anpcuicHHbic b Pocchh «riyTemccTBHc K3 llcicpfiyprn n MocKBy* PaaniueBa, cthxh riyuiKHHa, JlepMOHTOBa. ItaMMM ii I'u.iceiia, «On:ioco(|)H'iccKOC iihci»mo» "laa.iaciia. in-ii rMMCb CTtTbH h xyfloxccTBciitibic npoH3BeaenHH fepuena h OrapcBa. MMOJIN ipyrHC M8Tcpn;Lii>i 11 noKyMCHTbi, HeaocrynHbic pyccKOMy hh- C hkuin 1857 r. TepucH h OrapeB npHcrynHan k BbmycKy rase™ tKOMBM», Ha lOACTciaBiucii B npwvioM CMbicne cnoBa bcmcbmm ko- lOMHOW. MaHHblM PCBO.IIOUHOHHUM nC'iaTHbIM OpraHOM. Bee H3J13- 1111* (cpiicua iiinpoKo pacnpocrpaiiHJiHCb b EBpone, a «KoaoKOJi» ewe h HCic1a.11.M0 aocian.iH.icn 11 Pocchio. Fro main 11 Miiia.in B CtttOO 111 iinHHuxyroj|icaxo6ujHpHoro rocyaapcTBa. TepueH nciy'iaa mho-jmctbo iiHtcsi hi Pocchh, ero nocema^H H3BCCTHbie poccmhckhc06-UBCIMMHMC acHTCJiH, yicHbic, nncaTCJiH h xypHaancTbi. Py6e*W) xii oiMC'icnccpbe3HbiMHpa3HorjiacHHMH repucHacore-lecTiCHHWMH ae»TMHMH aeMOKpaTHMecKoro aBH)KeHHfl. B 1859 r. oh "n\(i hikoiwii craTbio «Vcry Dangerous!!!*, rae pe3K0 h 061WHO Kpii-"PC.iciaiiHic.icii raK 11a Ji.niaeMoio '•(Kvin'iine.n.iioio HanpU ichhh*. /lm oovmchchhU k HCMy npHe3*aa B JloHaoH MepHHUieDC- N in Mipc !l •Ko.10K0.1C» nOHBHJiaCb CTaTbH «llHCbMO H3 npoBHH- iihh. u noanMcbio •PyccKHfi mchobck*, b kotopoh aBTop npH3biBa/i ICPHCIU IMTb POCCMK) K PCBOJUOUHH, a He K pCCpOpMaM, rOTOBHBUJHM- M npaBHTcibcTBOM. PeflaKUHOHHoe npeaMCJioBHe k stoh CTaTbe craw otbctom anonHviHOMy aBTopy «riMCbMa». TepueH noanepKHBaa cboc MBWWC C.1HMCTBO C POCCHHCKHM JlCMOKpai HMCCKHM aBHXeHHCM, HO "Mcrytun npoiHB KpaHHocreH h «KpoBaBbix nepeBopoTOB., noon" npH.UBo.nPHTCCHCHHbIX.KTOn0py». ClblH HC OTMCTHTb CVAJ1CHHH JcpiKHa O pOM3He «OTUbI H flCTH'- ■**ommhuc b CT3TM .Eme paa BasapoB. (1868), a TaKxe b ero nHtt- .tumepamypnaH Kpumuna nrpeou noJtoauHbi XIX eeica 160 Max TyprcucBy. B CTaTbe CKa3aancb pa3Hor/iacH« ny6;muMCTa c npe;i- craBHTCaHMH «MOaOaOH 3MHrpailHH», B KOTOpblX OH BHaC.fl Mil. 11 11 0T-pHUaTL'ilbHblX 'iepT, H 4epC3 npH3My 3TMX HOBblX oGlUeCTBCHIlblX HBJ1C- HiiHOUCHHiuui Ba3apoBa KaKcounaabHoe hbjichhc. TcpucH 11 ncaoM na-cTopoxcHHO oTHOcnacfl k HHrHaH3My, k Kpan i me m m b nioi \ ii aeii-ltbhhx Mo^oaux aeMOKpaTOB-pa3noiiHHueB. He eontlUUMCh c pe3Koc- IbK) 0UCH0K AHTOHOBMMa, TcpUCH, OaHaKO, He C>lHTa;i HHrHJlH3M TH- nii'iHbiM aaH Moaoae>KH, BHae^ Bo6pa3c Ba3apoBa oTpaxciiHe acTCKoii f>o.ie3HH MoaoaoKH («npope3biBaHHC 3y60B»). (IHTEPATyPHAfl KPHTHKA mOPOfl IIO/lOBHHbl XIX Bena KpillHK.I "MHCTOrO H C R y CCTB3 » (3CTCTMHeCKaH. HYIH «apTHCTHHeCKaH») HflH MHOľHX pyCCKHX nyÖJlHUHCTOB H KpMTHKOB 6blJIO CDOHCTBCH- ■0 upcacTBineHMe o cny*c6HOH, tomhcc 33bhchmoh po/in jíHTepaTy-py. o .iHicpaTvpc khk o cpcacTBC juih /tocthxchhh Mero-TO 6o/icc bu-iokoio h m.ľiiiio.n.iioio. I.ik, .XIH cjiaBHHO<|>n.ion pyccKan ayxOBHOCT* lU.IMoClUIIKK.'ll.fll.l.'lll TCM HC.TOCHiaCMI.IM H/UMJIOM. K KO I opOMV ,10-I IHM CipCMIUbCH BCC CBCTĽKHC XyflOWCCTBa. AsXe DJ1H Be/lHHCKOľO, OCOOCHHO B IHK.IC/IHMC ľO/lbl CTO flCHTCJlbHOCTH, «COUMajlbHOCTb». All Uli. II CC BCCOObCKUlOlUCM CMblCJIC CT3BHJ13Cb 3HalIHTejlbH0 BimN 111.1 n inicp.irypij. IIoi.thcc ;loopo.iiof)oii. HiicapcB, apyrne nOCilCTSBMTC.IH ACMOKpaTH'ICCKOH KpHTHKH T3KXC ÖyjiyT OTBOÄHTbJIH- TC|».it\i>c «. ivAconyiopo.il. «BooGiuc lOBOp«, — imca.i.'loópiviiooon. omínate n.no (|iopMv inpyn aaHHoe no iipeiine. :in repa rj pa Hp< 1 cnimci C060K) ciijiy ciy*c6nyio, KOTopon 3H3'ichhc coctoht b npo-naraiuc a /ioctohhctbo onpc/ic/iaeTCH tcm, mto h k3k ona nponaraH- Ho 6u,io b pyccKOH ciobcchocth h /iHTepaTypnoü kphthkc TCie- MIIC. tipc.UTaBHTC.1H KOTODOľO BblCTynHJlH FipOTHB CJiyXCÖHOH pO™ m. kw 1111.1 h .lHTcpaTypbi. npoB03MacnriH MX caMouenHOCTb h ocyaM" TCIUCMUHOJHOCTb H yTHJlHTapM3M. 3t0 TCOpHH «4HCTOTO MCKyCCTB3*. mOKAUia* cBoc oToajKCHHe b tbopmcctbc uc/ioro p«jia nosTOB h rmca-TweR, a TaKAc b xtcthmcckom (h/ih spthctmhcckoh) kphthkc -\ H .IpsAiiiimi.i. Ii II BoiKima h ll.B. Ahhciikoiu. Jumcpamypnafi Kpumuna ,,,,11)1X111 nOJlOOUHbt XIX ttCKÜ 162 TcpMHH «4MCT0C HCKyCCTBO» .JIOCTSTO'IHO yC/10BCH. npCUCTSBHTCJIH jToro TeMeHHfl He OTropsxHBanncb nojiHocTbio ot xm3hh oömccTBa, a MHonic HC npHHHMajiH h caMO onpeaeaeHHc «mmctoc». A.B. üpyxw-11HH, HanpMMep, hc OTpnuari ucKyccTBo noynaiouj.ee, oöcnyacHBaiomcc ceroflHHiuHHH aeHb, ho oho, c eroTOMKH 3peHHH, BpeMcimo, CKOpO npo-xo/muiee, h no3TOMy kphthk oraaBan npe;inoiiTCHMC BcmoMy, t. e. mh-cTOMy HCKyccTBy. «Haina TeKymaa onoBecHOCTb, — nHcan oh, — H3Hy-pcna, oc.n36.neH3 c3tmphmgckhm Hanpaß/ieHHCM». DiaBHa« 33cnyr3 sctcthmcckoh kphthkh — öepexHoe othohjciihc k xyaojKecTBCHHOH crpyKType npoH3BezieHHH, KOTopoü HCJib3H npciicö-pcraTb/jaxe bo hmh 6ojibuJoro h cepbe3Horo concp^aiinH, nocKOJibKy iiMCHHO xyao>KCCTBenHaH (popMa 3aTparHBaeT "lyBCTiia h MbiaiH Henoc- pCHCTBCHHO, a yM03pHTe^bHbie TC3HCbl MaflO MTOaaiOT BOCnpHHHMaiO- mcMy. B 40-e rr. n pe,ncT3 b htcti h screTHMecKoro HanpaiuicHH« bxo.ii.hjih b «Kpyr» «CoßpcMeHHHKa», öbiJin 6jih3kh BejiHHCKOMy, HeKpacoBy h «liaTyparibHOH UJKOJie». 3CTeTMlieCKaH KpHTHKa KaK CaMOCTOHTCJlbHOe TCMCHiie o(|)opMHjiacb no3HHee — b cepe/mne 50-x rr. nocac noHBJiciiHsi b «CoBpeMeHHHKe» MepHbiujeBCKoro h Ho6poaio6oBa. Ochobhmc npiiiiminbi 3CTeTHMecKoří kphthkh ocJ)opM^H/iMCb b nojicMHKc c aeMo- KpaTH'ICCKOÜ KpHTHKOM, B UeHTpC KOTOpOH CT0HJ1 H CílOp O HaCJlCilHH BcjiHHCKoro h npoTHBonocraBJieHMe «nyuiKHHCKoro» (apTMCrmcCKO-ro, ue/ibHoro, xyao>KccTBenHoro) h «rororieBCKoro» (oTpnuaTC^bHoro, TCHüCHuno3Horo h CKcriTHMecKoro) HanpaBJíeHHií b /iHTcpaTypc. ľlocTOflHHbiM nenaTHbíM opraHOM CTopoH- HIIKOB SCTeTHMeCKOH KpHTHKH 6bIJI XypHaJl •Bn6.'iH0TeKa.ijjiH mtchha», peaaKTopoM KOTopo-rt>b IS56 r. crari rjiaBHbiií HaeoTOr «apTHCTHMCC-' M icopHH AjieKcanap Baču.n>oniľi, lpy>Kniiiiii (1824—1864). B 40-e rr. OHöbijr H3BecreH KaKTa-•TaHT/iHBbiH oejuieTpucT, aBTop nonyrwpHbix no-"fCTCH, onyfjjiHKOBaHHbix b «CoBpeMeHHHKe» (b "X "IHCriC «riojlHHbKa CaKC», KOTOpOÍi BOCXH-"la,T 1Kb MHTaTeJl H), HaXO/THJlCH BXOpOUJHXOTHO- "iciiMHxcTypreHCBbiM, BcnxHHbiM, Bcjihhckhm. lcPBbie npon3BeaeHHH /IpyoKHHHHa, HanHcan-"uc b pycjie ujKojibi HaTypa^bHOTO pea^H3Ma h ""yfriHKoBaHHbie b «CoBpeMeHHHKe», 3acjiyxHJiH BbicoKyiooueHKy BeJiHH-CK°ro, KOTopbiii OTMewan caMo6biTnocTb Tanaim MOJioaoro nHcaTejin, «ay-UlCBHy° TeruioTy» h BepHoe noHHMaHne aeHCTBHTejibHccni. , 163 PyccKüH jiumepamypnan Kpumuxa XVIII — natajia XX iivkü mmmmm omeiajiH cacpxaHHOcn, h KoppeicmocTb ApyxH-.....u -ancpu aH.7tHHCKoroa*cHWbMCHa, ceeTCKoroaeHüH, coMCTa- .NUHCC» C lipitpOAHblM ÜOÖpOüyUIHeM, CepflCHHO« TerUlOTO« H COIOH-MOM I PS 1,1 C10XHOCTCH, tipOTHBOpCMHii H KOIKpJIMKTOB B MHP iKIpOVMMM. IIIVIOK M Hlpbl. lHicp.MvpHo-KpMriiMCCKaM;icHic.ii.iiocTi.;lpy*nnmia iia'ia.iaci, i •C OBPCMCHHMKC». EľO CTaTbH H o630pbI OTMC'ieHbl BbICOKOH 3pyflH-mH BMOOrai ...IICpCCOB " lip0<|.eCCM0HaJlH3M0M. ľlPH 3T0M OH HC-UUI MIIUC (bopMU A/IH H3J10XCHHH CDOHX B3I7IHAOB Ha JlHTepaTypy, HtH 1t BOTOPUC ipaaMUHOHMO CJlOXH/IHCb B «CoBpCMCHHHKC» lipH Be-. m CM\ 1.1.1 III I. 111*0 CXCMCCIMIIMC OMCpKH oG lOpHOľO Xa- ; „.clonu. iiuci.Ma n taMCTKM, a ne o6i»CMHbie h ccpw3-MMC roflOBbic oójopu hm npo6/ieMHbie craTbH. B TeqeHHC 1849-1154 rr. Jtyyxmmn itp»u»6peji nonyjinpnocTb k3k aBTop peryjiapiibix • IhiccM mioiopoancio iioatinoiHka b pc/uiKLMlO «CoBpeMcuHHKa» o ■ ,-pn.l IHCTMKC», a T3KXC CCpHH (pCJlbeTOHOB CO CKB03HUM repOCM MlWHOM McpHOKHHXHMKODbIM. HcKpCHHC yBJlCMCHHblH aHľ- . m iiiicpaiypmi, npcKpacHbiii iiiaroK ce coBpeMeHHoro cocTO- a.lllM. /IpyXHHHM B TCMCHHC MHOTHX JICT TaKXe nyÔJlHKOBajI B «Co- MM* • IWiciAia HHoiopoAHcro noanHC4HKa 06 aiinwHCKOii Hl tl'p.l 1 \ IX1» B iia'ianc 1850-x rr. flpyxHHHH c6^H3H^ch c pejiaKUHcii «Bh6/iho-icmi ain "nelinu.. Oh ikhh;i ocTpoyMuyio MaHcpy ee pe/iaKTopa 0 II ( MMD| iicoflHOKpaTHO ny6;iHKOBaji b ero xypnajie cboh 1 i.iii.ii m lavioikii Oanako Ganxe csiy tcm iic mciicc f.i.i i «Kpyi •• «( " MMMMNKa>. HoKornaoßmcc iiaiipaBJicuHC «CoBpcMeHUHKa» b 1854-IXS611 i ta i oiipcac ami. Mqiiii.iiiieik.KHii, ApyxHHHH, He corJiacHWHC ero nrAHAaMii, ytiicji mj xypnajia n npHHHJi npemioxenne H3naTeJin •BmCjihotckh ,xih •ntiiiiH» craTb ce pc/iaKTopoM c Ha'iaaa 1856 r. Ho n n.i.ia no iiioctmo c «CoiipcMCHHHKOM» on ne iiopua.'i n inpciK.i nyo i iiimim i m.i no cipaiiimax ciion ciari.n. A\pil.n •i.llO^HOTCKa JU1H HTCHMfl» H3BCCTH.1 MHTaTCJieH 0 CBOCII Hemme h MocTH or JiHTcpaTypHbix napTHH, o 3auuHTe CBoGoabi HCKyc- CTBa B l'Up.lACIIMH BCMHblX HCTHH A06pa, KpaCOTbl H npaBJlbl, O HCCO-'" t KpaHHOCTHMH «CCMHHapHCTOB», II SICH B BHAy HOBblX COTpyfl" *( '«"«pcMCHHHica», h BbicTymm b 3aniHTy nyujKHHCKHX TpaaH-■ no um Koro HanpaancHHH, b npoTHBOBec oTpimaTejibHOMy, ro-fQMKKOMy. B ptwiH Bcayuiero KpinnKa «EhGjihotckh an« meHH»» fl««MHHM 6buiao I860 r. h onyö^HKOBan Ha cTpaHHuax xypHaaa mho-»cctko pamoro poaa cTatcH. pcuchshh h oôsopoB. .Iitinepamypnax tcpurnuxa „moyoü noJioeuHbi XIX aena 164 MjieÍÍH0-3CTeTHMeCKHe H JlHTepaTypHO-KpHTH'ieCKHC II03HHHH CBOCII «apTHCTHiecKOH» KpHTHKHÜpyxuHMH onpeae^HJi BCTaTbc «A.C. riyuj-KHH h nocjieflnee H3jiaHHe ero commhchhh» (1855). npoTHBoiiocraBJiHH riyiüKHHa h nyuiKHHCKoe HanpaBjienHe oTpHuaTcnbHOMy m yrH^HTap-HOMy B3raaay Ha JiHTepaTypy h HCKyccTBo, flpyxHHHH m apyrne iipcü- CTaBHTCJIH «apTHCTMHeCKOH» KpMTHKH OnHpaJIHCb Ha T3KHC CTHXOTBO-PCHHH n03Ta, K3K «IIOST H TOJina», «ri03T» H «ri03Ty». K TBOp'ICCTIiy riyuJKHHa KpHTHK He pa3 anejiJinpoBaji Ha npoTHxcnHH mhoihx ^ct, Baafl b hcm HCTMHHoro nosTa, 3HaHHTCJibHO onepeaHBiijcro cbohx co- BpeMCHHHKOB. OflHMM H3 nepBblX üpy>KMHHH (nOC^e H3BCCTHblX OI'pH- uaTe^bHbix oueHOK BejiHHCKoro) oueHiw «MaaeHbKHe TparcanH» h iipo3y riyuJKHHa, noKa3aB ee orpoMHoe b^hhhhc na bcio pyccKyio ^h-TcpaTypy. ü,py>KHHHH He npocTO npoTHBonocTaßjiHJi tbopiicctbo ľlyiu-KiiHa Toro^K). Oh noHHMaa, 'iTOTenepbcKopee «HacTynaer bpcmh 6opb-6bi Mcxcay nyniKHHCKHMH m roroaeBCKHMH nocaeüOBarc;iHMH», h CTpc-MiiacH onpe^e^HTb cBoeo6pa3He TaaaHTa Ka>icaoro H3 bcjihkhx iiHcaTe-nefi. riporpaM.viHOH ww screTHHecKOH kphthkh h HanpaiuicHHM xypnaia «Bnö^HOTCKa zuih iueHH>3» dana CTaTbH ZIpyxHHHHa «KpHTHKa roroacBC-Koro nepHOiia n Hauiw k Hen othohjchh»» (1856). B hcm aBTop h3;iojkh^ CBOC nOHHM3HHC J\HTepaTypHOfi KpHTHKH H ee pOJIH B OGUICCTBCHHO-JIH- TcpaTypHoü XH3HM, no^HepKHBaa, hto KpHTHKa, aaxe coanVfHM HCTKH-HbiMH MacTepaMH cBoero aena, BpeMeHHa h .uaace «bcjihkhh kphthk» — yiHTOnb TOJlbKO CBOerO BpeMCHH H He MOXeT paCC'IHTblliaTb HB IipH- inaHMe h nomioHCHHe noc^eayioiuHX noKoaenHii: «GuiBa no3TOB, hm npo-oiaaneHHbix, GyneTGccnperiHTCTBCHHO pacTM h pacuiHpHibCH, MOicayTeM ero co6cTBeHHřw c^aBa craHeT yaeTyMHßaTbCH h MepKHyrb». Orcioaa MeaoBan buboä aBTopa o tom, mto «no HCTeieHHH icaxaoro jiHTcpaTypHO-ronepHoaa CTpornn nepecMOTp kphthkh sroro nepno/ia h hco6xoíihm h 5naroTBopeH». ÄpyxHHHH bwcoko ueiiRii 3acjiyra kphthkh roroncBCKoro ncpnoaa, ho npn stom KaTeropnqecKH B03paxan n pom b ctpohtcji bcTiia '•iMTepaTypHbix KyMHpoB» h «KpnTniiecKoro (pemujH3Ma» no othoijjchhio •ia*e KTeM aiiTopaM h kphthk3m, MbH 3acjiyrn nepea^HTcpaTypoH «BejiH-O H GaaroTBopHbi». YBaxaa KpHTHKy 40-x rr. (6e3ycjioBHO, pe'ib aaeT o BUČKOM), ZlpyXHHHH nblTUHCH BbIHBHTb H ee CHa6blC CTOpOHbl, o6yC- KtoeHHue b nepByio onepeüb oTcyTCTBHCM cocTOHTc^bUbix onnoneHTOB "TpejBoro caMOKOHTpo^H, a TaioKe MO^oaocTbK) h ropHMnocrbio. ľlo ero MMCHHI°. KpnTHKa40-x rr. b jinire npe>Kae Bcero BeanncKoroGbuia ncpea-HcpaiGopMHBa h HecnpaBeiWHBa b npnroBopax (HanpuMcp, o TBOfMr ^ MapjiHHCKoro), He yßaaeaa Baemainx cJiaB>mo(J)H^bCKOH ny&nnun- 165 PyccKUH jiumepamypnan KpumuKa XVIII —ttauaJia XX iiexa „ „ BBil ||h,THHMCBOMXCOIOJHMK0B H IKLICMIt ilipoiiaia C III1MM Clou, le MflllMlviliptlMO, K3K H C «CCBCpilOH HHeJlOH». ílpH 3T0M , Ip\ /MIIII1H IMCIM1 HTO liporMB ia6ny*flCHMH pUtta XypHlUlOB M KpMTHKOl) JTCÍÍCTBH-If tlJKK 1C tílIKĽIO i i i i u H. 