Introduction to (Multi)cultural Education and Axiological Dimension in Diverse World . What is axiological dimension? •Axiology – philosophical study of values, Greek words „logos“ = word + „axias“ = worth, equivalent x equal ("Equal" and "equivalent" are equivalent, but they're not equal) •at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries as a study •x • everlasting desire of human beings for values : what is good, what is right? What is culture? •From latin noun „cultura“ or verb „colere“ = cultivate („cultura animi“ Plato) •CULTivate in religious way • •What does it mean CULTIVATE? • Cultivate •Cultivate = take care of something •Agriculture: • „ager“ + „cultura“ • = take care of the soil/land/field •to be responsible for, to respond to, to attend to it caringly •To reclaim, be active ® •In Czech language zemědělství • Culture •system of things acquired by a member of particular society: language, knowledge, religion, art, law, morals, tradition… •not natural, must be learnt to become a member of a society; •not created by one; •it is collective and anonymous, been created in long-term; •kept by caring; •it units the society and makes it different from another • Culture •Human doings since the 16th century •High culture •Low culture (popular culture) since 18th •nowadays mix of these • • • Culture •Culture is linked with us = our culture • •There are vertical levels: ØFamily (home, relatives) ØNeighbourhood ØVillage / town ØProvince / state / county ØCountry Ø Coinciding with Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model Culture 5 „Miracles“ of Western Culture 1.Ancient Greece 2.Ancient Rome 3.Jewish-Christian Europe 4.Gregorian reform 5.Liberal democracy 6. Miracle 1 •Ancient Greece gifted Western civilization with: • •The invention of Polis • Res publica x omnipotent ruler –Public space – agora –Rise of word and reason (collective laws) –Equality before the law (known by all) –Rule of Law modified by man not by gods – •Science-s (experiments, not divination; individual) • → Schools (read, write, count) but no will to change the world… •Care about soul (cultura animi) Miracle 2 • Ancient Rome gifted Western civilization with: • •Rights (no magics, myths, but objective human nature) •Civil Law (root of modern western law) •Personal Ownership (mine → yours) → •The discovery of man –→ individual human persona – human nature and personal nature –Public (gr) vs. Individual (rom) . •. C:\Users\fanous\Desktop\values prednaska\2014_NYR_03403_0140_000(a_roman_marble_portrait_of_alexander_the_great_circa_1st_century_ ad).jpg C:\Users\fanous\Desktop\values prednaska\nero_mus_munchen.jpg Alexander – no portrait, idealized. . diskobolos.jpg C:\Users\fanous\Desktop\values prednaska\caesar.jpg Julius Caesar – portrait, no hair, scars, wrinkles. Miracle 3 •Jewish-Christian gifted Western civilization with: • •Refused to consider evil as a normal part of life •Basis for ethics → justice (done from above) vs. compassion (coming from humans) •Me ↔ You, responsibility for others •Put mercy above justice = injustice •Seneca and Nero (forgiveness vs pardon) • •Eschatology: •Cyclic (Myth of the Eternal Return) vs linear time •History , presence , future (not to “nothing new under the sun“) • • • Miracle 4 – 11th -13th C. •Gregorian reform: reorganization of knowledge, values, laws and institutions ® progress (x Islam, China, India, Eastern Europe) •Resurrection of Roman Law - the Roman law became more humane which resurrected and reconciled with biblical ethics, so ethics became less utopian but more oriented on real life •consciously established the use of reason in form of Greek science and Roman law •University – education •One is part of society, every deeds is counted (x monks=deserters from the world ® Buddhism x Jesus “Do to others what you want them to do to you.“ •Work – curse x changing world in the name of good (roots of economy) • •Western x Eastern(orthodox) Europe: horizontal – vertical way • Human responsibility, deeds, reason, work → organization of world → Economical and technological progress • X Eastern – God in the centre, and so Islam did-does since Averroes • • Miracle 5 •The birth of liberal democracy •de-sacralization of power (exp. 20th C.) •rise of pluralism and modernity •(representative) democracy •Right to vote •Independent justice •Human rights •Religious freedom •Freedom of speech •Diplomacy •Freedom to think and criticize •Market •Industrial revolution •