Syntax exam: Topics combinations

1. Modality - (ability, permission).
9. Multi-word verbs (3 groups). Adjective complementation.
4. Simple and complex coordination and their types (e.g. gapping). Appended c.

2. Modality - (possibility).
10. Verb complementation (intransitive, copular, and especially transitive verbs: monotransitive,
ditransitive and complex-transitive verbs).
5. The difference between simple and complex coordination. Pseudo-coordination. Quasi-coordination.

3. Modality - (past activity, habit, refusal).
11. Words - phrases - clauses – sentences (their relationships). Two conventional methods of
representing the structure of sentences (tree diagrams, bracketing).
6. The complex sentence (subordination and its indicators, matrix clause, superordinate and
subordinate clauses).

4. Modality - (expectation, assumption, conclusion).
12. Functions of phrases (relation between sentence elements and types of phrases).
7. The complex sentence (three main structural classes). Direct and indirect speech. Free indirect
speech and free direct speech. Transferred negation.

5. Modality - (obligation).
1. The simple sentence (syntactic characterization and semantic roles of clause elements).
8. Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses (nominal clauses).

6. Semi-modal verbs (dare, used to, need).
2. The simple sentence (concord, vocatives, negation).
9. Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses (adverbial clauses - time, place;
comment clauses).

7. The subjunctive (3 types - mandative s., were-subjunctive, formulaic s.).
3. The semantics and grammar of adverbials (adjuncts, subjuncts).
10.Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses (adverbial clauses - condition,
concession, and contrast).

8. Clauses of result and cause (reason).
4. The semantics and grammar of adverbials (disjuncts, conjuncts).
11.Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses (adverbial clauses - exception,
similarity and comparison, proportion, preference).

9. Clauses of purpose.
5. Sentence types and discourse functions and their relationships. Directives. Exclamatives.
12.Relative clauses (links and clause types).

10. Clauses of concession.
6. Major classes of questions. Minor types of questions. Block language.
1. Recoverability and substitution (pro-forms).

11. Clauses of time.
7. Restrictive and nonrestrictive modification (relative clauses and other types of
postmodification).
2. Recoverability and ellipsis (nature and types).

12. Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses (comparative clauses, sentential
relative clauses).
8. Apposition. Premodification. Discontinuous modification.
3. Syndetic, asyndetic, and polysyndetic coordination (coordinators, correlatives).