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KpHTMK BCerü3 Gbia yB- icien 3H3J1H30M np3BCTBeHHO-ncHxojiorMiiecKOH npo6jicM3THKM pa3-fiiipacMbix npoM3BeaenHH, cnenan Mnoro uchhuix h36jho/ichhh naa xy- .lOJtCeCTBCHHblM MaCTCpCTBOM nMCaTeJTeH M, HTO HCM3J10B35KH0, Bcerji3 6U.1 HCH3MCHH0 KOppCKTCH H BOKJIHB nO OTHOlUeHHlO K OnnOHCHTaM. floaBoaH HTorH xapaKTepncTHKH kpmthkm 40-x rr., jQpyxKHHH bhobb "poHBna cBoricTBeHHoe Bceň eroaeflTejibHOCTH cTpeMJicHHC k npiiMH- PCIIHIO, K CrJiajKHBaHHRD npOTMBOpeHMH, K nOHCKy 06U1HX UCJ1CH. *3nc-HT TBOpHWMÍÍ M npMMMpHlOUJHH» JlOnXeH, UO eľO MHCHHK), OKMTbCfl c "Phtmkoh: «YHHHToxaTb cTspbie TeopnH, Beayuine k neTcpnuMOCTH, <*pacbiBaTbcaoporH Bce nperpsjibi KeüHHoayuJHOHacHTcabHocTM Bcex "PocBcmcHHbix ^HTepsTopoB Ha 6jiaro poaHoří cjiobcchocth — bot hto •10-1XHM Mbi nocTaBMTb ce6e MUHOfO m nocToaHHOio ucjibio». KaK h apyrne ctopohhhkm «sptmcthhcckom» tcopmm. flpyAHHHH BUC0K0 ueHMJi no33Mio A.A. eT3 h nocBHTMJi ero TBopnecTBy cneuH-ä-UHyio CT3Tbio «CTHXoTBopeHHH A.A. U T01IKHX HaOJHOJiCHMH Han xyao*c- Bamio «per». npniM». wtwr •» _ 4 „x.M ..I If IbHIJX CTHXOTHOpCHHH, OTMeTHJl CU0C06n0CTb !mi"'co»cpiuii. Kpacory it oGwinbix KapTHnax npnpoabi, hcoôwkho-mmmo rowocn m rôpaJHOcrb icaacaoro cnoBa. .IpvAMiimia iioiHO.'in.i c.\iy ncpiio h myooKo .MKMHIbCIWCOOpaJHC TBOpMCCKOH JIH4HOCTM MHOľHX H3BCCTHWX pyc- CKHX iimc«toic«. Tate, inaHHTCJibnyio ucHHocTb nponcTaiuuiioT ero cyx- KHHM oinooX.p.nilM IICHXO/IOľH3Ma Jl.H. TOJlCTOľO M O IipHOpHTCTC HpucTiKHHoto naieHbi Mac-NBCKMuic TC ncpcxoaiibic nyiiKTbi, to ncpcxo/jHoe coctohhhc koto- DM AAXC • (|HI HIMťCKOM MCflOBCKC O'leHb MaCTO yCKO^b3aeT OT 3a60TJIM- iHiii) i law. .i i vi CMC.10 h otmct/ihbo isi.icraiuieiio..., k;ik 6bl rOMHM i.u|m inn* h ' ayxomioe paciimpciiHC MeaoBCKa». OflHMM m OOtafUK niicaTcacii flpyjKMHHHa 6bui H.A. ľoHMapoR. ( K.p.ilHlillllK I. K f 10 TBOpMCCTBy B 1855 r. B peUCH3HH «PyCCKHC B Mno- Miiii n K.niuf IXV1 n o iia-ianc 1854 roaa. (#3nymeeux3aMemoK H. /b«-HúfHMM)'. M'MiiiKCJieJiíui HHTcpccHbie Haô^ioaeHHH ocyuiHocTH napoji- MOCTII II IVXOHHOCTH, 0 «TaHHCTBCHHOÍÍ, HCyJlOBHMOÍÍ CBH3H» MOKJiy .iiurnaiypott h nanoAOM. IIouhcc moGiiMWM rcpocM ilpy*HHHHa CTan 06/iomob, b kotopom OM MiitiriorpaxciiHc>icpTnaiiHonanbuoroxapaKTcpa n 06uj.eMe.noBf-■iciMiii np.iiitnvcHiHH.iit. Hc BcrynaH n npiiMyio iio/icmiiky c ouewcofl |X)M.III.I loiľl.ipoil.l ••pť.UI.HOH- KpiITHKOii, .'IpVAMllMII II I IOÄII.I CBOll nu mi ii.i npM mcatimc BCtYTM «OöaoMOB». PoMaH H.A. loiiMapoiia» i IHv'i It 'MCTiiocTH.üpy*iiHHH yßaaea b Oôjiomobc «MHcryio m ueab-n\m n.irvpv, of>pai-Tiin. boii.totmhiiihíí «it pyccKvio ne uioÖHBOCTfc, H nwiuncKyw chocoďhoctk k iipeaaiiHOCTH, h peujHTejibHyio Hccnocoô-M.» n. n.i I..IKIX- MiiOyai, iicMitcToc ac.no», hhctotv n iipocmry pcÔCHIB MiiTcpccHo. «rroofipai lilraibua kphthk Booôme cMHTan yM03pHTeab- HUM. H.IIUIVU .HĽIHUJHCH poCKOUJbK)» B pOMaHC Hc cícnycT jiyMaTb. >ito b ucmpe BiiiiMaHiiH üpyxHHiiHa 0Ka3anc« ™Pancp DOmmBM, b to opcMH KaK flo6poJiio6oB cocpftSOTO •WWW B OCMOBHOM Ha aH11H3C OOaOMOBlUHHbl. flpyXHHHH TO>KC OÔpa- TH*C» k oiiciiKc otVflOMOBiiiHHbi, KOTopyío oh onpeu.ejiM.ri KaK Hauiio- KBÄNfW H nAlUCCTBCHHOC HBJICHHC H npHHje/1 K CJieiiyiOLUHM BbiBoaaM •< xmomomiiihm.i i.hk.!, cäc.th ona npoHcxoam oi rHHJlOCTH, 6e3HI ,tc*moctm. pacTacHHH h uioro ynoDCTBa, ho e>Ke^H KopcHb ee TaHTC« npocro r Hcjpciocni oômcaBa h CKenTHMecKOM KoacôanHH mhctwv 168 ayuioio JiHDfleíi npen npaicTHMecKOH 6c3ypHjiHueií, mto ôbiiiacT bo bccx MO/IOflblX CTpaHaX, TO 3JlHTbCfl Ha Hee 3H3MHT TO )Ke, MTO MHTbCfl na pcĎeHKa, y KOToporo cnnnaioTCH raa3KH nocpc^H BCMcpucü kphkjih-boh ôece^bi juoneň B3pocjibix». TayoHHy npoHWKHOBeHHH b TaňHbi HauHona^biioíí ncHxoaorim, MäCTepcTBO b co3iiaHHH no3THMecKiix KapTHH napojHioŕí .♦. n ii 111 J\py- JK1IHHH UeHHJl H B TBOpMeCTBe A.H. OcTpOBCKOľO (CT3TbH «COMHHCHHH A. OcrpoBCKoro», 1859). XapaKTepucTHKa TBopMCCTiia OcTpoiicKoro b aaHHOíí pa60Tc BnojiHe pacKpbiBacT /locTonucTBa «3pthcthmcckoh» KpiITHKH. ÄpyXHHHH BHHM3Te^bH0 OTHeCCH K pSCCMOTpCHHIO K0MI10- 3HI1MH h pa3BHTHK) KOHcp^HKTa b nbec3xiipaMaTypra, OTMCMaa «cOBOp- IUCHCTBO B C03JiaHHH ^CHCTByiOlUHX JI HU» H HX HCpa3pblBHyiO CBH3b C pa3BHTHeM üeÜCTBHfl. BoCTOpweUHO 0T3bIBa^CH OH H O HlblKC OcTpO-BCKOrO, BHilfl B HCM «KBHHT3CCCHUHK0 MOryUJCCTBCHHOrO TanaHT3», «K0-,10pHT >KHBOnHCUa», HapOHHOCTb H Bbipa3HTCJlbH0CTb. ľlpH BCCH BOC-T0p)KCHHOCTH OUeHOK nbeC OcTpOBCKOrO, flpyXHtíHH, TeM HC MCHCC, hc jaKpbiBa/i r^a33 h h3 MHorne HeaocT3TKH, KOTopuc on bhíic^, Ha- lipHMCp, B K0MCÜHH «AoXOaHOe MCCTO» (HeCTpoiÍHOCTb ACHCTBHH, He- noaHOT3 oraejiKH nepcoH3>KeH, norpeuiHOCTH h3bik3 h ^p.). floc/ie yxoii3 h3 «Bh6^hotckh íwh mtchhh» b 1860 r. Hpy>KHHHH ot- Ka3anCfl OT aKTHBHOň JTHTCpaTypHO-KpHTHMCCKOÍÍ aCHTC/lbHOCTH, HO npoaoaxaji nncaTb h nyôJíHKOBaTb o63opbi JinÖHMOfl hm auraniícKoň •IHTCpaTypbl H ny6aHUHCTHKH. /IpyXHHHH ÔbIJI H3BCCTCH T3K>KC CBOH- MH ncpeBoaaMH (b mbcthocth npoH3BC4CHHH LUcKcimpa), MiioroMHC- •ICHHblMH CTaTbHMH H peueH3HHMH 0 3apy6cXHblX 3BT0paX. OcoGCHHO Mnoro oh riHcaji 06 aHrjiHHCKOíí ^HTcpaType, co3aaa ccpnio omcpkob o BbiaaiomuxcH poMaHax mhpoboií /iHTcpaTypu — npoH3BcacnHHx Ph-'lapacoHa, ľo/iiicMHTa, Baab3aKa h ap. MHorne ero ouchkh h cyjicac-HiiM ne yrpaTHjiH CBoero 3H3mchhji h no chx nop. BonpeKH yTBcp>icaeHHio HpyxHHHHa, mto ucHHocTb icptmuca, b ot-;h'ihc ot nosTa, BpcMeHHa h npexoaHina, ero co6cTBcnnaH .acHTonb-H0CTb cbirpana 3HaMHTejibHyio po^b b p33Bhthh otcmcctbchhoh ^htc- P3TypH0H KpHTHKH. C^CflyeT OTMCTHTb T3KHC UeHHbie H3XOÜKH flpy-*HHHH3, K3K BHHM3HHC K J1HMHOCTH 3BT0pa, aH3^H3 Xy^O)KCCTBCHHOH CToPOHbi aiiTcpsTypubix npoH3BCÄeHHii, ujHpoKHií Kpyro3op, oôuiiip-HOe «noae» /ma cpsbhchhh h THnojiornMccKHX x3P3ktcphcthk :ia cmct "PHaacMCHHíi aaHHbix o /i HTe paTy p h o h >kh3hh Eßponbi, h MaBiioe — "PcnaeHHe k npuMnpeHHio Bpa>icayionjHX cTopon bo hmh bc^hkoio MMM OTCMeCTBeHHOií c^obcchocth. 169 PyccKiiH .wmepamypiuiu KpumuKa XV111 -tianajia XX eexa OflHHM H3 JiyMlUMX apy3CH H HOCTOHH-HblX KOppCCnOHflCHTOB BeaHHCKOrO 6bin I, ,,M IIIM NeTpOBHM BOTKHII (181 1 — 1869) JE^^^ i in ii TanaHTJiH- m ^ -f , ii ii siockobckoto HaeToproBua. Oh ^4jJ B 6bUl H3BCCTHUM 3HaTOKOM M IiCHMTCJICM HC- KyccTBa. HacTbie noc3aKM B Eiipony no kom-Mop'iecKMMflejiaM jiaBann B. EoTKinry boi-Mo*ii(KTb noccmaTb My3cn, 6h6jihotckh m raaepcn, oh 6bin «Baio6aeH b My3biicy» h cast nayiiuicH HipaTb Ha cKpniiKe, yxe B3poc- ablMCaMOCTOHTCJlbHO BbiyiHJI HTiUlbHIICKItii h ii.ik Amiih 3a ipaiiHuen, oh no3HaKOMna- CH C H3BCCTHblMM aCHTeaHMH KyabTypbl II IKHHIHKH roio HpcMCHH (MapKCOM, JlyH EaaHOM, Jlepy h up.). ( laii.n Im>i miii.i o siy iijkc, xhdoiihcm, nepciioabi, o63opbi 3apy6c*-Mdtt iHirpaiypu ii • TuMccKouc* h «MoaBe», noajwee li «Mockobckom MO mia.nc ic- ii .OrciccTBCHHbix ianncKax» noabjoiuunicb Go n.nioii iionyaHpiiocTbio (•IllcKCimp KaK nojT h anpHK», 1842; «rcpMancKa« iiurparypa*. 1843). BooomcaHTcpaTypHO-KpHTH'iecKaHnoiTCJibHocTi. Eotkmh.1 npoTCKaaa napaaacabno c EcawncKHM, coxpaHnaacb mx 06-uiiipii.iM iic|vmm> i.i i.iip.iniiiaioinaH awTcpaTypiibic B3raaabi h oucii-mi K i QlCoKMM 11 opiiiiiHa,ii.HbiM cyjKacHHHM Botkhhh o aiiTcpaTypc ii M KyocTM Bcaiihckhh iicciaa iipiicayujHBaacH c BiniMaiiHeM. 11 inccTHocTb iKiTKimy npnnccan 3HaMcniiTbie «llncbMa 06 Hcna-HiiM.. oiiytYiiikonaHiibic n «CoBpcMCHHHKe» b 1847—1851 rn, a 33TCM nwiiic.iiiiHcoTacibHbiMM3aaHHCM. Bhhx iipoHBiinacbTOHKaH Ha6aioaa- TMW40CTV yMCHHC BOO H HHTCPCCHO paCCKa3aTb, nOrpy3HTb HHT3TC- icii n .ii\i(x(|icp> f)ura, iipaiWH, o6bic 1111C1.M0 HBanaocb KaK 61,1 oTaeabHoi} jaKOHMCHHOM HO-w1 niti tii.i'imc 11.111,111 iioiHamiTcabiibiH 11 KyaiaypHbiH HUTCpcc npca-1 i.mm in p.i iMMiiiacHMH <>f> HCKyccTBC, 0 AHiioimcn. 0 loiic. BenacKece, i«- ii.nu 11« vi\ k-Mx (xora iiciaTxiHci. Boxncae «CMecb»). HcMirapufl yKfloii BCTopony apTHCTH3Ma 6bui cbohctbchch cyttacmi-«w B lxiTvnii.1 o aincpaType ewe b 40-e it. Era nncbMa k EcaHHCKOMy I Wl.ini- 11- """'TOIIUCOKOMOIJCHKC^^ •P^w^wecttoreaacMcina. b aHrcpaTypc. TaKOBbi cro ouchkh «3anncoK TwrHei«(xyno)KccTr«HHocTi,pHcyHKa,TOHKa5i Ha6aioaaTeab-iHKib. .10,™«,,,« npHpoau). .OobiKnoBCHHon hctoPhh» rbHMapoB* wctvm riijocTOTa.. •KaK6yaTo B)KapKMH acTHHfi aeHb cbca Mopo*c- 170 AumcpamypnaH Kpumutca umovou noJiQGUHbi XIX eena Hoe», «aerK0CTb h MacrepcTBO paccKa3a»), npoH3BeacHHií Aoctocuckoio iBbinypHOCTb, «TyrocTb h CMyra», «rpyabi naB03a»). XapaKicpubie hiijhi-mmyanbHbie nepTbi cthjih BoTKHHa-KpHTHKa — BHHMaTcabUbifi anajun ih>ihi.ix BnenaTaeHHH, peaKoe screTHHecKoe 'iyTbc h oohjihc cpaiiiiciinii c 06pa3aMH My3bIKH, >KHB0nHCH H, KaK HH crpaHHO, racrpoHOMHM — cao-*nwcb y>Ke b 40-e rr. h ocTaBaancb HeH3MCHHbiMH. OannM 113 ncpiibix \Ka3aj1 Ha 3TO Bcjihhckhíí, oOcyxcaaa b nepcnncKe c Botkhhum noBCcri. •AiiTOH-R)peMbiKa» fpHropoBMHa: «Tbi, BaceHbKa, cn6apHT, caacrcHa — reCe, iiHUJb, aaBaíí no33HH aa xyao>KecTBa....». OaHOÍÍ H3 0C06eHH0CTeÍÍ 60TKHHCKHX aHTCpaTypilO-KpHTHMCCKHX craTeíí 6biao to, mto b hhx aHTepaTypHbie npoH3BcaeHHH MacTo cpaii-HiiBaaHCbc My3biKoH, XHBonHCbio nan racTpoHOMHeii. TaK, HanpHwcp, BaaTbe 06 3CTeTHiiecK0M 3HaiieHMH hoboh (popTcn Han noři IHKOabl (0 liloneHe): «CxoaacTaM He HpaBHaacbMy3biKa UJonetia, KaK, iianpn-vicp, HcnaHuaM He HpaBHTCJi xopouiee npoBancKoc oaniiKOBoc Macao. Ohm iipeanciHTaioT CBoe 3e;ieHoe, BOHioMee, k KOTopoMy npnBbnain». Ho cepeanubi 50-x rr. Botkhh 6wa aKTHBHbíM coTpyanMKOM «Co-BpcMCHHHKa», copaTHHKOM HeKpacoBa. HanGoacc H3BCCTHaii ero ;ih-rcpaTypHO-KpHTHMecKaa cTaTba «H.n. OrapeB» (1850) 6buia BTopoii b iiMKac «BTopocTeneHHbie pyccKHe no3Tbi», HanaTOM HeKpacoiibíM 11 •COBpeMCHHHKC». KpHTHK OTMeTHa B n033HH OrapCBa My3blKailbllOCTb, HcxoTopyio HeonpeiieaeHHOCTb, TOHKyio h TOMHyio cnay. Mynrb hojjkc Iwkmh CTaHCT coaBTopoM HeKpacoBa b oTacae «33mctkh o )Kypnaaax» (1854-1855 rr). B stot nepnoa o6aaHne annuocTH h y6e>KacnnH Hc-"pacoBa caMbiM cymecTBeHHbíM o6pa30M cKa3aancb Ha B3raaaax Bot-Kima, neMy b HeMaaoň cTeneHH cnoco6cTBOBaaa coBMCcTnaH >KM3Hb noa MocKBofi b IleTpoBCKOM, rae nosT npoxoana KypeaeMCHHH. Toraa Botkhh riHcaa: «HeT HayKH aan HayKH, HeT MCKyccTBa aan HCKyccTBa, bcc °»h cymccTByioT íuth o6uiecTBa». noa sthmh caoBaMH Bnoane Mor 6bi noanHcaTbCH MepHbiuieBCKHii. Botkhh HHKoraa He cTpeMHJicn oTae- •TITb HCKycCTBO OT XH3HH H npOTHBOnOCT3BMTb HX, HO CTO BCCTaa ĎOab- wniHTcpecoBaaH BeqHbie, KopeHHbie cbohctb3 MeaoBCiecKoii npupo-ltí- OTpaxaiouiHecH b nepByio OMepeab b HCKyccTBe. llo3TOMy oh 6bia "POTHB «yTHaHTapH3Ma», nOaMHHCHHH HCKyCCTBa aiOĎblM npaKTHHCC- Khm ucaaM. ripn 3tom oh He no^b30BaacH tcpmhhom «HCKyccTBO aan Hc"yccTBa», cMHTaa ero cĎHBMHBbiM 11 HeTOHHbíM h npeaaaraa Tcopnio 'CBo6ojiHoro TBOpMeCTBa». B 1856—1857 rr. Hanajiocb cĎJiHxeHHe Botkhh3 c QpyXHHKHMM, a nK*c c An. TpHropbeBbiM h bo3hhkjio HenpHHTHe KpařiHocTCH Mep- HUlUCBCKOro. BaH30CTb BoTKHHa K CTOPOHHHK3M «'IHCTOrO HCKyCCT- 171 I'm < líh .lumepamypnan xpumuna XVIII-uataJia XX «pico m. „po^amb »O.M0H cro hibcctho* cm« «Cthxotbopchhh Ocra. ,1.57? onHp..K».uc(«c« na jctctmmcckhc npiiHUHnb. kphthkh. Eotkhh TBK M (UK HCKpaCOB H flpyHCHHHH. ynpCKaJI KpMTMKy 40-X IT. B TOM. ,„,,,„, rjai» i.hiim.ihhh v.UMHia . i lipHHCCKOH 110)11111. I It) cio Mile „„», ..(.iiircTwi n oi.w.1i.iiwc .mm xmyr b iicpByio oHepe/ib cy6i>cK- nii.Moll .BliytpeilHC«» IHIHHO, H TOJIbKO JIHpHMeCKSH P033HH CnOCoG-iu y.lOHHTb m lICpCJUTb CyTb JTOll XH3HH. Oil llOnbľnUlCH OIipe/lCJIHTb cytuíiocTb lur/TH'iccKoro iwioca OcTa. nncari o MyjbiKaribHOCTH cro cth-xob. o tom, m to b ero noj3MH HyiicTByioTCfl «thxhc rjiyooKHC owyuie-MMM nipocTQayuiMe «tyncrna». BcraTbe coAcpxajincbtohkmě HaöJiioAc-MiiH ii.i.i m MM n nwnweCKMM MacrepcTBOM OeTa. PlUOdAIICb C flCM0Kp8THMCCKHM HaiipaRnCHMCM «COBpCMCHHHKa», Imiikiih potu) učíaniiuio otiiccch k upon incieiinio MepiibiniCBCKoro .•In) ic nib* m iimcctc c Octom naintcaji ciaTi.k) npoiiiB poMaiia, KO-TDoaM tic 6bina onyfMMKonana h, boimoxho, hc coxpaHiinacb. M M.>i nc cymjenHH h HaGjiio/icnHH BoTKMna couepxaTC» b ero iiHCbMAx. MCKoiopiac m i mix iiooOme iioxojkh Ha He6ojn.iiJne peu.cn-iMM o irx iiiTcpaTypnbixco6biTiiHX, KOTopuc eMy Ka3&nnci> BaxHUMH n MMicpcciiuMii H 'lacTHOCTH, b iiHCbMe k OeTy oh nncan o poMaiic • Hon m a h mmp»: «3tot poMaii bo bccx othoiiichhhx npeBOCxoacn K.iK.iH tipKocii. n iimcctc rjiyomia xapaKTcpHCTHK. KaKoii xapaKTcp H .u am n m KaK iibucpxaii. TaK bcc b stom npcBOCxozuioM iipoH3Be/j.e-iiiiii iipooyauueT myOo'ialiuiiiü MHTcpec. üaxe BoeHiiwc coo6pa*e-iii1h im mu MMicpcca. H muč b f>o/ibiiieií lacTM cjiyMacB KaxeTCH, mto oh f)M.i coBcpiiiemio npan. H jiotom, KaKoe dto rjiyöoKoc pyccKoe npo-H inr.iciiHC*. H idcctiio. «rro TyprcncB b niicbMe k flocToeiicKOMy nncan, mto po-m.iM .Oiiiij n icrn. HHKTO iio-iiacioHiiicMy nc iioiih.i ,'laAc 11ncipci •mom t h iioiim.1. TyprciiCB CMHTaji, mto noHn/in ero mnbKO zrna MOioBe- > i Ih'IHIII H/loCTOeBCKIIH. OueilKH BoTKHlia He COXpaHHJlMCb, HTO*C nacacTcn ÄocTocBCKoro, to oh yBRueji b Ba3apoBe TparHMCCKHří pyc- > him xapatcTcp.ipHrypy/icHTC.nH, noHBHBUicroca paHbiue bpcmchh.cmh- TM, HTO B MC m MyBCTByCTCH «IipH3HaK OOJIblHOrO CCpflUa». Ih'imim ptaKonyfJjiHKOBaaca, ho, uena erg MHeHHe, xyjioxecTBeH-IMrtMcyc.oôpaioRaHHc h jpyjutunio, MHorne nos™ h nncaTejin np»- CByUIMBMHCb K CfO cohckim m m3ct0 nOCbUiaflH eMy CBOH npOH3BC.lC- MMB^npcBuic hx nyfJmiKaiiHH. TaK nocrynajiH Tojictoh, Oct, TyprcticB lipMHIIHnbl 3CTCTHMCCK0H TeopHH OpHrHHíUlbHO H CBOC06" mm b CBOCH .iCHTc^bHOCTH riaBeri Bacii.u.ciiii'i Ahhcbk« (1113 -IU7) Oll lipo*HJIi0.1iyiO)KH3Hb,6bU13HaKOMCOBCeMH BtílM" 172 IM,, P.l IHO .lumepamypnan Kpumuna ,;„io!)oü nojtoaunbi XIX ocKa k h m h pyccKHMM rmcsTe/iHMH (Hanu Han ot [l\mkiina h Borona h 33K3HHhb3h JI. To/i-CTblM) 11 CO MHOrHMH H3 hhx 6b!Jl b iipyxcc-KI1X OTHOIIICHHHX. M3BeCTHO, MTO AlllieHKOB mHU IlOüüHKTOBKy TorOJlfl TeKCT «MepTBblX ,ryiu»(roro^b;iio6HJi cjiyiuaTb, KaK 3iiyMHT xy- JOJKeCTBeHHOC C^OBO, Kuklic OTTeHKH CMblC-.iaB03HHKaK)t npH H3MeHeHHHX HHTOHaUHH). B 1847 r. AnHeHKOB conpoBoacaan Beanuc-Koro b 3arpanHMH0H noc3jiKe h 6bui cbhüc-TC/ICM C03ÄaHHH «ÜHCbMa k H.B. Toio^io». Ahhchkob jioaroe BpeMH npoBca 3a rpa-II u ne n. BiiHMaTejibHo enemn 3a npoHcxoafliuHM b Eßpone h b Pocchh, h no yôonaenHnM 6bw hckpchhhm ^HÔepanoM, neHaBHjiea h aeciio-TH3M, h peBoaiouHio. B nponaraHae h oTcraHBaHHH cbohx bjitihaoh oh 6hiJiflocTaTOMHo naccHBeH, k3k, nnpoMeM, h b JíHTcpaTypiioii acHTcnb-HocTH. EMy Bceraa HyxeH 6bin KaK0ií-HH6yab HMiiyjibc, ana Toro mto-6bi B3HTbCH 3a nepo. TaK, oh nncan A.B. ApyxHHHny: «Bbi npocro 3a-xajKHTe, HpyxHHHH, bot accKaTb mto HanHUJM, a HiiaMc caM h ne Haa ieM hc ocTaHOBJiiocb, noTOMy mto hhmcto ocoGeiiHoro Tciicpb mchh hc laHiiMaeT». K^HTcpaTypHOÍi h kphthmcckoh/iCHTe/ibHOCTH AhhchkoboGpaTHji-CH necpaiy. B 40-e rr. oh nHcaji noBCCTH Bayxe «HaTypaiibnoü ujKOJibi» it naxoaHJicH noa cHjibHWM b^hhhhcm naeii h jihmhocth Bc^hhckoio. NO HaCTOHHHK) KpHTHKa OH CTan HHCaTb «nHCbMa H3-33 ipailHUbl», KOTopue ncMaTajiHCb b 1840— 1843 rr., a nyTb no3>kc «Hsphjkckhc iiHCb-wa» (1846—1847). Ero nepy npHHazuiexaT TaKxe naiiHcannbie no npocboe Toro^h «npoBHHUHanbHbie nncbM3». C jierKoií pyKH Ahhch-"OBaUHioi nnceM ct3hobhtch b40-x rr. oMeHbp3cnpocTp3HCHHbiM )K3h-POM. 3to 6biji CHHTeTHMecKHH >Kanp, rae Hapaay c 3thoip3(J)hmcckhmh "6blT0BUMH 33pHCOBK3MH, KapTHHaMH HpSBOB, npOBOJIH^HCb OUCHKH •IHTCpaTypbl H MCKyCCTBa. KaK ji HTep3TypH bi h kphthk Ahhchkob skthbho CTan BbicTynaTb b 'Cobpcmchhhkc» yxe nocjie CMepTH BejiHHCKoro, cmchhb cro Ha no-°y Výměro KpHTHKa xypHaria h ct3b h3 k3koh-to momcht ero Ha-MeaHHKOM h npoiioa>KaTeaeM. Bcjieji 33 hhm oh npojjoaxua Tpaanunio e*croflHbix o63opoB ^HTepsTypbi, KOTopwe nyö^HKOBanncb b tcmchhc cx *0-x rr. CH3Mana b «Otcmcctbchhux 33niiCK3x», a 33tcm h b «Co- "PCMCHHHKe». OilH3KO H3MCpCHH0, npOHBJlHH CüCp)K3HHOCTb M KOp- PCKT1,ocTb. Ahhchkobüsji CBoeii paoorc, nocBfluienHOH ^HrepaType 1848 r.,^. 173 pC.L1 PyccKüH MtmepamypuaH KpumuKa XVIII-nauajia XX «exa - .3av.cTKH o pyccKoří aHTcpaType npowaoro roaa.. 5nCWTM MHIcpCCHil TCM, MTO B HCH HHepUb.C Ahhchkob HCnOab30Baa trnwMM .pc i in im.. ci.iiiimiH ľ loio iipeueiiit oOiucyiioipcrnncjii.hmm ■MiH k lOMy BpcMCHM y*e cipopsiyanpouaji OCHOBH1.ic npn3Ha-imiuMiiu ihm im iM.i KaK xyao)KccTBciiMoro MeTojia. Oh nncaa o non no.ihm., .pcaibiioM nanpaBJicHMH» b jiHTcpaType, 6c3yc-„. iioap.ii>MciuM pciuiiDM, ciaiiinnn ncayiiutu HanpaBJiOHMCM ■ KUHIIC 40-x ii OOHAKO Bc.IHHCKHH He CyMCJI nOaOÖpaTb liaiBaUHe iUIH iioiKiioH.iiip.iii iciiMM Oiipcaeaeiiiie ••iiaiypa.n.iiaM iiiko:ki» Gwaoyaa'i- HO. HO OHO II lll.Clllte.1l.IIOM ĽTCriCHH hochjio 110.1c m11 > icl kiiii ii cvaoii HUH CMUC1 AHHCHKOB HailJCa ÖOace yaaMHblH TepMHH - «pCaaH3M». Bau - loio oh noiiuTancflOTflCJiHTbpeaaH3MOTHaTypaaH3Ma(cnM-m«m rcM cbmmm HcyaasHUH ottchok cMbicjia b TcpMHHOJioniH Beann-CKomi \oim ii.iiyp.i m im k.iKaincparypiioe iianpaBJicHiie o(|>opmmtch Mo 1*1 no Ol o IICTOKH BOCXOflHT k^HTCpaTypC 30—40-x IT. H He TOabKO n l'ocoill, ho 11 HO paHllMH. KOIJUl I1 tbm IIOHBH-llHCb mhotomhcjich-HUC fpM IH0.10I H'ICCKHC OMCpKH, 3apMC0BKH, KapTHHKH C HüTypbl H T. II. MocpC.ICIBCHHIJC B XyaO*CCTBCHHOM OTHOIUCHHH npOH3BCaCHHH, K0- inpur oipaiHciHKUHCb iiaiypíĽiiiciiľiecKiiM orpaxa-iiiteM (j)aKTOBiiciV ctnHie.ii.Hoi m \iiHciiKon oTHocHJi k nceiiaopeaait imv, pcaaH3My «b oip.iiiiľiciiHOM cMUcac», iiocKoabKy aaH ero npcacraBHieacii 6w.io ».ip.lMcpilo liiHlipoil incacHMC 111 111 1. «HapyAHOii o6o,'io6hiiih" mqao.ii j < AciiiiiHH h xBacTaioiUHMCH ncpea npHsrreaHMH cbohmm no6c-iiMM n mix vapaKTcpax. no mhciihk) AmicHKOBa, hc 6biao xyao*c- I inCHIIoM i.TyfjMHU. H KpiITHK CIipaBCa-IHDO HOaaraa, MTO HaCTOHIIlCC ■ m... poklicích amin, iipn co'iciaiiiin ncpnocin 0KpyX8J0Hie¥J neOHIM nupajKCHMCM h c ľJiyoOKMM IipOHHKHOBCHHCM B )KH3Hb» i urine pea-iHiMa OT naiypafíHiMa, KaK HCKyccrBa oTaarcppo-ICMKH AiiHCHKOBa hc Bceraa Moryr 6biTb npHHHTbi: TaK. oh n °4*WHTacTHMecKH-ccHTMMeHTajibHOM poac nOBeCTBO- OCBCKOro H ByTKOBa. (B TBOpMeCTBC ZloCTOCBCKOrO 3T3 - BHMMaiiiic k ah juh cepaua — aeiicTBHTeabHO npHcyr-. eroTBop-iccKHH Meroaaaxc onpeaeaaaH KaK ceHTHMemuib- huH pe-vmiM ) . iiwu-panuipiuiH KjmmuKa timopoü noJioouHbt XIX aeica OraHMHTeabHOií OCOÔeHHOCTbK) AHHeHKOBa-KpHTMKa ĎUJU) CTpCM- aeHMC rmcaTb npoöaeMHbie CTaTbH. HanpHMcp, b 1855 r. b «Cobpcmch-iiiiKC» öbuia onyöaHKOBaHa ero craTbH «OMbican BupoMjBcacHiiHX mjhiu-hoíí caoBccHOCTH. (33MCTKH no noBoay nocaeaHHx npoinBcaeiiHfi it. H.C. TypreHCBa h Jl.H. ToacToro)», no3aHee MtMMMKM «XapaK-rcpiicTHKH: HC. TyprcHeB h Jl.H. Toacron». 3Ta patxrra iqamaCI npea-craBaHeT coôoh o6cTO«TeabHbiň h rayGoKHií CpgBlfaltWBiftrf anaaH3. y 060hx aBTopoB oh OTMenaeT npwcyTCTBHe Mbican m oanoiipcMcuno ytjcxaaeT MHTaTeafl, hto 3HaMCHHC Mbican b ii po h 3Bcae h h h ikkht no-6o'iHbiHxapaKTep. «Mbi npeHMymecTBeHHoo6cy)icaacM bhchihmkictopo-HyaBTopcKoro TaaaHTa, ero npncMbi h cnocoöu co3aanHH, ocTaiiaHH HCTOpOHC CyiUHOCTb np0H3BCaeHHM, TaK KaK HaCTOHHUlH Líca b CTaTbH iaicaioiHCToro hc-KyccTBa». JXna KpHTHMecKOií MaHepu AHHCHKOiia xapaKTcpm.1 hcko-Topan HeaoroBopeiiHOCTb, OTcyrcTBHC mctkocth m hchocth BbiBoaoB. BoTaHMHc, HanpHMep, ot Be^HiiCKoro h npcacTaBHTcacŕí pciio.iiouM-oHiio-aeMOKpaTH'iecKOH kphthkh, oh H36craa PC3KHX (popMyanpo-110k b oucHKax, xoTe.1 c6aH3HTb KpaŕíHocTH. ByayMH ctopohhhkom MiicToro HCKyccTBa, Ahhchkob, tcm hc MeHce, aonycKaa MHoroc, «iero apyrne ctopohhhkh 3CTeTHiiecKoro HanpaßacHH« hc npn jiiaBaan. (>TCK>aa nopoíi HCKOTopa« bhcluhah HeaorHMHOCTb ero cTaTcři. CKa-ibiiiaaocb 3aecb h to, mto Ahhchkob 6ua apyxen wnw xopomo 3na-kom c 6oabuiHiicTBOM H3 Tex, o kom nHcaa. B neaoM pHae craTen Ahhchkob nonuTacTCH c(t)opMvaiiponaTb npo-rpaMMHue Mbican 3CTeTHiiecKoro HanpaBaeHHfl kphthkh. TaK, B cra-Tbc «CTapan h H0B8Ü kphthk3» (ncpBOna'iaabHoc najBaHHC «0 3naMC-HMii xyao>KccTBeHHbix npoH3BeaeHHH aan oömecTBa»), noacMiuupyn c lli-'PMi,iujeBCKHM, oh nHcaa: «CipeMaeHHe k hhctoíí xyao*ccTBCHHOC-th b HCKyccTBe aoaxHo 6biTb He ToabKO aonymcHo y Hac, ho CHabHO BojöyjKaeHo h nponoBeaycMO «KaK npaBHao». H 3aecbOH bhobi. Bbipa- *aCTCH BHTHCBaTO H HeMeTKO CpOpMyaMpyCT cbok) Mbicab. Ho MHCHHho AHHCHKOBa m apyrHX npeacTaBHTcaeii «mhctoto HCKyc-CTBa», BaHTcpaTvpe h kphthkc nocTOHHHO cymecTBycT npoTHBOCTOH-"hc nyiuKHHCKoro h roroacBCKoro HanpaBaeHHH, nosTOMy ohh npH-^TCTBOBaaH noHBaeHHe hobmx npoH3BeaeHHň OcTpoBCKoro, JI. Toa-c'oro n ocoGchho TypreHCBa, paccMaipHBa« hx TBop>iecTBO c tomkh 3pe-HH" npoHBacHHH nan HcnpoflaaeHMH 6aH3KHX hm naeň. i 174 175 PyccKüH jiumepamypiuiH k/>uihuku XVUI-nataJia XX nmtt .mkmiih ii i •( onpeMCMHMK. ^AUUIKMH HC riOiUCpXÜUl OftWHMMOI hMt/IMlKllllll lUXCCU lipOTMB HPO.PCCCHBHOH aHTeparypb. H xypnaanc- .......M m,„ i c -NMciK-HHoii. nponoBcauo «ocraHOBHTb, o6pa rymm «H«.uic»i. i lopwH iuioboH Koyuuix na ruiaxy», *aywan, mtoohh yMUpaoi M oßuieciBO». II „„.uuiihm aBTopHTCTOM aan AyjnfUiKHHa uceraa 6ua BeaHHc-m.H Oiummmicio laaaiuamibiM nyfiaitUHcioM, <|>h:ioco<|>om, kphtm- M>M .pCflKOIt) TilKia M HO JTHMCCKOrO MyTbH» H CTDCMHJICH B CBOCH AH-icp.ll\|'ll«> k|>lttH'ICCKOH ;lCHIC;lbH()CTH C.'ILVIOlia ii. cio i pani iiiisim. i IMIIII1.ii CIO H M M ii aCMIC.II.HOCTI. Ol liaiKUlOK |X\1 K11IIOI11ioi1 kpillllkl! d i.iii.m •IlliiiiMtinic ciapiiKH». 1859). ( irawi cktom noacMHKH MOKJiy iipcacTaBii- IC/1MMH KlCIIVICCKOH KpHTHKH H HX MaBHblMlt OľinOHCHTaMH — KpM" iiik.iMit acMokparaMii. B tbkom ay.xc paccMaapHBaawcb npoH3BCACHH« TýprtHCBa. JlToACToro. OcrpoBCKoro, Hhccmckoto, CaaTbiKOBa-UIca-pioia Hibcctho. -rro mhoihc nucaraiH öoabujc npncaynJUBaaHCb k MMBQ UpCACTaBHTCaCH 3CTCTHMCCK0H KpHTHKH. HanpHMCp, Jl.TttV CtOM CIHTan DOT K H Ha C BÖHM «a lOÔHMbIM 'IHTaTCACM» H llHCaA CM>: • iKMkoc moc Hiiciai.iciiHo. BCHKaa mob Mwcab BOcnpuHHMacTCH bumii '•Hille hciicc II bwiiic. «icm oho BbipaXCHO MHOK)». Hmmom na iio.icMHky h iipoTHBocToauHe B3raaaoB kphthkobX-TcnnccKoro h acMOKpaTiiMccKoro HanpaBaeHHii, ohh yaHBHTcabiio mim hu i. KoiicHKC iickoropwx aniopoi» it upon ino.ioimii. .IpyAUH'' M HcpilMUICBCKHH. HaiipHMCp. BblHBMaH OAHH H tc *c OÖUiHC MCp^ AmncpamypuaH Kpumuica , ,,„,i)oü nojioauubi XIX dexa japoBaHHH Jl. ToacToro. TaK, ßpyxHHHH nncaa o BbicoKOHpaBCTBCH-^ HOCTH HAcaaoB HHcaTeaa h ocoGo Bbiaeaaa b cro npoH3BcacnHHx mch-xoaoniMCCKHC MOHoaora. B cbok) oqcpeab, McpiibiuicBCKHH y ToacTO-roOTMCTHa b KanecTBe BaxHcniunx «MHCTOTy HpaBCTBCHHOFO 'lyBCTua» m «ncHXoaorH3M oco6oro poaa», «anaacKTMKy ayiiin». flpyroü iipuMcp laKOio coBnaachhh B3raaaoB — oucHKa TBop'iecTiia Ton-iapoBa flpy-♦ iiiiiiiiiiiM h Jloöpoaio6oBbiM. 06a nncaan o nenocpeacrucnHOH CHac TiiaiiTa,o6t>ckthbhocth, He 3aMyTHCHHoii hhk3khmh 3a;iaiini,iMH \wc-M (KaK h BeaHHCKHH, 3aaBaauaTbaeTao hmx mmchho b xyaoxccTBCH-HOCTH BHaca ocoöyK) eway roH>iapoiia-npo3aHKa). OanaKO nocae 06-lucii oueHKH aapoBaHHH nHcaTcaa kphthkh «pacxoaHJiHci.» b (NttfOM CTopoHU. Ecjih üo6poaio6oB BCTaTbe «MiOTaKoc o6aoMOBinHiia?», ana-iiuiipyn xapaKTcp OöaoMOBa, paccMaTpHBaa cro KaK counaabnoc ab-.icHHe h nopoxcacHHe «o6aoMOBiüHHbi», to flpyxHHMH («06aoMOB») Biuca b o6pa3e OöaoMOBa iieaoBeiiccKyio Tpareanio h noaBoana cro vapaKTep noa 6oaee hjhpokhh HpaBCTBCHHO-ncHxoaorn'iecKHti thii iiciipaKTH'iHbix m HecnocoöHbix Ha 3ao wyaaKOB. ľlpeacTaBHTcaH sctcthmcckoh kphthkh, b oTanqnc ot cbohx onno-hchtob, pa36npaaH aHTcpaTypHoe npoH3BcaeHHe c tohkh jpchmm 06-mHX3crcTH'iecKHx KaTeropHH, a 33tcm o6pamaaH niiHMannc naoTacab-iibic CTopoHbi ero coaepxaHHH h ocoöchho Ha ero xyaoxecTBeiiiiyio iťopMy. PCBO/'IIOHHOHHO-AeMIOKpaTIIMCC:Ka>l HpHTHKa HcMOKpai HMecKan (mn pcBoaionHOHHO-acMOKpaTH'iccKaH) Kpinn-WBucTynaaa 3a HCKyccTBO, peniatowee Hacymnue Bonpocia npeoöpa-^BaHHH KH3HH, 3a pa3BHTHe npiiHunnoB peaaH3Ma, 3a nyöanuncTH-''ccKyio KpHTHKy, pa3-b«CHfltouiyio b nepByio owepeab oôiucctbchiioo nia'iciiHc anTcpaTypbi h CMbica HBacHHH h TnnoB aencTBUTcabnocTH, 0TPa*CHHblX b Heíí. CTOpOHHHKH peBOaiOUHOHHO-aCMOKpaTHWCCKOH KpHTHKH, TaK JKC, ttľ H CTOpOHHHKH 3CTCTHMCCKOH KpHTHKH, CMHTaaH CCÔH HOCJlCaOBa- tcihmh BcaHHCKoro. 3to He yaHBHTeabno, TaK KaK BcanncKHii b cbo-Hx WöoTax, c oaHOH ctodohbi, yaeaaa 6oabiuoe bhhm3hmc BonpocaM vaojKCCTBeHHOCTH, 3CTeTH'ieCK0H UCHHOCTH aHTCpaTypHblX lipOH3BC- lCI,1|ii. a c apyroH — cTaBHa h peujaa Bonpocbi oßmccTBCHHbie, hcto-**CKHe h noaHTHwecKHe. 180 181 .'"Ii; lie PyccKOH Aumepamypuan tcpumuna _XVIII tiauajta XX nvna jc iipcaaaBMTtriM acMOKpaTiiMecKoro tcmchmh b kpmthkc: iicmckhh, HAJlo6poflK)6oB,fl.M. riMcapeB, araiOKC «Mjian-,,;! \1 \ AinoHOBMM, H.H. lUcJiryHOB, B.A. 3aiiucB. Evihj-iKMiHOMMo-flCMOKpaTMHCCKOMy naiipaiuícHiiio Gbuia aHTcpa- mtl..... n........." A HcKpacona n Ml CaJITblKOBI umtue n Li.niini.icMOKpaiiiMccKoioaaicpM: «Cobdcmchhhk» ), •PyccKoealow* (1861 — 1866) h iipoaojukmbiiimc hxTpajiH- M .OlCMCCTBCHHIJC MIIHCKH» ho/1 pyKOBOflCTBOM HcKpacoBa .i llkapiina (1X68 IXS4) n «/Icjio» (1868- 1888), n uuiui. kuiiKBciaoiibiM. a laicM IIB lIJe.iiynoiti.iM. K icMOKpBTM ip;IB.1CHHK)6bU1M6jIH3KH HiflaBUCMblC 33 ľpaHHUCii IcpUCHblM ra'irra «KunoKoa» h ajibiwaiiax «nojmpnafl 3BC3na». i.iKK* MCCTO cpcflH H3naHHH acMOKpaTH'iecKoio luinpaBJic- IIMM LIIIIIM.l.l AVpiiai •(..'oHpCMCHIIMK». KOTOpi.lÜ c i 846 110 1866ľ.BblXO- iii i iKi.i psMimikimiM HcKpaeoiia. B 50-c 11. BOKpyi «CoBpeMeHHHien <«iu- mint .mo. lyiiiinc iioiibi, iiiicaieaii n KpirniKii. B iicm coTpyanii-•1.1 in i .im H \ HcKpacoB, H.C. ľypieiieit. JIM. ľo.icioii. 11 Ii Annen um. Ii II Lomní, A ti. ;lpy*lllinil. A.II. OCTpOBCKHH, ,'I.H Ipinop" ■ms. iicHaraaii ciioh iipoiuncacHiiH A.A. Oct, A.k. Tojictom h Mnorite anyiMC H>Thiioi*cB*ypHaaiipiiinaH HI McpiibiuiCBCKiiii, H.A.Ü06- pniMMill ii IlCi.lil II IfH.i.l .TlUCpaiopoB-pa ihommhuch. Ilm u- iipiivoaa b aeypitaa Mcpiii.uucBCKoro b 1854 r. wiyrpH «CoBpc-viriiiiMK.i. ii.i'iitmcb painoraaciiH. llpnMHiioii hx hbhjiocb to, mto Mcp- HIJIIIOH.MIH BCTaTbC «(X) HCKDCHHOCTH ii KpHTHKC» BblCTyUHJl npOlllll \vic|vriiiKK iiiiuk •loiiMHiUKTH Ii Ol ICHKC .TIM cpa lA'p! i bIX h b ic 11 II u a IKX k njMHK.iiiiiit cm niicctprauHH «')ctcth'icckiic othoiiiciihh HCKycCTBS I If HC IIIM If II.IKK'1II» (1855) MHOrilC ailTOpbl, 6jlM3KMe K «COBpCMCHHIl ny» (naiipuMcp. TyprciicB, i'pmopoBHM, üpyxn Hnil), Bbipa3HJlH choc iircoi lačne co mhoihmu ee iuxtoacmiuimh n HeflOBOJlbCTBO hohi.im Hi npaitlCHMCV, KnropoC McpHUIIICBCKHH CTPCMHJICH IipH/UITb *ypHaa> HccMotpn ii.i P.iimoi laciiH c itonoü jihhhcm McpHbiuieBCKoro, B kohiic l**r TypreMCB. TojiCTOH, OcTpoBCKMii H IpHropoBHM noaiiMCsan c He- >HUW of)H UITC.1MI0C COMaUICHHC, B cootbctctbhh c KOTOpbIM bcc •mum MMXHH GbuiM nciaTaTbcfl TOJibKO b «ConpcMCHHii-npaKTH'iccKH HH'icro b TCMeHHe 1857 r. b xypnaa hc aain Wn i. iKuoôHoro nojio*enHH npH3HaBan b jto iipcvifl h He-•iHiiiiMKii •CoHpcMcuHMKa». «Cbin OTCMecTBa». HanpiiMfp ' : • |,'>h"iiKMicHCHTy'aiiHcii.cpaBHHBa.T1icii.ipc\Hiitcei mux iMTcnanioHBc npiiioBbiMHaomajibMH, KOTopbixa.cp*3TH3noKa3.P TO ROCMH UK HblCl*aKTT H3 IC1HM3X. JJpy>KHHHH HblTaJlCH nOBJOBB» ■ 182 in tipni if. (),i HrcciTi i [VI. nil lipOHH I luinipanujpuaH KpumuKa M000Ü nOJIOttUHbl XIX (iCKQ HcKpacoBa h npcaao>KHJi 3aMCHHTb Hcpni.imciicKoro hb nocry raamtoio kpHTtiKa xcypHana. Ho HcKpacoB 0TK333aca h nonan b saipyaruncabnoc iklioxchmc C OJI.hoh CTOpOHbl, OH OMCHb aODOttHJl yiaCTHCM B «CoiipC- wchhmkc» TyprcHeBa h To/icToro, a c apyroň — O'nieTaHBo C03RBJHUI, mto ".h i m McpiibiiiiCBCKHM h ZloöpoaioöoB npHjiajiH >KypHariy naiipaiuic-Miic. KOTopoe nojib30Banocb noaacpxKoií b o6iucctbc h fibwo CMy caMo-uy&nH3K0. Oh noHHMaji, mto paHo wnw noMHO npn^cTCH cacaaTb nuGop MCinay cTapbiMH h HOBbiMH coipyanHKaMH >Kypnana. PacKoa pouaKUHH «CoBpeMCHHHKa» npoH30uica b 1860 r. IIoboaom nooiyjKHVia cTaTb« /lo6porno6oBa « Koraa xe npniicT HacnMBUdl ;ichi.?», iiiKBHUicHHaH po.viaHy TypreHeBa «HaKaHyHe», b kotodoh, otoiiuih ao;i-*noe TanaHTy nHcaTe/iH, ero yMeHHK) yranbiBaTi. hoblic huch h bchhhm, cilia napo>KjiaBUJHecH b oömecTiie, h oöpaujaTb na hhx iiiiHMaiiHc 'inra-wmcii nyöaHKH, ktjmthk ynpcKan ero 3a HcnoHHMaiiHC Tora, mto Tenepb ■iiyxiibMioaH ae^a, a He oTaacMeHHbix, Bceraa hcmho>kko jiiHKypcücKHx, paccyjtuieHHH». B cTaTbe /I,o6poaio6oBa npo3ByMaaa naaoicaa na to, mto lipoftUCT HOMb H HaCTyriHT HaKOHCU «HaCTOfllilHH ÜCHb», lei 11. pCBOJIKIIIHH. noiiiaKOMHBUJHCb c pyKonHCbKJ cTaTbH, Typrciicii noiipociui Hck-pacoBa hc ncMaTaTb ee. HcKpacoB nonbiTanc« yroBopiiTb JloöpoaioGoBa cjcaaTb HeKOTopbie ycrynKH h cMarMHTb orae^bHbic iiojiojkchhh era-mi. OaHaKO KpHTHK KaTerOpHMCCKH OTKa3aaCH mto-aHÖO HiMeUHTb. ĽTaTbH, XOTH h C HCKOTOpblMM COKpaUlCHHHMH, 6bwa oriy6/iHKOBana h •c'oBpcvicHHHKc». 3to npHBeao k to m y, mto TyprencB 0TKa3aricH ot .lajUHCHUjcro yMacTMíi b jKypHane. Bönen. 3a hhm yuian 113 xypnajia HB. rpiiropoBHM, A.A. OeT, A.H. MaiíKOB(JI.H. Tojictoh noKHiiya *yp-•ia.i emc b 1858 r.). Ilocne pacKOJia b «CoBpcMeHiiHKe» GbiJia co3a.ana "onaH peaaKHH«, b KOTopyio boujjih HcKpacoB, MepubiuícBCKuii h H06-pot1060b. H3MeHHjicfl h cocTaB coTpyüHHKOB xypHana. Mccto yuica-»iHx iiHcaTejieii 3aHHJiH MOJioübie jiHTepaTopbi-pa3HOMHiiubi: T.3. Ejih-c«b,M.A.Ahtohobhm, H.B. ycneHCKHri,O.M. Pciucthhkob, HJ. ilo-««•lOBCKHH, B.A. OienuoB h zip. C 1858 r. «COBpCMeHHHK» CTailOllHTCH H3aHTCpaTypH0-06lliCCTBCH- "oro HiaaHHH oömecTBeHHO-nojiHTHMecKHM h ^HTcpaTypno-xyao>KC-"BCHHbiM. B 1859 r. b hcm noHBHiicJi pa3flea «rioaHTHKa» h caTiipiiMCC- toc 'IPHJIOJKCHHC «CßHCTOK». ßTCMCHHe 1857—1861 rr. MepHbiHJCBCKiiii ny6aiiKycTB<.CoBpcMCH- HMW» nojIHTHMCCKMe, 3K0H0MHMeCKHe H QOHJlOCOtJlCKHC CTaTbH, a OT- ^om -THTepaTypHOH KpHTHKH BcaaeT üo6poaio6oB. B 1861 r. üo6poaio6oB yxiep, a Mepc3 roa nocneaoBaa apccT 11 rpax-^CKas Ka3Hb MepHbiuieBCKoro. Ha HeKOTopoc bpcmh H3flaiiHC xyp 183 PyccKüü Aumepamypnaa KpumuKa _Will uitHiiAa XX aexa 1CM0. KaK H paHMlIC, COTpyüHHKH B030ÖHOB- iiitoto •< oBpcMCHHMKa» iipo.To:i*a.nt nee 111 iio'icMitky npOTHB tea HUM .1MftCD.X1bHO-ICOHCCpBaTMBI10M *ypH3JlHCTMKH - OT OTKpOBCH-HOpCBkUHuMMMX -ly-CKOtO BCCTHHKa» H «MOCKOBCKHX BC/IOMOCTCH. k.imOM .10 c.iaBHHO«|)H.ibCKoro «iliiH» HC. AKcaKOBa. B 1863 Ihí.S n flu 1.1 iipo.io lAciia laicxc no.'iCMUKa ľ *ypiia;iaMH Opaiu'ii.ln CTOCKKHX «BpCMH» H «'JllOXa». C 1863 r b «CoBpcMCHHHKC» iia-iHnacT corpy/iHHHaTb M.E. CanTbi-m>» lUcipim Hill imiii k •COBpCMCHHHKy» pa/lHKajlbHO-JlCMOKpaTll'ICCKlIH *yp- M*i«PyccicoecnoBO»H3iflaBaJicHC 1859 r. HöbiJi 3aKpbrr o/uioiipeMciiHo v nim n IH(>6i U cricuiiajibHOM npamncnbCTBeHHOM nocTanoiiieiiiiii Cum cnaiaiio, >no 06a *ypn;uia «iipiiiiaaictcar. oeccnopHO, k THC q t.ikliv. MilopUC IIOCTOHHHO, C /UlDHCrO BpCMCHH, pa'JBHB3H Ha CBOHX i ip.iiuiu.iv vhchiic coinw.in isia 11 iiiinnn3MB, ĎOJiee iipo'iiix CITOOOfl iimiiuiii patiipamciiHK) vio.io.iom noKOJieHHH». DiaBHUM KpHTHXDIl ľ. noro CTioBa» b Ha'iajic 60-x rr. 6uji UM. riitcapcß. B nepwfl no-aobhhc 60-x rr. Mcxuiy jiByMH 6.1H3KHMH no /ryxy h iJiaiiibiMii panopc I.II i. mo ICMlIKa, XOTH paCXOJKJICHHH b OUeHKaX OÖmCCTBCHHblX h jimtc- paivpiiux HiuiciiMH BOmOCMM H paHbiiic. flocflc sanpeiucHH« «CoBpcMciiHHKa» h «PyccKoro cnoßa» hcto-pun .icviokpaiiiMCLKOH xpimiKH BCTynacT b cboio nocnc;iiiK>iocTariHK) i >.'•' i Ii i.ii in hoi-ion iia'iiinacT iii;iaiuin> xypiia.i «Zlc.no», a ncpei roa HcupacoH 6cpcT b apciuiy y KpacBCKoro «Otcmcctbchhuc 3aiinc- ► il. kOTOphIC Ha-IHHaCT HMaBaTb BMCCTC c CaJITbIKOBbIM-lllc/ipHHbIM M Ii Ml cc hu m riOJIľOAa ii HHX COTpyjj.HHMaJl OCB06o»CnCHHblH H3 33K-1kvichhm Mlliapcil. B HOBblX H3/WHHHX, npOüO^XaiOlUHX TpaUHUIW flCMOKpaTHHeCKOH KpHTHKH, H03JlHCe m.i'la Iii COTpyaHH'iaTb npCilCTaBHTC.IH Hapo/IHH'icckoh (cy6T>eKTHBHO-COUM0-JlOniHCCKOH) JlHTCpaTypHOH KpHTHKH: ii «COBPCMCHHHKC» — H.K. MHXaM.TOBC KHíi, b «üe/ie» — M.H. TKaneB. HsHoo/ibincro pacußCTa pcBO/iioiiM- OHHO-flCMOKpaTHMCCKOH KpHTHKH H *VP' HajiHCTHKH (60-c rr) npiixonnTCH Ha nc-PM04MoinHoroo6inccTBCHHoronojrbCMa flpKOH, 3HaKOBOH cburypoH 3Toro Bpcv'f HH cran I liiko.i.ui raBpHjioBH'i Mcpnwici CKHH (1828-1889), KOTopoMy npHiav 184 .mepamypHOH Kpumuna „unit noAoeuHbi XIX eena k*aia BcayiuaH po/ib He TO/ibKO b «Cobpcmchhhkc» h b jreMOKpaTH- HCCKOM ilBHJKeHHH, HO H BO BCefi o6iucctbchhoh A II UI II 60-X IT Uo-pOnWy OUCHHBajlM JIHHHOCTb H JTCflTe/IbHOCTb MepHblllJeBCKOro: OflHM bhxih b HGM BbuiaiomerocH Mbic/iHTcnH h o6mecTBeHnoro /ichtc/ih, fiopua 3a HHTepecbi napo.na, bo>kjth peßoaiouHOHHo-ocBo6ojiHTcai.HO-:i).iBH)KeHHfl.iIpyrHe6biriH yöexcaeubi, hto npH3bii)bi McpiibiuiCBCKoro k HacHJibCTBeHHOMy HHcnpoBepxeHMho cymecTByioiuero CTpon hiuih-ctchnaryöHbiMH ana Pocchh, a eroyweHHe o bo3moxhocth ncpccrpo-i(Ti.iiiM3Hbno3apaHee pa3pa6oTäHHOÍíTeopnn rriyooKooujuooMno. Hpn TOM BCC npHJHaBaJIH, hto MepHbILUeBCKHH — JIHHHOCTb HC3ayp»/iHaM, wo oh oöaaaaeT ooinnpHbiMH no3HaHHHMH bo MHornx oayKax, h yiia- xhtc/lbHO OTHOClWHCb K HCMy K3K qe^OBCKy "leCTH, nOCJieüOBaTC^bHO oTcrraHBaioiueMy cboh y6e»taeHHíi h nocTpaaaBUJCMy 3a hhx. hj. MepHbiujeBCKHH okohmh^ oracaeHHe oöujch CJIOBCCHOCTH <|)h-locwpcKoro (paKy^bTeTa ncTepöyprcKoro yHHBcpcHTeTa. CTy;iciiMcc-khc roübi (1846—1850) crajiH a/th Hero BpeMCHCM HanpMXcnnbix ny- WBIIblX HCKaHHH H BbipaÔOTKH UeriOCTHOrO MHpOB033pCHI1H. KpOMC wiHBcpciiTeTCKHx flHCUHn^HH oh cepbC3HO H3y»ian Bcco6uryio KCTOpHK), i>IU0CO(pH!O, 3KOHOMHMeCKHe yMeHHH 3anaaHO-eBpOMCHCKHX MbiaiH- icicb (CcH-CHMOHa, ipypbe, TerejiH, Oeííepoaxa h ap.) h BUHMaTCJib- HOCJieilUn 3a P33BHTHCM peBO^lOUHOHHblX COÖblTHH b Eiipoiic. y>KC b 'HiiiicpcHTCTCKHe rojibi MepHbiujeBCKHH npHUje^ K BblBOay O HCOÖXO- JIIMOCTII pCBO^lOUHOHHblX Iipeo6pa30BaHHH b PoCCHH, xoth nOHHMajl, npoH30HiieT sto He CKopo. «Bot moíí o6pa3 muc^h o Pocchh: hco- 10.1hmoc OJKHJTaHHe 6ľIH3KOH peBOJllOUHH H XaWJia CC, xoth h h 31iaK), TOao^ro, mo>kct 6biTb, BecbNia /ro/iro, h3 SToro HHwcro hc BbiäacT xo-Poujcro, hto, MoxeT 6biTb, Haao^ro TO^bKO yße^HMaTCH yrHeTennH h 1 n. - hto Hyacabi?.. MHpHoe, THxoe pa3BHTHe hcbo3mo)kho», — nnca^i "HBflHeBHHKe. b 1853 r. MepHbiujeBCKHH Hanan coTpyanHHaTb b «OreHecrBeuHbix Bn"CKax»,a3aTeM b«CoBpeMeHHHKe» h paöoTan HafliruccepiauHeH «3c- IfTHMCCKHeOTHOMjeHHH HCKyCCTBa K ÄeHCTBHTC^bHOCTH» ( 1855). BäHC- «PTauMii MepHbiujeBCKHH cae^aji nonbiTKy paccMOipcTb B3aHMOOIHO- "KHHS HCKycCTBa H JüeHCTBHTCJlbHOCTM C MaTCpHajlMCTH'icckhx IIOJHUHÜ, ■^•íPblTbnpoeaeMbl COüepxaHHH H H33HalieHHH HCKyCCTBa. npejiMCTOM "^y^TBa, noyoexiieHHK) MepHbiuieBCKoro, hbjihctch o6urennTepccHoe *«mu. TpH raaBHbie 3aaaHH HCKyccTBa McpubiiucBCKHH Bauen b tom, ^ 0T°6paiK3Tb XH3Hb, OÖlHCHHTb >KH3Hb H BbIHOCHTb CBOH npHľO-^ " OTpHU3TejlbH bi M CTOpOH3M. 185 PyccKUH AumepamypuaH Kpumuxa XVIII Hemajia XX eexa lumepamypnaH KpuntUKa ,it noJioeuHbi XIX eena ľ.,l[Vl6<>t.lHllUC B .lMCCCpTailMH JCTC 1 ItMCCKUC i ipil iII111111,1 K'l.ll, | OMM| cio liyinM0CTb, «Mbiaib., HWp4*CMtia« h MM. C jtmx n03HUHÍÍ oh DC3KO OCyXfla^ 3a ľiyCTOTy CO-aCpm.lMU.l lipoil ibc.ICHHH TaKHX HlBCCTHblX 13 to IipCMH aiHopoB, xax E. TVp, M. Amcch m np. Mcianiimo othoch;ich 4epHbii±ieBCKHfl h k ,, m < k i|h>ihmiii> -llc uchou cami ne caanci." n «be,iiiocn, hc DO 1«!».. t )h yniuc i h mix iionbiTKM apaMaTypra HaeajiH3nponaTb naTpM- .ip\a.1I.H0C K>IIC'ICC1H0 U BCBH 1M C 3TMM 3aMCTHJI, hto «;i0XHblC nOCBO- i-m 'k Holinou Mucaii lipou iiicaciiiiH fibiiiaior caaGi.i h h 'ihcto xyao*e-umom (iiHoiiiciiHii* >ioaaaoociioiiaiiMC ueaoMy piuiy iiiicaTcacil m k|illlllkOlii)()lllllllllbllcpilbIlllCBCKOrOllHCnOHMMaHHH HCJICIÍ iu t . in m vMiiMiMii ii|Vk|viciioio (Xi juiM, n 'laaiiocni, mi«>pii:iii .1.11 luk u>ii. M ( lypiciicii, A.B. Apyxmimi n ap. Ho hmchho HepubiuícBc-'Mi ncpnuM. kto onpcacaiia cuoco6pa3HC TajiaHTa Moaoaoro i H lo i. ioio Bcpnoc h ľayfioKoc iioiiuManiic McpiibiuíciicKHM cyui- llil Ul IIOMHH lipOHIHblOCbH 11 OUCHKC AltpilKH HeKpaCOHÍl. KpiiTMKIlOfl-MIU i lipil (TOM, 'ho • iio'JJHH CCpaUa hmcct T3KHC xc npaBa, KaK h iiomhh MblC.IHv a CTHXH H03Ta «6c3TCHaCHUHH npOH3HOaHT CHJIblICH-iiicc nilCM.ll ICHHC, HCÄC.'IH IlbCCU c TCHaCHUlieiO*. II i iiuín ncpiiux pafniiax McpiibuiiciiCKiiii pcucii iiipycT h KpiiTHK)'-ci icKyuiywaHTcpaTypy, yxc b hhx -ictko onpeaeanacu b cbohx chmiki-mm cioiiurcpccoiiiuii iiponiHcaciiiiH, bkotopwx BHflea kphthmcc- KOC otiioiiiciimc K CyiUCCTByiOlUHM iiopHaKaM. ľloMHMo aiicccpTauHH, HanGoacc noaHO h BcccToponnc B3ranabi n k wnneam Kpcao HcpiibiuícBCKoro oipasnancb b ero KpynHOH pa-fioTe 'O-icpkii toroacBCKoro ncpnoaa pyccKoíí aHTepaTypbi» < 1855— 1856). ľ.kcm.itpnii;iH iiciopiiKi pyccKoH JíHTepaTypbi n, tto ohchi B8XH0 imcpaiypiioH KpiuiiKii duícpByioo-icpcab 1830-1840-x rr.), Mcpnu-uirncKMfi. naK h ncc kphthkh XIX b., Ha-innaa c 3KCKypca b HcaaBHCC "P"""«K. CipcMBCI. BUBBIITI. laKOHOMCpilOC 111 11 'í CIÍ.'IC 1111111i bjimtcp* "oi'ICCTBCHHOM p.l ÍHI11 mm ik Molie HICpaTypHOOCTCTHMCCKOň K0HHCI11111m KpiITHKa — B3ľ.1fl- ■m iKľiiiMCKoro. MnorHc mx ouchkm cxoaHbi, ho 6buiH h paanH'w" "C|)MMUICIICKHft, BOT.Ill'IHC OT BcaHHCKOrO, HeraTHBHO OTHOCHaCH KP ""J'WI* XVIII „., KapaM3HHy (npeHMymccTBCHHO. hctop«- k) . ou.i i|j|U , „ mk()m f)|>| tq 1)h 6uio ^tuhuhh „., pyccKyK) AHTC■ ™ "'■■■"'UM OTHCCCH McpHbHIJCBCKHH h k 3HaMCHHT0H KOMC" v. 186 juh IpH&oeaoBa, CHHTaa ee MaaoxyaoxecTBeiinoii. 3aecbHBiio npocMar piiBaaacb nepeKJMMKa ero Haeií c cyxaeHHHMH BeauncKoro «iiphmh-pnTcabHoro» nepnoaa, KOTopbiň HcpHbiuieBCKHii ne npoTHBonocraB-íin Bccii ocTaabHoií aenTeabHOCTH kphthKa. Kct3th, erocTaTbio o «ľopc oiynia* MepubiuieBCKHH cMHTaa oaHoií H3 caivibix «yaaimbix h GacciH-iunx». ľlpaKTHMCCKH bch aHTepaTypa, na'iHHaH ot KaiiTeMHpa h ao ľo-iaia, npeacTaBaeHa MepHbiujeBCKMM aHuib KaK noaroTOBKa k noHBJíe-hhio iioaaMHHOH aHTepaTypbi, KOTopan, no ero mhchhio, hcthihioccboc .m u.0 oôpeTaeT a h m b c hbjichhcm nyujKHiia h Toroan. ripoaoaxaii pai-BiiiiaTb Haeu BeanHCKoro, MepHbiuieBCKHŕi oóoômaeT ero cy^jieiiHii n ouchkh h aeaaeT BbiBoa, hto «aaBH0 yxe He 6biao b Miipe nncaTeaii, KOTopu ŕí 6bia 6bi Ta k xe BaxeH jwh CBoero napoaa, KaK ľoroab aaH PoccHH».TaK, KpHTHK xapaKTepH3yeTOCHOBHbie 3acayrn ľbroaa nepca pyccKOÍí aMTepaTypoií: oh 6bm «otuom» pyccKoií npo3bi, Biica b pyc-CKyioaHTepaTypy caTHpniiecKoe, wan kphth'icckoc HanpaaaeHHC, CMy uircpaTypa o6H3aHa caivioôbiTHOCTbio, oh «npo6yana b Hac co3HaiiHe o nac caMHx», a TaKxe craji raaBOH h ocHOBaTeaeM ueaon UIK0JIU — ♦mmhctbchhoíí uiKoabi, KOTopoio MoxeT ropaHTbCH pyccKaH aHTepa-iypa». 3aKaHMHBaa «CBoa h pa3BHTne B033peniiii» B.T. BcanucKoro, Hep-huuicbckhíí npeacTaBaneT 3aTeM o6cTOHTcabHi>iH o63op mhchhíí, bwc-uwniibixoTBopiiccTBe roroaa, h aHTepaTypHo-KpHTHMCCKoii 6opi.6i.i, pajBcpHyBujeiícH BOKpyr ero TBopiecTBa. 3to 6bia HaeiÍHo-xyiioxecTBeHHbiH aHaaH3 npoH3BeaeHHÍí ToroaM, iiocxoabKy KpHTHK ocHOBHoe BHHMauHe yaeaua noacMHKe BOKpyr Ha-cicaHH nucaTeafl, ocoôo oh Bbiaeana KpHTH'iecKne BbicTynaeiiHH HA. floaeBoro, O.M. CeHKOBCKoro, C.n. LUcBbipcBa, oTpHuaTcabHO HKHMBiIiKX TBopMecTBO Toro^h. A cpean Tex, kto npHHHMaa nncaTcaH "aaBaa ero TBopiecTBy BbicoKyio oueHKy, MepHbiuieBCKHH Ha3Ba^ HA. flaeTHeBa, ľl.A. B$i3eMCKoro h, kohmcho xe, BcanucKoro. B cboíí KaiiiiTajibHbiH Tpya MepHbiuieBCKHH BOiOHHa nopTpeTbi MHornxaefl-Te.tcm, KOTopbie BbicTynajín b cbh3h c tbopmcctbom ToroaM, — 3TO H floacBoii, H. HaiiexaiiH, B. MaiiKOB m MHorne apyrHe, nosTOMy xoxHocMHTaTb pa6oTy HcpHbiuieBCKoro nepBoii qacTbio hctophh pyc-Clt0ií kphthkh. Paccyxaaa o Toroac h «roroaeBCKOM HanpaBaeHHH», McpnbiuícBc-■i xoHCTaTHpoBaa, mto «roroaeBCKHH» nepnoa npoaoa)KaeTCH h, co-"^ctbchho, KpHTimecKHe oueHKH h npHeMbi, BbipaÔOTaHHbie KpH-^koíí «rorojieBCKoro» nepnoaa (t. e. BeanHCKHM), aoaxnw ôbiTbTBop-*CKH BocnpHHHTbi coBpeivieHHOíi KpiiTHKoii. JInTcpaTypa, no mhchhio cPHbiujcBCKoro, «He iiaaeKO yui^a ot «PeBH3opa» h «MepTBbix ayui» 187 Pijcckuh jiumepamypntiH Kpumuna XVIII-Hanaro XX eeica mi m > uk' ii iuuim craibM ite Moryr MHoro orjiH'iaTbCH no cBoeMy cymecTBeiinoMy ctUCpjMHHIOOT KpHTHieCKHX CTBltft, HBHBUIMXCH H3 OCHOB3HHH «Pe- it .Mcprnux ,iym»- Kphthk nonbiTsaca c tomkh )penna co6-\ iiiianaoB h;i AHTcp3Typy oGi.hchhtl npii'inni.i iicpeao.Ma b ii|KMiin iiMcaic.iH h ouchhti.«BuiOpaiinbie MecTa...», bochobc MitopiJV OH HI1,U* i .|.lU>OKOC co-iyiiCTHHC l'lpa.'UlHMHM u.llDKHHXo H . IJXM 1CHHC loiO/ih COUaTl. llCHOCTIiyK) KOHIICIIUHK) aCMCTBHTeAbHOC-TM. WOHOMaKllllNK) HC TOAI.KO 06;iH'ICHHC, HO M n03HTHBHO-yTBep>Kja- niiiiiir. iiaca ii.ni.ic iia-iaaa. h.1AM.ih (pyilKllHH .O'lCpKOH i 01 o.'ICHCKOK) IICpilO,! !■■ IHupn.t acinic lyiuiMX ipaamiHH kphthkh BeaimcKoro, nponaranaa cro 11 ii :vi inn. iipmi ic'iciiiic BiiHManiiH k ero oueiiKaM TBop-iccTBa riyin-KHiia 11 Ionian B tot ncpnoa, Koraa 3Ta pa6oia nenaTaaacb, hmh Bc-iiiikmiio Gbi:io noji 3anpeT0M, H no3T0My McpiibimciicKHH Bbiny*-aeM 6bi/i iiaiuiian cro kpmthkom «OTC'iccTBCHHiax 3anncoK» hah aB-i.ipoM . Mien o MyiiiKiiHc, 11 toai.ko ii nocacaiinx qaCTHX «C"tepKOBi OH IIOAV/MMA BOIMOJIOIOCTb liaiBaTb HMH BeaimcKoro (11 mcm 6blJia b iicpHyio ivicpcai. sacayia HcKpacoBa, aoGHDUierocH aas-i jtoto uen-lypiloto pa ipcuiCHiifl). Hoc ic nine ciaiiai .()'icpKon» iioaiiocnao iiochhiiiciii.i BcAHHCKO MS 'IcpHbllllCBCKHH C'lllTaCT CIO BbUUHOlUHMCH ACHTCaCM, 0K333IMIHM iv iHHiiiic ii.i iiiicpaiypiiwn nponccc, rcniiajibiibiM 'leaoiieKOM, «hcthh-hum yiiucacM bccio hijucuihcio moaoaoto noKoaeHHH». CncTCMa Be-MM paccMOTpena KaK htoi pa3BMTMH oTciecTBCHnoii (|)hjioco(Jk- ko ICOpcTH'ICCKOH H tCTCTHHCCKOH MblCJIH, KaK pCiy.ll.KII IIKIKKir •KCKOID BOCIipilHlHH KpHTHKOM Jiy-IIUHX OTKpblTHH M. KnpCCBCKOrO, H HoiCIIOIo. || Ha ICAaillia ii apyiHX lipCfllllCLTBCHHMKOB. «0'icpMi iotoacbcicoio ncpHoaa» o6AaaaioT oco6oh cTpyKTypoii: McpiibnucBC-mhi in, ihi'i.ici ii mix oGinnpiibie BbinncKH H3 ctstch h pcucmHH Kpii-rhkoh 1830— 1840-x rr., b ncpByio oo6wny. ny6,iH.iHCTii.iccKHc crarbH. B Kaxaoii H3 hhx kphthk buc- 188 •mpamypttaH KpumuKa I nuiilOU noJioeuubi XIX oeKa .'inDili oflHy BaxHyio npo6jieMy >kh3hm. TaK, wanpuMep, b cTaTbc o .hfiepHCKHX 0McpKax» M.E. CajiTbiKOBa-UUciipHHa on nuGpaa miib-KOOflHH uhioi «noa-bHMHe» h no.apo6HO paccKa3aji o tom, KaK ainop HioGpaxacT pyccKoe mhhobhhhcctbo h BCKpbmaeT cyrb bshto'ihh-ic-aBa,hctomhhkh KoppynuHH ht.a. HaocHOBaHHH stoio kphthk npii-xojht k BbiBonaM o 3aKOHOMepHocTH 3^oynoTpe6^cnHH b cymecTBy-toiuHxo6mecTBCHHbix ycjioBHHX. TaKHM o6pa30M, ^HTeparypiibic npn-ncpbi ii aHaaorHH nacTO CJiyxnjiH juih MepnbiujcBCKoro-ny6anuHCTa no6wccTBCHHoro,aeHTejiH noBoaoMann noaTBepxeaennH mwcjih otom, MTOHeo6xoflHMO H3MeHHTb ycjiOBHH XH3HM, cyuiecTBywiuyio rocyAap-cTBCHMyio cncTCMy, KOTopaH nopo»caaeT oGiuecTBCHHbic h HeaoBciec-kiic nopoKn. 3totyM03pHTeabHbiii noaxoa, tchachuhh, naymaH b 3na-'iHTCAbHOM CTeneHH eme ot BeanHCKoro h noayiniiuiaH paaiiHTHe h noc^eayiomeM oGujecTBeHHO-noanTHMecKOM abhxchhh, 3aKjno'iaaaci. BaiejiyiomeM: raaBHbiM 3aoM o6iHBjiHjiocb rocyaapcTBo, cymccTBy-louiaHCHCTeMaoGmecTBeHHbixoTHOUjeHHH, «cpeaa». HcpHbiiiicBCKiiii Bapyrne oGmecTBeHHbie aeHTeaH — ctopohhhkh pCBOJliOUHH, 6ijjih )lic)icaeHbi, hto ctoht aniub H3MeHHTb rocyaapcTBCHiibiii cTpoii, co-iiii.uibHyio cpeay, KaK h3mchhtch h -aeaoBeK. OaHaKO pyccKaH icnac-CHMccKan AHTepaTypa b awue ^yiiujHX cbohx npcacTaBHTcacii iiceraa BucTynaaa npoTHB 3Toro, CMHTaaa, mto HyxHo iia'iHiiaTbc yconcpnicii-nnoBaiiHH HcaoBciecKOH HaTypu, c caMoro cc6h, a hc )KaaTb himchc- HHH BHCUJHHX (jOKTOpOB. floaoGHbin noaxoa b oueHKe aHTepaTypu (buabhxchhc COUMSJTb-Hoii npo6acMaTHKH b ymepG acTeTHMecKoii uchhocth) aaa noiioa cto- POHHHKaM SCTeTHMeCKOH TCOpHH o6BHHHTb HcpHblUJCBCKOrO h lipCA- oaBHTcaeti acMOKpaTHMecKon kphthkh b yTHJiHTapH3MC, HCnoHMMS-hhh cyuiHocTH aHTepaTypu. Ho sto He cobccm TaK. MepHbiuicBCKnii •^'icaoBeKOMyMHbiM HaocTaTOHHOSCTeTHMecKHMyTKHM. UcJibiii pna •^ktob roBopHT o tom, 4to oh yMea BbiaeaHTb caMoe raaBHoe b npon3-«<-mchmm, pacKpbiTb cyuxHOCTb h cBoeo6pa3He TBop'iecTBa Kaxaoro xy-J0-«HHKa. TaKOBbi ero oueHKH «CeBacTonoabCKHx paccKa30B» n «YTpa n°McmHKa» ToacToro, b kotophx MepHbiuieBCKHii yBnaea npoHBaciinc "Mux iiepT TaaaHTa HannHaiomero nncaTeaa — «MyBCTBO b ero abh- "HMH H P33BHTHH — JHaaeKTHKa ayiHH» H «MHCTOTa hpaBCTBChHoi'o ■^"CTBa., cipeMaeHHe k HpaBCTBeHHOMy Haeaay, onpeacaHBUice Becb nyrb ToacToro. MepHbimcBCKHii noHHMaa, 'ito b ero paGo-^wuHaabHaa CTopoHanpeBaaHpyeT,o6i>icHHa, noweMy Goabiiie bhh-•«hhh yac^HeT peuJeHH10 couHaabHbix BonpocoB: oh cmHTaa hmchho ^of> noaxoa HaH6oaee cooTBeTCTByiouiHm CBoeMy bpcmchh, 3aaaMaM . 189 PyccKOH Aumepamypnau Kpuntuxa XV111 Hiita.ia XX aexg tipMHpniMMHH llpXirpCCCMBHOrO MMPOBOTJPCHUH H npCJjCTaiUieHHH 0 •ICIMIII IICPCIICKTMHC 06lIlCCTBCHH0r0 piUBMTHfl y MHTaTCJlCH. ROM tipMnoaa h .CoBpcMCHHHK* flo6po.111060 Ba (1857 r.) HepHu-■MM pciiKooopiiinaicH KflMTcpaiypHoii kphthkc. B kohuc 1850-x-nmmc rr. 6hUiM onyfaHKOBaHbi TaribKO 2 ero pa6oTbi, hmcki-iinir omoiiiciiiic k .iiucparype: «PyccKHfl 4Cjiobck Ha rendes-vowi i h «Hc iwiaJiojiH nepcMCHbi?» (1861). Crma «PyccKHii 'ic.iobck na rendes-vous» 6bma Haiincana «no no-May* nonce™ TyprencBa «Ach». Ho ony6jiMKOBaji ee MepubiiiicHCKHit lie ii.ConpcMCilllHkC.. a b XyjNUHC «OhHCKHH BeCTHHK» (nOCMHTUHe i.>ik«•« MiriiiMM iioMcniaTbCTaTbioBxypHajic, naeohh 06acTyprcnc-hum torpyflHH'iaiH). B hch Mcphi.iuicbckhh He npocro aaeT ouchkv iipomiH u-hiiki lypiciicua, a aniuin inpycr h paccMaTpHBacr THn niaB-moto rtpoa b puny nuiepeH «jihluhmx /no.aeH»: OHerHHa — nciopHHa - liCIMOKI IVlHlia OCHOBIIbIC BblBO/lbl KpHTHKS Kacaioioi I ic CTQflUOO I.IMOIO lipoHiHCACHMH, CKOJlbKO oGlUCCTBCHHOH JKM3HH. B MaCTHOCTH. mi mi i.ii.11, 'no 11,11 lyim.io hoboc iipcMH, noKa laBiuee HCHepnaHKOCTI i«i imoamik icm aiiopmickiix MiiTCJi/iHrcHTOB. Ohh OKa3anncb Geccmib- HHMM, HCCn0CO6HblMH K fleHTeJlbHOCTH, COBCpHJCHHO IIC IipHCIIOCOfi- /ichhumm mm k kakOMy Tpyjiy h jia>kc b jihhhoh >kh3hh ohm hccoctoh- U-1I.MI4. i.Ik k.ik HC M0l>t lipillltlll. pCIIICHHH, KHK II U'poll nOMCTI •Ac«» llpil'ICM HcpMWUICBCKHH HCOJIHOKpaTHO nOJl'lCpKHBaCT, HTO •ll.llll I'owcif. k.lk (HI HpOHH'lHO Ha3blBaCT TCpOH «ACM», npHHaOKAHT > .Ik p.i i k ivmiiimm ikuhm CHOCK) BpCMCIIM, «XapaKTCp K'poil licpcil in uiCMy (rfuiicc niv • K.ik ii ipvuic ci.iii.M acsioKpai h'icckoh opiicn lauiiii. ptSOfl 'icpillJlllCBCKOrO COACPXHT MCTKO OpOpMyjIHpOBaHHblH o6lUCCTBCH-m(> iio.IMTH'ICCKMH hijiio/i: liy*Hbl HOBblC JIlOilH, pa3HOMHHLlbl - HUB-HIM <|)MIVphl HOBOIO lipCMCHH. aKTHBHbie, flCHTCJlbHblC, 3H8I0fB»i nmtoam ucii, b kmthm. B KaKoft-To cTeneHH otbctom Ha 3anpoc BPCMCHM CTaHyT -HOBblC J\K>M» - TCpOM pOMaHa CaMOTO McpHblUICB- CKoro. llOMiMHHH IMTCpaTypHO-KpHTH'ICCKaH CTaTbH McpiibiiucBCKoro «Hc "•'i.un iii ncpcMCMbl?. (1x61) nocBHiuciia ctaopmiKy nOBCCTCfl 11* > ' ion II II Nviichckoio. KpiniiK npHBCTCTByCT iioHa3ciinc np«"* icmmii NcncMCKoro npcxxjic Bccro noTOMy, mo nHcaTejib, no cro mhc-imio. cKaia.1 o napoac nojuiHHHyio npaany, e\iy yaanocb niyooKO npo- MHkHVTI. II Hapo.lMyiO AHJHb m paCKpblTb «KOpCHHyK) npHMHHy cc » ***Pro *0M* HcpiibiiucBCKHM noasepKHyji, mto npow.no Bpc«« M MKipjACMMH kpcCTbHH CHMCXOflMTeJlbHO, BpCMH MaJieHbKHX JlKW* 190 lumepamyptiaH KpumuKa .mot/oii noAoauiiM XIX eeKa koropbix HyxHO noxaneTb, — HyxHa npaBjia 6e3 npHKpac, WMMHlO Ulan Bee ypozuiMBbie cropoHbi HapoaHoii xh3hh. B 3tom, hobom noaxo-jc ■ H3o6paxenHio >kh3hh Hapoaa MepHbimcBCKiiM yBuncn -na'iano ncpevieH* b JiHTepaType m o6ihcctbchhoh xh3hm. noao6noc M3o6pa-*cHHe Hapoaa, no mhchhio KpHTwca, 3acTaMHCT bhccth b cro cpeny I1CMCHT 3KTMBH0CTH, npo6yi!MTb b hcm AaA.'lV JJCHTCJIbHOCTH, t. C 60-lCCieTKOOnpcaC^HTb Ue^h pa3H0MMHH0-ACM0KpaTH>ICCK0H HHTCJU1M-rCHUHH. HcpllbllllCBCKHM k TOMy BpeMCHH GblJl y6e)KilCHHblM CTOpOIIHMKOM kpCCTbflHCKOH pCBO^KDUMM. OH nOHHMajI, HTO npOKflC MCM TOJOBHTbCH k cc ocymecTBjiCHHio, Heo6xoanMO oiienb xopoino 3HaTi> napo;i, 1136a- HIITbCH 0T h^JH03HH BO B3rjlHflaX Ha HCTO, BHJICTb b HCM BCC 'ICpTM — H xopoiuMC h njioxne. B ziaHHOM c^ynae, KaK h b apyrnx jiHTepaTypno-kpiiTii'iecKHx pa6oTax MepHbiuieBCKoro, mojkho na6aioiiaTb, ki\k pcueii-iiih npcBpaTMJiacb y Hero b CTaTbio o6o6maiouicro xapaKTcpa, B iienip KOTopoii nocTaB^eHa o6mccTBeHHafl npo6aeMa, KaK, orranKMBa«cb ot UpaKTCpHCTMKH KOHKpeTHOTO np0H3BCflCHMH H HU KaKOH-TO MOMCHT UflblBaH 0 HCM, 3BTOP npHXOJIHT k peUMCHMlO M06aHbHblX COUHiUll.HO-no.lHTHMCCKHX BOHpOCOB. t)JlH)KaHUJMM COTpyflHHKOM MepHbl- ismm^^-. uiCBCKoro 6bm IlMKOiaii AnetxcaHjipoBHM 1o<)[K).ik)6ob (1836—1861) — caMbiii ap-Dlil h oflapeHHbiii npeacTaBHTe^b .aeMO-^paTH'iecKOH kphthkh. Ero MCTbipexaeT- hcc COTpyflHHMeCTBO b «C0BpCMeHHHKC» crnoueaoH 3noxoii b hctophh kphthkh. K niTcpaTypHOH aeHTejibHOCTH /lo6po;iio-Ha'iaa ce6a roTOBHTb o'leHb paHo: yxe MBPCMHy«lc6bl BCCMHHapHM BMMTaTeJlb- ckom flueBHHKe oh 3anHCbiBan cboh Ha-^"oaeiiMH Haa npowMTaHHbiM hucmohct-P»POBan Be^HKOJienHyio naMHTb. Oh npn-jwi R.iHTepaTypy eme 6yayiiH CTyneHTOM r-iaBHoro neflaronmecKoro HHCTHTyra, Koraa npncjia^ b «Cobdcmch-HM"»CTaTbio «Co6cceiiHHK jho6mtcjich poccHHCKoro c^0Ba» nofl nccB-^hhmom H. Jlaii6oB (o6pa30BaH H3 nocneaHHX caoroB cro hmchh h ^WMH). HoBOe ItMH 3aMHTepeC0BaJ10 COTpyJIHMKOB «COBpCMCHHH- tj'. h Moaoaoro aBTopa xoTean cpa3y )Ke npHBJieMb unn coTpyami'ic-083 B *ypHajie, ho peuiH^H, mto sto moxct noMeuiaTb CMy 3aK0H>iiiTb ^PaiOBaHiic. » 191 PyccKux Aumepamypiiaa tcpumuKa XVIII—nanajia XX acKa notvte khocth nojino pacKpbiTb ee b chocm iiiop'iecilie. ripoGjicMy napoanocTMüoöpo.n 106011 peuiaJi miwic. •hm. n.iiipiiMcp, Bcjihhckhh. ľloero mhchhk), mtoöh craib HapoaHbiM. iiiicaTCJiio Heo6xoanMO nponHKHyrbcn HapoüHbiM ayxoM, oTÖpocHTbCO-ciobiimc npcapaccyflKH h npoMyBCTBOB3Tb HCTHHHyio XH3HB Hspojia.a 1 in Moni 11.1.10 iii.iiiiii in i.iyómi iiapoaa, npoxMTb ero xH3HbK>. Ta-MiM h.iľ.ľiom iiapoaiiomnoiiaiLiM/loöpoJiioöoiiaöi.i.'i A.B. KojibJiOi iii.i'iHieabHyio 'lacTb TBopiecKoro Hacae^hh floGpojiioôoBa co- I LI» IHKíl PCUCH3HM - OHCHKM COBpeMeHHOH aHTCpaTypbl (HCTOpH- • i N npOBUOe aHTcpaTypu 6uao juih Hero He Ta k bsxho), Ha ko-f'pvk) kphthk CMOTpca c tomkh 3peHH« MeTKOH nepcneKTHBbi oď" luccTBciiHoro pa mu i hm h napoiiHocTH. Oco6o /lo6poaio6oB BbiJie-ih;i .iHTcpaTypy, b KOTopoü OTpsxajiHCb npoöaeMbi Hapo/iHOH *H3-hii (TiiopMccTBo A.B. KoabuoBa, A.H. naeiueeBS, M.C. Hhkhthhs)- nO mhchhk) KPHTHK3, He CTOab ľX B3XHO TO OÔCTOHTeJIbCTBO, MTO miioihc lipOMiBCaCHHH o am ill n HapOfla OTJIHMajIHCb HCBUCOKHM" V>.IOACC.BCHHWMHaOCTOHHCTBaMH,nOCKOabKy OHHBaXHbliW«^- 'cpaiypbi 11 oômecTBa. 192 .\umtpamypnaH tcpumuíca »moooii noJioanHbi XIX eoca IloaoôHbiH noaxoji ocyxaaji oiinoncHT KpnTHKOB-acMOKpaTOB A.B. /JpyxHHHH, KOTopbiŕi nncaji o TaKoro poüa JíHTcpaType, ito OHa mo*ct BOiaeiícTBOBaTb ToabKO Ha MHTaTejiH CBoero bdcmchh, ho npo-HrpwBaeT b peiiienHH BeMHbix oômeMejioBCMeckhx iipoöaeM. ächctbh-rtuHO, H3 TaKTHMCCKHX coo6paxeHHíi /JoGpoaioGoB Hiioraa npcyBC- lllMHBaJl 3H3MCHHC npOH3BeaeHHÍÍ T3KHX 3BTOpOB, k3k, HanpHMCp, M.ipko BoiiMOK. Ho b ue^OM oh 6bui kphthkom, tohko lyVOTBOBBBUIMM ukohu, HO KOTOpbIM XHBeT h C03fl3eT CBOH lipOH3BCilCHHH Xy/IOAIIHK. .lüÖpoaiOÖOBCaM ÖbIJl T3J13HTaHBbIM anpHMCCKHM IIO'jtom, HOJTOMy ero kpiiTHMecKHe pa6oTbi ot^HManucb «pKori oGpajnocTbio h jMoiuionajib-MüBbipaxeHHbiM HacTpoeHHCM. Oh Bcerjj.3 ctpcmhjich jaHHiepecoiiaii. iHTaTcäx, norpy3HTb ero b xyaoxecTBCHHbiii mhp nHcarcaeü h hojtob. iloöpoa 1060BHBHJICH co3iiaTeaeM opnrHuaabHOH ;iHTepaTypno-riyG- IIIUHCTHMCCKOH KOHUCHUHH «pCaJIbHOH KpilTHKH», KOTODM 6bUI3 tipefl- aaBacHa h paj^HCHeiia hm bo MHornx CTaTbHX, b ncpiiyio oMepeiib 110-1 míľ íl n u \ TBopMecTBy A.H. OcTpoBCKoro, JX.Ü. TpHropoBHMa, MC. TypreHeßa. PcaabHaH KpiirnKa, no yTBepxaeHHio üoGpoaioGoBa, otiukhtch k lipOH3BeaCHI1HM Xyi10>KCCTBeHH0H JlMTCpaTypbl k3k HlUieHHHM ÜCHCTBH- 1c.11.H0ri )kh3hh, H3yMaeT HX, onpciiejifleT ocHOBHbie Mepibi, paccMaT- PIIBaCT BOnpoC o COOTHOllieHHH MHpOC03CpU3HHH, HaCOaOlHH IIHCaTC-n II ero TBOpMCCTB3, H C3MOe raaBHOe — paS^HCHHCT 3H3MCHHC TOTO h-ih MHOrO npOH3BeAOHHfl ÜJlfl 06lUeCTB3. «Pe3JlbH3H KpMTHKa» — 3TO cymacHHB 0 caMoü xh3hh h ee npoueccax, cou.HaabHi.ix THnax, cocTaB- ICHHblC Ha OCHOBC npaBflHBblX X3paKTepOB H KapTHH, Been noanoTbi .ICHCTBHTeabHOCTH, OTOÖpaxeHHblX XyaOXHHKOM b npoH3BeaeiiHH. Oahhm caoBOM, oh npHjbiBan cyjiHTb He caMO npoHJBCjicuHC, a xH3Hb, •"PaxeHHyio b HeM, h b 33bhchmocth ottoto, HacKoabKO noano h niy-^xo 3T0 caeaaHo, onpeaeaHTb ero uenHOCTb h 3H3MHMOCTb. CSHTaH HCnOCpeJICTBeHHOeTBOpMCCKOe MyBCTBOaBTopa, «MHpocoicp- "ainic xyao)KHHK3» (3 He ero no/iMTHMecKHe y6ex;icHHH) BOTrHrWrWjPfll "PH KpHTH'ICCKHX oueHK3x ero TBopMecTBa, /JoöpoaioGoB noaMcpKHBaJi, "° caMoöbiTnaH naiypa xyjioxHHKa npoHBJiHCTCH b o6pa3ax ero rcpocB. "'•ic.UHbix cueiiax h Jiaxe cviOBax. Hmchho Ha hhx Gujio Hanpaßaciio **"IMaHHCXlo6pOJIIo6oB3-KpHTHKa, KOTOpblH, B OTaHMHC, HaiipHMCp, 0T ^fPHblUJCBCKOrO, CMHT3J1, MTO KpHTHK (3 He c3m XyaOXHHK)aOJl)KCH OHC-^3aK^K)MCHHblH B npOH3BCi!CHHHXC^t^KTHBHUH COUHaabHblH CMbICJI. ^"ötwcc noaHo KOHuenuna pesabHofi kphthkh, k3k yxe öbtno cKaaa-*• ipeacTaBaeHa b craTbHx 06 A.H. Octtjobckom. Bot oaho m3 tbkhx ""^UCHTpHpoBaHHbix» onpejie^enHH «peaabHoro» MCToaa kphthmcckom. 193 Pycocau Aumepantypnau KJHMNM XVIH'--HauaJta XX mm ,c„kM .B ,ipoM»e«MHHX Ta.iaHT.iMm.ro xyaoxHHKa Bceraa mo*ho Dince. xapaKTcpn lyioiuce Bce hx h ot/iHipa3HTbcro bonpcaeaciiHbix v OMťlCICHHOCrCH MHXOOblKIlOHCHIIO hc Ol.lliaCI b caMOMco 'iľlUUlVxN lOAMMk.l. HCpC.lKO -uac B OilUlCMCHHblX paCCVAacilllMX oh W4,k...UIUC1 MOMlMMH.patMrC.II.HOMpOTMBOnO.ioahi.IC iomv, MTOBHDI MKK* BCIO XynOJKCCTBeHHOU aCKTCJlbHOCTM, - nOHHTHH, npHHHTblC mm M BfPy MMJWOMTWC MOCpCflCTBOM aOXHblX, H3CKODO, MHCTO bhcuihmm oftpaioM coci.ui.ic.....jx citruiorHJMOB. CoôcTBCHHbiH xc BJMaa ero Ha Mitp. i iNA.niiMM k ih.'ioM k xapaKTcpucTHKC cio laaaiila. iia.io MRHII *mhmx oopaiax. coiaaBacMbix hm». ,l,«.p,,lh*>ohK.tkCIop<>HMllk|Xt.L1I.IIOÍÍ kpmilKMBC'CiaainicpilVIOO'IC pC.1l. MHU-pCCOlVLICM MC ICM. Hl o X0IC.1 Ck.l 1.111, .Ullop. A ic\1. mio v 1ICIH mo is'im iih i. -.Im nac mc cio.ii.ko naxno 10, mio xomc.i CKaian. aitiop, CKO/IM.O to, TT0 CKOXUOCb hm. X0TH 6bl H HCHaMCpCHHO, IipOCTO BCJ1CJ1- ctiuíc npaniHBoio miciipoM incacniin (|kiktob xhihh», — nncaa oh. Otmc-•uw citocofíHocTi. mctmhho raaairraHBbix aiiTopoB BHacTb bcio noaHory 'ic-loMC'tcckoH iiarypu b cc MHOľooGpaiHbix couHani»Hbix h HpaflCTBCHHlO cn« imx m othoiiichhhx, Aof)panio6oB ciHraji, 'rro hmchho jTa iiojiHora n lip.ih.li oip.lACHIIH AM im h MOACT CIVAH 11. WLIOIOM CC 0UCIIKH kplUllkoM ii.hoioii.iii|viiiHlinu \yaoAcciBciiiian.locioiicpiiocii.oi.iaa.lim hcm> m loiovi.ioťioiicpiKK 111 M iip.uiai.i iK.Ľii.iioii au iiin I lanpiiMcp. k.ucpit h.i iiH.loiipo ikkm)ii.imc npocioxyaojKccTBCHHbiii oGpa s, colaaHHUÄvX tpow mím. .i pc.iii.iiaH ACMiiiMiia in iiponiiiimiíuiiaioro ropoaa.'a bcc 110- l-T>1lkaX H MOHCaCIIMH KpilTMk BliaC.1 KIKOHOMepHOC OTpaXCHHC luraanoB m (K'cificHHocTCH iioBcaciiMH oiipcacacHnoii MacTH tiapoaa, KOTOpafl HC xo-•ici amti. no-cTapoMy m opocacr Bbi30B 0KpyxaK)iucii cpcae. Hmchho ik íc.u iiuir nikoii iioíMMHH Ao6poaiofoBaio6Ha ofipaiiiaii.cn k nOO** iníHvivi .mlopoii. liaco loi ll'icckll .1 ľickhx OT OCBOaiOUHOHHOH aCMOKOfl-tmu H.1HC110M)Mll()-0<ŕlťKTHIIHIJX, CMHTaH, >rTOOTCyTCTBHC HpKO Bbipa*CH" hoh .imorvkoM icM.icHiiiiii ofviepiaei laaa'iH pc.Lii.non k|iiinikii iih iioiiHMamiH Toro, MTOTakoc pc;un,naH KpiiTHKa, «Ba»-ctcu h MinccTHaH craTbH flofipoaioooBa «Cthxotbopchhh Hnaná Hu ►.HIHH.v (1860). B KOTOpOH c bh 11 ic 111 i.m bm-"oay aByxTOMHiiKa HocToeBCKoro h ero poMaHy «yHHxcHHi»ic h oc-"op6aeHHbic». Xio6po.nio6oB aoKa3biBaeT, hto ecaH noaoiÍTH c tomkh IPCHHH 3CTCTHMCCK0H KpHTHKH, TO pOMaH «yHHXCHHbIC M OCKOpÔaCH- Hi»e» hhjkc bchkoh kphthkh — oh MeaoapaMaTH'ieH, HeCCTeCTBCHeH CT0'IKH 3pCHHH XapaKTCpOB, pblXablH nO K0Mn03HUMH. Ho C I103HUHM PcaabHoií KpnTMKH — 3to 3aMeMaTcabHoe npoH3BeaeHHC, nocKoabKy °H0 npaBailBO B0Cnp0H3B0aHT XH3Hb yHHXeHHblX M OCKOpÔaeHHblX, "ypajkacT 6oab 3a MejioBeKa, KOTopbiň He B coctohhhh oco3HaTb cc6h mc'10bek°m. TaKHM o6pa30M, oTTaaKHBaacb ot MaaoxyaoxecTBeHHO- '0, C ero T04KH 3pCHHH, npOH3BeaeHHH ^OCTOeBCKOľO, KpHTHK HCHO H j°MHo onpeaeaHa ryMaHHCTHHecKHň xapaKTep TBopnecTBa nHcaTeaH. "OHuenuHH peaabHoň kphthkh KpHTepHii HapoaHocTH CTaa aan °opoaio6oBa onpeaeaaiouiHM: «Mepoio aocTOHHCTBa nncaTeaH nan ^cibHoro npoH3BeaeHHH mm npHHHMaeM to, HacKoabKO cayxaTOHH Pa*CHHCM eCTCCTBeHHblX CTpeMaCHHÍÍ H3BCCTHOrO BpCMeHH H Ha- Poaa». 195 Pa,, han jiumepamypnax Kpumutca XVIII- Hava.ia XX ttexa >1io6onwtMa cTaTwt /JrópoawooBa o poMaae TypreneBa «ÄBopmi-MM iHeiao.. nia»MoeflocTOMHCTBO repoeB TypreneBa on BM/rea bo6-HMMOH i'* • '•< .iK-piHM bojím MCKjno'iMTeawio na caMHX ceö«, na ca-momkiimi jhmc ayxoiiiiuM m MopaabMbiH poct. 3acayra TypreneBa, no MMCMMk) ,lo6poaio6oiia, jaiono'iacTCH b moopaxenHM ayxoBnoro h Mc>p.l1MIOI() |HK la ICPOCB, H CrpCM/lCHMM K HOBUM iiiikim. OIH.CK i lili Mi) OTpaXaBIlIMM HCOtlXOAMMOCTb OOHOBJICHHH JJJIH bccx KJiaCCOB 06- Uomhoihxv iaii.nx;lof)poaK)f)OBaero biím Marnic ne ĽoepcAOTOWHO M.ioiicmkc xyaoAcciiiťiiiioii ciopoiibi upon iiicacimii, nocKoabKy onu iio.TIMMCMI4 «cncpxiaaaHc» — cyaMTb jkhJiib, aeaaTb buboam o coacp-ajhmh, a Mc 06 xTCTMMccKMX aoctomhctbíix. Ho b iipouecce anaania iipoH iitcacMMii on acaaa mhoxcctbo uchiiux HaoaioacHHii naa koh(|i-imkiom, cTpyKTypoft o6pa30B, KOMno3HUHeií h t. n. TaK, b CTaTbc «Mto iükoc 0(1 loMOBiiiMiia?» KpiiTiiK iipocaoKimacT paiiiiiriic mna «aHW- mcio 'IC.IOIICKa* B pyiX'kom aCHCTBHTCabllOCTH h b 0/j.hh pna C HHMM ct3- iiMi o6pa)OfiaoMOBa. «JImiiihmh 'icaoBCK» jjjih icpHTHKa — jto hcthh-mo [m i mim ihm. m.i koiopi.ni kaxjuiH Jiioxa iiakiaaai.iiia.ia ciioii omc- •l.llll» ii H.lkOIU-ll HOBOC lipCMM MOpoail.lO OGjlOMOHa, ii KOlOpOM 3t0t iMii aoiiica ao CBocro aoniMCCKoro jaiicpuieuHM. Tenepb yxe, CMHraa ,|.h.|xi notion iiiikioiioai.mc ne viuiam 11 «ainiiniix aioaiix» nacaaa. H IQ It' I Upiti 1VlllMll.il bCH k MX lOaOCaM. TaKHM 06pa30M, KpHTHK paiBii- lui i m ,10110 uma Mi.11. im 'IcpiibiinciicKoioo npiixoac iiom,i\ 1 epOM I "' Iii h pil.mimik iii l l.ipiJX IHIIOI1 I • • iipHHiiHiico6aioaacTCHÜo6poaio6oBbiM BCTaTbe«Koraa*e i in ifi ii.H loHiiiMH aciib.'., naiiHcaiinoH it oftciaiionKc HanpflXeHMOl oOiuccrncHHoH 5opi/)bi 11 iiocbhiuchhom npooacMC rcpoH BpcMCHH. Kto oh — 3TOT rcpoH? B CTaTbc A3H aHaani poMaHa TyprcHCBa «HaKanyiic» m cacjuhu Mcmo'iiio nahnúc » CMeauc Bbmoaw. HecMOTpH Ha to. •no HHcaTtAb He iipHiixa ao6poaio6oBCKOH TpaKTOBKH CBocro npoiu-Mi«. HMCHHo üofipoaK)f)OBy yaaaocb oMCHb tomho onpcacaiiTb 1 Mmi>N> iKofHľiiHocii, .iHicpaiypiioii acHieai.noc 111 Typiciiciia 0 caruiwyMCA yaaaaMBan. TaKHc hiuchmh b pyccKoii xh3hh, KOTopuc loM.kMM.^H-i.nHii.HciiicHciiiiiccTHoGi.iao.rnavi aiioint patmiiun ch. mo oh y*e oôpamaaca k hmm. noKasbmaa mnw hobhx aioaeH (Hh-■•poM i nouHcc kiiapona). H Miicapoiic ZloGpoaioOoit viiiiaca iepo« MyXMOfO ľlKCMM. lipMHWHHOroOOpOTbCH y*e He c bhcujhhm, a BHyT-PCIIMHM npjtOM (MMCJIOCb B B HAV CaMOACpxaBHe). Ctpcmbci, pcuian, aaxHuc Bonpocu o6inecTBCHnoH xh3HM. ü<*>-DojiioÓoB. oTTaiKMBancb OT KOHKpcTHbix npoH3BeaeHHH, aHaaM3Hpo- 196 .lumcpamypnafi KpumuKa „„„mou noJioeuHbi XIX eena Kll He TOabKO HX, HO H JjeaaA BblBOabl O TBOp'ieCKOM CB0C06paiHH llll caTeacii b ueaoM. TaKOBbi ero cy^enHH 06 A.H. Octpobckom: pcii.cu-mm na AByxTOMHMK nbec apaMaiypra Bbipocaa b npoGacMiiyKi cTaTbio «TcMiioe uapcTiio» (1859). TaaBHoe üjiji üo6poaio6oBa — 1 mmiíhti. oco-üchhoctm TaaanTa OcTpoBCKoro h toh >kh3hh, KOTopyio 011 M3o6pa)Ka-CT. Oh npHUiea k BbiBOflaM, hto /jpaMaiypr yMecT oTan'iHTb naTypy, xa- pjKTCp rcpOH 0T BHeiJIHHX HaCaOeHHH, BHeUJHHX BaHHHHÍi, eroTMnbi — jto He ToabKO aio^H H3 KynuoB h mhhobhhkob, ho b hhx Bonaoiiicni.1 oöiucHauHOHaabiibie nepTbi. ľlo3TOMy Octdobckhh aa« üo6poaio6oBa — BcaMKiiM xyaoxHHK, KOTopbiH o6o6uiaeT 6oabUjoti xhjhchiii.ih MaTe-piiaa, C03aaeT nannoHajibHbie Twnbi, H3o6pa>KaeT bchhmc KoaanjHH na- llllOHaabHOM JKM3HH (KpHTHK 0603HaMMa TpH THna KOHltlJlHKTOB: MJiaü- uiHe-CTapuJHe, 6ejj.Hbie—öoraTbie, 6e30TBeTHbie—CBociioabiibie). 3to, ii0MHCHHioilo6poaio6oBa,aeHCTBnTeabH0 BCMHbie KoniJiaHKTbi nauii-oHanbHOH XH3HH, pacKpbiBaiouaHe ee ochobbi. «Y OcTpoBCKoro ni.i 11a- XOailTC HC TOabKO HpaBCTBeHHyK), HO H JKHTeiíCKyiO, 3kohomh'ieCKyiO cyujHOCTb iionpoca», — nncaa jHo6poaio6oB. ľlo3>Ke b CTaTi>e «Jlyw cße-Ta BTCMHOM uapcTBe» KpHTHK HaruieT CBOio noaoxHTcabiiyK) rcpoHHK) — KaTcpHHy. Ho6poaio6oB HepeaKo oöpauuajicji k TpannmionnbiM aa« otchc-ctbchhoh kphthkh npHeMaM, HanpHMcp k aHaaoraM c Booöpaxac-mum Ha h KOHKpcTHbiM onnoHeHTOM. KpoMe Toro, BHaa, mto MHorne *anpbi, iianpHMcp roaoBbie o63opbi, ncMe3an, oh nonwTaacH itx bo3- POaHTb, B MaCTHOCTH, B 0630pH0H CTaTbe «O CTCnCHH yMaCTHH...». BaxHyio poab b craTbHX kphthk3 nrpaeT 3nHrpacp. TaKOBbi, Ha-iipiiMcp, annrpacpbi k CTaTbflM «Mto TaKoe oöaoMOBinHiia?» («Tac xc tot, kto 6bi Ha poaHOM H3biKe pyccKoii ayuJH yMea 6bi CKa3aTb naM 3to BccMorywee caoBO Bnepea»? ...» — UHTaTa H3 BToporo TOMa «McpT-Bwxayuj» ToroaH), «Korjia xe npnaeT HacToauiHH aeHb?» («Bch Böa-Paßau h He 6ohch» — H3 cthxotbopchhh TeHHe), HenocpeacTBCHHo CBH3anHbie c hjtchhoh no3HUHen jTo6poaio6oBa h nacJiocoM ero KpH- TBSeCKHX OUeHOK. Mnorne cy>icaeHHJi ZI,o6poaio6oBa hc Moryr He Bbi3BaTb HcaoyMe-m«, HanpHMep, ero oueHKa ľlyLUKHHa KaK nosTa aerKOMbicacHHoro h •UicKoro OT HapoflHOCTH. b jjaHHOM cayMae CKa3aaHCb, no bcch BHan-m°cth, otroaocKH noaeMHKH MOKay ctopohhhk3mh nyujKHUcKoro h roroacBCKoro HanpaaaeHHH, b kotopoh kphthkm-aeMOKpaTU oTaaßa-•1H "PeanoMTeHHe roroaeBCKOMy HanpaßaeHHio. ßne BCHKoro coMHeHHH, 3acayrn jTo6poaio6oBa nepea pyccKoü an-TcPaTypoH h KpHTHKOH TpyjiHO nepcoueHHTb. EMy npHnaoaexaT pa3 197 Mil PyccKOH jiumepamypttaH KpumuKa _XV111 navajta XX ut-Ka tU kOMUCIIUMM HapOflHOCTH. COMaHHe AMTCpaTypHO-nyOJIMUHC- ■•coHkohucmuhm .peaJibHon kphthkh», bushuichmc raaiiHbiXHcpr ,ta h xyaomccTBCHiioro MHpa OcTpoBCKoro, Typrent»Ba, ron«iapo- HCIOCBCKOrO, paJBHTHC lipCÄCTaMCHHH o JlMaJlCKTM'ieCKOH Clin iii im) i ipctiHH iiHcaTC.iH h cro TBop-iccTiia, o THiiax M xapaKTcpax, 06 cnicimoii 111.1M11MOCTH aHTepaTypu h HCKyccTBa. nocae CMCPTII 0 HOOolWI 'IcpilUlllCBCKHH T3K OnpCACJlMJl CTO pOJlb b pyCCKOH XM3- 1 m> (.u.M. 10.11*0 25 ad. Ho vac 4 roaa oh CTOJUI bo i kiiic pyc ckoA JiKTcpsTypu, - Her. ne TO/ibKo pyccKOH jiHTcpaTypbi, — bo mm ikcio p.limllllW pyCCKOH mucjih». COÄMXUWCbC .COBDCMCHHHKOM» b peJKO HCraTHBHOM 0th0uichiiii „ OMMHCOuiiiMK) 11 KpccibHHCKoii pc(|)opMC, pa lac.imi iiii.iaai.i 4cp MIJIIICBCKOrO M flOODOAlOÖOBa Ha HeOOXOaHMOCTb peBOJHOUHOHHOrO M-H-.M.p.l uiliailim aCHCIBIUCabHOCTH. ÄVpiliUl «PyccKoe cvioiio». TCM hc Meine. M MiiorHX c.iyManx OTCTaHBaa no3HUHH, oTanqaBtuHCCH ot iui iM.mit|H'iui iKiniioiicpoB-acMOKpaToii. 'ho iipojiiui.iocbitpexaeBCc-10 h npiiiicpACHHocTH coTpyaiiHKOB «PyccKoro caoßa» ByabiapiioMy Ma- irpil.l iii i\l\. I lipcyi«.MH>ICHHH llia'ICHHH CCTeCTBCHIIblX HayK b 3KM3MM trtllllCt. 111.1 11 pom .KpilTH'ICCKH MblCaHIllHX AKWieti» («pCaJlHCTOB») b lipCoCpatOHaHIIH 06lUCCTBCHHblX OTHOIllCHHH, b 0TpHU3HHH 3CTCTHKH 1111 otbcjichhh /iHTcpaTypc yTHaHTapiibix 3aaai b >km3hh. Bcayiuyio poab b xyptiaac «PyceKoe CJIOBO» nrpaaTaaaiiTaHBbiii kpiithk hoac-cthuihh nyoanuHCT, KyMiip iiepcaoBOii MO m.k'Aii 60-x rr. JImhtphh MBaiioBin riHcapcB (1840-1868). Ero cTpacTHO h TeMncpaMCHTHO HanncaHHbie cTaTbii bo MHornx cbohx noaoxeiiunx 6biaH 6ainwt BbicTynaciiHHM McpiibiujcBCKoro h H06-poaio6oBa. 0 HeM MHoro ronopHan, cro hmh h no3HUHH b aHTepaTypHO-oöiiic- CTBCHHOH 5KH3HH Bbl3blBaaH CaMbie pa> HOpCMHBblCOUCHKH. nHCapCllGbUl hc lipOCTO HCsaypnaiibiM h yaHBHTeabtibiM mcjiobc- kom. mo m «pko« .IHMHOCTb», 6aCCTHUlHM KpHTHKOM H noaCMHCTOM ( t.itiai llncapcBaoTaHMaaHCbTOMHOCTblO it Hcnocn.io 11 (JiOXeHK* ■ 1mmcckoh •ICTKOCTblO H apryvtCHTHpOBaHHOCTbK). 06iuhA noaxoa liMcapcBa k oueHKe aHTcpaTypHbix hrachhm. ^k itp-ihii 1«. ot in'ia.icH «pico BupaxciiHOH TeHaenuH03H0CTbio. Ero cy*- 198 .lumvpamypnaH KpumuKa stnoyou nojioautibt XIX eexa jchhh oairrepaTypHbix HBaeiinnx 6btan ocHOBaHbi ne na o6i>ckthbhom npoHTCHHH h ocMbtcacHHH npoH3BeacHHH, a npoB03raauiaaHCb c to'i-01 tpctiiiH 3apaHee 3aaaHHOH HaeiiHo-noaHTHMecKOH no3HUHH, cao- •KIIBIUeiiCH B erO C03HaHHH. Haiiöoaee npKO 3to npoHBHaocb b ero cyxaciinnx o Ttiop'iecTBe flyuiKHHa. nncapeB bOTaHMHe ot EeaHHCKoro bobcc neCTpeMnacHaaTb oobCKTHBHyto ouenKy TBop-iccKoro HacaeaHH BeaHKoro nosTa. flan hcio ilytiiKHH — 3to HBaeHHC npoiuaoro aHTepaTypbi, npaKTH'iccKH ttcHyx-hoc h HCHHTepccHoc coBpetvieHHOMy MHTaTeaio. PaccyxcmtH 0 nyniKH-hc, rincapeB bo MHoro OTiiepraa noaoxxHHH, BbtaBHiiyTbic EeJIMHCKHM. Tax, HanpHMep, oh cm-rraa, hto nyuiKHH He HapoaeH, a Ohcthh hc •crpaaatouuHH sroncr», a npocTO nycToii Maabiii, npnicM ncpeaKOOTox-.icCTBAHa o6pa3 OHerHHa c ca\t nm aBTopoM. Ho npn bccm stom ElHcapeB 6bia, 6e3ycaoBHO, oneHb TaaanTann. 3naK0MHCb c cro craTbHMH, MHTaTeab neBoabHO nonaaaa noa o6a«nne eroaorHKH h iiyncTBOBaa, hto cyacaeHHH aBTopa mytaT tiopon aocra-tomho y6caHTeabH0. Bo hmh aoKa3aTeabCTBa H3Ha-iaabH0 onpcaeacH-moh uean nncapeB 6bia totob npeHeöperaTbtcm, mto k aHTepaTypnt.iM HBjtetiHHM neoöxoaHMO noaxoanTbc o6t>ckthbhoh tcikh 3pctiHH h oue- IIHBaTb HX C HCTOpH-aeCKHX n03HUHH, C yMCTOM aBTOpCKOH II01HUHH, "axpa3, KaK roBopna nyuiKHH, — «noHHTb 3aK0iibi, kotoplim cacaycT MHcaTcab b cbocm TBopnecTBe». niicapeB, no bociiomhhshhhm poacTBCHitHKOB, patio ii3KH3H, OTJKHBUjaH. JlHTepaTypitsH ae«TeabH0CTb nncapcBS H3Haaacb p3H0 — oh coTpya-HH'iaa b xcyptnuic aaa aeBHU «PaccßeT», rae b 1859 r. onyöaHKOBaa He-«OAbxo CTaTeH, b MacTHocTH, 0 poMaHe ToHMapoBa «06aoMOB» h o po-«aHc TypreHeBa «ÜBopnHCKoe rae3ao». B paHHHx cbohx BbtCTynaenH-»X x oueHKe npoH3BeaeHHH FlncapeB noaxoana npcHMymccTBCHHO c n03HUHH SCTCTHMCCKOH KpHTHKH H n03TOMy, TOBOpfl 0 pOMaHC «06aO- mob», OTMenaa b hcm npexcae Bcero cipeMaeHHC aBTopa o6t>ckthbho HJ°6pa)KaTb >KH3Hb, noaHHTbCH HaaxHTeiiCKHMH BonpocaMH. Oh noa-^PXHBaa, 4to aaa ToHMapoBa xapaKTepHa «noaHa« o6-bCKTHBiiocTb, cn0KOHHOe ÖCCCTpaCTHOe TBOpMeCTBO, OTCyTCTBHe y3KHX BpCMeHHbtX ""ch, npotapaHHpytoujHx HCKyccTBO». «ÜBopaHCKoe me3ao» TyprcHe-83 nHcapeB Toxe paccMaipHBaeT c 6aH3KHx k 3ctcthmcckoh kphthkc no:>HUHH, ho bero oueHKax yxe npocKaab3biBaan kphthhcckhc hotm, . 199 PyccKOH .lumepamypua» Kpumuxa XVUI-Hauajia XX eexa kuiopwc wyHMM. HanpMMep. BynpcKaxJlHie KaaMTMHoíí 3a naccMB- ..TtyrCIBHC TBCpaorO B3MWU "3 *H3Hb. CMBOMHHC íipMHUMIiaM JCTCTHHCCKOJi Kpmtmkh nPOaOa*ajlOCb iMiOjiro' B IK6I r. flMcapcB CTanoBHTCH cotpyjihmkom xypnaaa II 'l.i.iiix.itci.ioiu .Pycckoe caouo» 11 BCKope lamiMaci n HCM BCAJ „,(-c Mcuo ( itu.iuH HpKaH aiiHHOCTb Ilncapeua n ero KpHTHHCCKHi BkicryiiiciiHH cranH bo mhotom onpeaeanTb anno xypnaaa. B to *c ttpCMM ilHI|)MMp>rTCH HOBOC «pCa/lHCTHHCCKOe», T. C. paUMKaHbHO-ÄCMOK- peTMsecxoc h ■htm3ctcth4CCkoc MMpoB033peHHc KpMTHKa. B ueaoM pnie u.ucii MucapcB npmwuaa oiKaiaibCH oi npe>Kiiero h n ííi.ia h.i lltlip.ll\p\ II k All ihm iio.wwhti. c II0HI.1X IIOH1U11H HC C 110 11111111! ,|,it nm .h|kmtO lucaaii iMa.acTO'iKH jpchhh «peanbHoü» (|)h;ioco(|)mii. I i h m. .no KOTOpOH aCXKHT TPC3BOC OCMblCJieHHe (J)aKTOB aciicTBHTeab-m.h in Oh ciaiioiiiiicH iiocacaouaicacM Byainapiiom \iaicpna.iii im.i n nojMTHBMiMaOoxTa m Moaeworra, ciMTaeT, hto raaBHOc — ocMbiCJlCHBt po.i ii.iiux i|ukioii. a iice paiMbiinaciiHH o ;ui;uickthkc h pa3BMTHH - ii hu i|).llll.uhh, ho HC oucilKa ae h c 'ib h 1 ea 1 > h o c i h. llm.ipcH bo MHoioM paaaeaiia B3raaau pcBoaiouHOHHbix acMOKpa- KHi loiw.piUI, hto CJICflyCT Ja HcpilbllllCBCKHM h floöpoaioöoBbiM, ho, icm hc MCHCC CHHTaa, HTO KaXUlOC BpCMH DOXaaCT cboh lUniHIlbl, HOllblC cyxucHHM. h no unce HcoanoKoaTHO OTMenaa, mto ccňnac ne coraacw-ťH oh c flo6ponK)G<)iiijM hu b oanoM Bonpoce. B OTaHHHC ot pcBoaiouii- OHCpOB-ACMOKpaTOB McpilblUICBCKOlO h /JoÖpoaiOÖOBa, KOTOpblC paTO- luiit ui n.ipoanyio pCBoaiOHHiO n HaiipaaiMaii CB0K3 ;ioi:ľai.nocii. M npoôyxKHHC KpccTbHHCKoro B03MyiucHMH, ľlucapeB BbiaBHiiya HHy» koHiiciuíMK) iiporpccca h o6mccTBCHHoro p33bhthh, KOTopa« h onpeac- iii i.i ciiicvAjiciiiiH n iiircparypc. On yTiiepacnaa, uio na ah hu. MOXHO MMHTI. .'1BVMH CIIOCoGaMH — MCXaHHHCCKHM (T. C. pCBOJHOUHOHHblM) » nMHM KiiM llpíľicM kpu i uk noancpKHBan, hto napoaeme ncoco3Haa «com. on rcMcii. fccnpancH, iicbcäcctücii n erocaeayci pa iBHBaTb, í A" noro HcoôxoaHM k;ik paj Bropoií enocoö h Hyauibi hobuc aiojiH, koto-pux oh Haiusaa pcaaiicraMH. B HacTHocra, oh roBopna, hto «pcaaHa-,TO'" 'PbitiBcpin-Tc^bKocBocMynpaicrHHecKOMyonbiTy.onii-p.icu.m ii.io'iciiii.uujc(|).ikiw.acaacr in mix npuMi.ie ui.iin.ii.i M y BOtO poro caouo ne pacxoairrcH e acaoM. PeaancT cöpacbiBaeT c cc6h Bce mcm-laTtiMioc. rajUTcabHoc KaK iipoHanemiH caaöocTH, orpaHHHCHHOCTii i juxe XHUCMcpHM. peaaMCT hc cBopanHiiaeT c oa.Haxa.bi BbiôpaHHOH iio-pofH. aciicinycT no y6e*aeHHto h no3TOMy totob k caMonoxcpTBOBa-hiiho Ucu JTMXpcajiHCTOB-pacnpocTpaHeHHe b Hapoae h boouiecTBC noKiimx HayHMux mamin h Hacň, bocoochhocth coBpeMeHHoroecTC- ;iumepamypnan KpumuKa nm<>V<>i* no.ioouHbi XIX aeica 200 cTBOJHaHHH. To^bKO eCTecTBeHHbie HayKH, no miicmiKi riiicapcBa, mo-iyr npoôyaHTb oömecTBO, bhccth b Hero cojHaHiie, koiikdcthoc ncKae-anH3HpoBaHHoe npeacTaBJieHHe 06 3tom mhdc m b kohcihom more h3-MciuiTb cymecTByioujyio aeiícTBHTeabHocTb. ľlpoľpaMMHOM CTaTbeíí ľlHcapeBa, b KOTopoŕí paaiiHiiaioTCH 3th mucjih,cTaaa paôoTa «PeajiHCTbi» (1864). uphhcm kphthk6bia iibiny^-acH npH3HaTb, hto b peajibHOM JKM3HH noKa eine HCT «pcajiHCTOB» — iioübixaioaeü n «npaicmHecicnx paöoTHMKOB»; «>J xoTca roBopHTb o pyc-CKOM pcaaH3Me m CBea pa3roBop Ha oi pnuaTeabHoc HanpaBaeHiic b pyc-cKoií aHTcpaType... Be^b b caMOM aeae, ToabKo b oanoii aHTepaType h npoHBaHaocbaocHX nop xoTb HTO-HHÔyabcaMOCTOHTeabHoc HacaTcab-hoc». KoHKpcTHbiM BoruiomcuHCM baHTepaiypcTHna pcajiHCTaoh chm-raa o6pa3 Ba3apoBa, xapaKTepHCTHKe KOToporo nociiHTna paôoTy «Ba-japoB» (1862). riHCapCB 6bia OTKpbITbIM npOTHBHHKOM CymCCTByiOmHX nODHJlKOB, ne npH3biBaH k «MexaHHHecKOMy» (peBoaiouHOHHOMy) hx h3mchchhk), oh, TCM HC MeHee, aOCTaTOHHO PC3KO BblCKa3blBaaCH O 1111 \ B HaCTHO- aH, b 1862 r. b Gpoujiope, HanHcaHHoii b 3auiHTy TcpucHa npoTHB Kae-BCTHiiMccKHx H3Mbiiii^cnHH b ero aapec arcHTa uapcKoro npainiTcab-cTBaöapona O.M. (PpuKca, BbicTynHBinero noa nccBflOHHMOM «LLIcao-OeporrH», oh nncaji: «HH3Bcp)KCHne ôaaronoayHHO napcTByiomcii -lHHaCTHH PoMaHOBblX H H3MCHCHHC nOaHTHHCCKOľO H OÖUICCTBCHHOIO crpoH cocTaBaneT enHHCTBeHHyio neab m Haacxxjiy bccx hccthux rpa>k-aan Pocchh». m aajiee: «flHHacTH« PoMaHOBbix h ncTcpöyprcKaH 610-poKpaTHH aoaxHbi norHÖHyTb. <...> To, hto mcptbo h muno, aoaxuo caMocoĎoiocBaaHTbca BMornay; h HaM ocTancTCflToabKoaaTbHM noc-•leaHHií ToanoK h 3a6pocaTb rpa3bio hx CMepaHiuHe ipynbi». 3Ta pa6o-Ta nooiyxHaa npHHHHoií apecTa ľIncapeBa h 3aioiioHeHHH ero b ľleT-PonarjaoBCKyio KpenocTb, rue oh npoBca 4 roüa (1862—1866). Haxo-Jwcb b 3aicmoHcnHH, oh npoaoaxaa 3kthbho coTpyaHHnaTb b xcypHaac h iianncaa aocTaTonno mhoto craTeu caMoro pa3noro xapaKTepa. nHcapcB CHHTaa, hto HacTaao HOBoe BpeMn, KOTopoMy HyxHa ho-MflJiHTcpaTypa, a bdcmh ľlymKHHa h Toroa« yxe b npoLuaoM. 3t3 Mbicab HeoaHOKpaTHo BbicKa3biBaaacb bo MHornx ero CTaTbax. Oh ncpccMOT-W h CBoe OTHouieHHe k TeM nHcaTeaflM, o KOTopux roBopna paHce. Tax, b cTaTbe «nnceMCKMÜ, TypreHeB, ToHHapoB» (1861) rincapcB ot-•Uct ipcanoHTeHHe He IbmiapoBy h TyprcHeBy, a flnccMCKOMy, CHHTafl, '"o b ero npoH3BeiieHHflx OKpyxaiomaH aeiicTBHTcabHOCTb npeflcraeT ^OH, khk OHa eCTb, H HTO eMy CBOHCTBCHCH CTOab He06X0flHMblH B "acTOHujee bpcmh «Tpe3Bbiŕi, pcaabHbiH B3raHa Ha MHp». ToHnapoB jkc, , 201 r: PyccKUM AumepamypnaH KpumuKa XVIII ttauajia XX «eng ) vtHCHHK) KpHTHKA, <ýlM*C K CTOpOHHHKaM «MMCTOTO MCKyCCTBa.. IcilCpk IBu.ipCH vac hc paCCMaTpimaCT OÖJIOMOBa K3K tm n pyccKoň AM IHM. ■ »UnpOTHB, CMMTaCT, MTO 3TO o6pa3 IipH.fl.yM3HHbl h, KaK m o6- ;i MiK.ipona n |H>MaHc «HaKaHyHC» Typieneiia. I i.iiiii\Ki(x)pi/)y IbtcapCB »ei iipoTHi) «MHCTOro iicKvcci na-., iiacian IMM MA BULOKOH 061hcctbchhoh 3H3MHMOCTM m nOJlC3HOCTM IipOMJBCJlC- iiiiii iicuyccm: «TonbicoTO MCKyccTBO mmcct npsBo Ha cyinccTHOBaniic, MrtOpOC lipiKBCmaCT HapOil, BHOCHT B ePO C03H3HHe K3KHC-to HOBblC m.icH» 3ry HUWiy bchoc bpcmm BbiiiojiHRUM bcjimkmc xy.aoxHMKM cjioBa, I4MIC, KitK/lailTC Kill IlJCKCIllip. «K C0A3JICHMK), CpC/JH H3C, — CMHT3CT llnc.ipcii. - 110/10611 u x iiiranoBmi>ic/ih HCT». BcoBpcMCHHOM/lHTepaTy-pc. ii.inpHMcp. b inopHccTHc Oera, oh bm/imt oöpa3Ubi Tora, KaK xy/io*- HHK yxaiHT OT pCa^bHOH AM IHM b MMp MCMTáHMM. Oh CMHT3CT, mto BC/IH-klivi w.uiAMMKDM MOACT HaiblBilTbCH TO/IbKO tot, KTO pCUJaeT MOfKUIb- Hbic nonpocbi, Koropwc aicryanbHbi aj\» cerojiHflUJHero ahh, mto xy/jo*-iiiik 11160 «thtbh b aiiTCRüTypc», /ih6o «ko3hbku, KonaiouiaHCH b ubc- TOHHOR ilbl/IM» K TaKHM «K03HHK3M» oh OTHOCH71 A.A. CTa. 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A pa3 T3K, to 3CTCTHK3 K3K H3yK3 HCMC33CT, nOTO-m\ MIO h CC (h.moiic MCI UKOHOB, KOTOpblC JlOJlAHbl Ol.ITb y JII06OH HS-VM' " ">Vl 11 "POCTO B BOCIipMHTHe, B MaCTb (pH3H0J10ľMH H I Hl MCIIU KpifTHK 6bl/l yOOWCH, MTO HyXHO CyflHTb 06 HCKyCCTBe c TOM-kll ipcilHH cio llo ll.iu M MTO M3BHOC b HCM COflCpX.hmc Oh pe3K0 H »l.kk.lll.nu.lCHO rOM, MTOXy/lOAHHK HKOfil.l IHopill 110 HM BMCTBCIIHOMV BflOXHOBCHHIO. flo MIICIIMIO lllicapcua. HO iMiiib nyvrwc pairoBopw, a xyaoxHHK MoxeT jtohěcth no jnoaefl TOJib-KoctOM xopouio nponyMaHHuc mwcjih, KOTopwe KwibKO h jiojixHa oiic- HHIUII. KpHTHKa. Bucrynan upon™ .mhctoto MCKyccTBa», nHC3pcb HcpcaKO boo6- »"c OtpHUajt po.lb HCKycCTBa B COBpCMCMIlOii XM3HH. 3THM moaho < ...m,,,,,,. itoHti iciinc crocrarvB «IlymicHH .« Bwihhckhh. (1865). 1* ktoc una.! riHcapcB;. .pa3PyujHTcjicM» 3creTMKH h MCKyccTBa, oniipa-OTOi Bcerna hmchho «a ary era™. Kpmtmk o6paTMiTc« k nyuiKHHy. H|»llll IHR) .lumepamypnaH KpumuKa ,;„itii>oit nojioeunbt XIX eena 4I06bl «MJÖaBHTb» ny6jIHKyOT«3CTeTMMeCKOrO MMCTHUH3M3, KOTOpbIM r.iyfJOKO 33P3XCH BeJIHHCKMH h OT KOTOpOľO He COBCCM yÖCpCICH . l.l Ac j06pojiio6ob». npH 3T0M riHCSpeBOTpMUajI CMblC^ H 3H3MCHHC ľI033HH Hocóme h yTBepxas^, mto nosTOM «moaho caeaaTbca tomho T3K ac, K3K M0AH0 CT3Tb 3J1B0K3T0M, npO(peCCOpOM, nyÖJlMUMCTOM, C3I10AHM-kOM iui M M3C0BLUHK0M». Ü^H «aorHMeCKOrO» fl0K333TCabCTB3 6eCCMbICJlCHHOCTH n033HH ľlyUIKHH3 ľlMCSpeB T3K KOMMCHTHpOB3JI eľO npOH3BCflCHHH, mto p33- pyuja/i caMy cTHXOTBopHyio qbopMy m «nepeiiHCbmaa» iiyiiiKHiicKHC cth-xnnpo30H. 3aaanH0CTbBbicTynjieHHH riMcapeBaiiporMii riyiuKMiiacbh- lana h TCM, MTO CB0K) 33il3My KpHTMK UHHtl\ B BblCTyiIJlCHMM lipOTHB CTO-(x)HHHKOB «MHCTOrO HCKyCCTBa», nOSTOMy OH H P33BCIIMMB3CT ílyUlKM-n K3K MX «RfleÜHOrO BOICHS». riMCapeB paCCMSTpMB3J1 TBOpMCCTBO riyuj-khh3 T3K, K3K CMy ÔblJlO HyXHO. Oh OÖBHHH^ n03T3 b npe3pcHMM K Ha-pOJjy, nOCT3BMJI 3H3K p3BCHCTB3 MeXiiy H3pO/IOM H TO^riOM, CBCTCKOH, *ypHajIHCTCKOH (CCbUI3HCbH3CTHX0TB0peHMH «iloST», «ri03Ty», «ľl03T HTO^na» Hiip.)M 06IHBHJI riyUJKMH3 HCHSpOilHbIM H HCCCpbC3HblM 110- )tom. Paccyxaafl o poMaHe «EßreHMH Ohctmh», nHcapcnoanoBpcMcn-MüiicpccM3TpHB3eTcy)KaeHHH BejiMHCKoro. CaM ľlMcapcB cmmt3ji Ohc- rilHa He «CTpajI3IOUJ,MM SrOHCTOM», 3 6e3JjeJlbHHKOM, H POMSH b U.CJ10M HC lipH3H3B3JI HH «SHUHKJIOnejJHeH», HH HapOflHbIM npOMiBC/lCHHCM. KpiiTHK He cyMea (na h He xoTon) noHHTb rayöHHy o6pa3a Onenina kbk npOHBJICHMe BeMHOTO HaUH0H3JlbH0r0 TMn3. riMC3pCB CTpCMMJICH ne to;1i,ko noaBepmyrb eyay m nepcoucHMTb tbopmcctbo no3Ta, ho h bmh- BHTb OUJHÖKH Be^HUCKOrO, KOTOpbIM, KaK OH CMHT3JI, HC yBMiKJI IIOA" BtHHOro ľlyujKHH3, 3 TaKxe yöeaHTb mhtstcjih b tom, mto nopa nepc-cTaTb npcKJiOHHTbc« nepcfl nyujKMUbiM. nocyTH, riHcapeB He TOJibKO hc cyMea h He 3axoTea noHHTb sctcth- 'icckoh UCHHOCTH nyUJKHHCKOrO TB0pMCCTB3, HO M nOCTaBMJl HOJÍ CO-■MfWe B3AHOCTb M UeHHOCTb BCJIMKMX npOH3BejlCHMM pyCCKOM JlHTe- PaTypu b uejioM ksk ona o6mecTB3, t3k m mh orac^bHoro mcjiobcks. Aid Hero nOJIOXHTeabHbIMH, JjeHCTBMTejIbHblMH rcpOHMH B AH3HH H ■iHTcpaType ôbijín TOJibKO npsKTMMHbie h üeaoBbie ntom, noaoÖHbie re-Poxm poMan3 HepHbiiueBCKoro «Mto aeJiaTb?». UHcapcBy TaKxe chm- "aTHMHbl mom, KOTOpbie BCerO B AM3HH J106hB3I0TCH COGCTBCHHbIM TPyaoM, OTCKDaa nojioxHTejibHbie OT3biBbi o repoHx npoH3BcaeHMH ilo-M,uiOBCKoro «MojioTOB» h «MeiuaHCKoe CHScrbe» (cTaTbii «Pom3h kh-cc*íhoh fleByujKH»). MojioTOB nna Hero aencTBHTeabHO rcpoM. koto-PuH ^eroaoöHJicH cbohm TpyaoM h mhtc^cktom, ho oh ero cnpaßea-,lHB°ynpeKaeT b npeBpameHMH b oöbiBaTcnfl, cyujecTBOBSHMH 6e3 ucn» 202 203