Topic combinations for the oral exam:


A  1. Modality - (ability, permission).

B  8. The complex sentence (subordination and its indicators, matrix clause, superordinate and
subordinate clauses).

C 15.Text syntax (end-focus, end-weight, passive transformations).


A  2. Modality - (possibility).

B  9. The complex sentence (three main structural classes). Transferred negation.

C  1. The semantics and grammar of adverbials (adjuncts, subjuncts).


A  3. Modality - (past activity, habit, refusal).

B 10.Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses (nominal clauses).

C  2. The semantics and grammar of adverbials (disjuncts, conjuncts).


A  4. Modality - (expectation, assumption, conclusion).

B 11.Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses (adverbial clauses - time, place,
condition, concession, contrast).

C  3. Restrictive and nonrestrictive modification (relative clauses and other types of
postmodification).


A  5. Modality - (obligation).

B 12.Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses (adverbial clauses - exception,
similarity, proportion, preference; comment clauses).

C  4. Apposition. Premodification. Discontinuous modification.


A  6. Semi-modal verbs (dare, used to, need).

B 13.Syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses (comparative clauses, sentential
relative clauses).

C  5. Information processing. Communicative dynamism. Theme and focus (both marked and unmarked).


A  7. The infinitive (types and constructions).

B 14.Multi-word verbs (3 groups). Adjective complementation.

C  6. Information processing (fronting, cleft and pseudo-cleft sentences).


A  8. The -ing forms (gerunds and participles and their constructions).

B 15.Verb complementation (intransitive, copular and especially transitive verbs: monotansitive,
ditransitive and complex-transitive verbs).

C  7. Information processing (postponement, extraposition, discontinuities, existential sentences).


A  9. Direct and indirect speech (including sequence of tenses, etc.).

B  1. The simple sentence (syntactic characterization and semantic roles of clause elements).

C  8. Words - phrases - clauses - sentences. Two conventional methods of representing the structure
of sentences.




A 10.The subjunctive (3 types - mandative s., were-subjunctive, formulaic s.).

B  2. The simple sentence (concord, vocatives, negation).

C  9. Word classes (open and closed).


A 11.Clauses of result and cause (reason).

B  3. Sentence types and discourse functions.

C 10.Noun and verb phrases.


A 12.Clauses of purpose.

B  4. Recoverability and substitution (pro-forms).

C 11.Adjective, adverb, prepositional phrases.


A 13.Clauses of concession.

B  5. Recoverability and ellipsis (nature and types).

C 12.Functions of phrases (relation between sentence elements and types of phrases).


A 14.Clauses of time.

B  6. Syndetic, asyndetic, and polysyndetic coordination (coordinators, correlatives).

C 13.Types of clauses (seven basic types, obligatory and optional sentence elements)


A 15.Relative clauses (links and clause types).

B  7. Simple and complex coordination (gapping). Appended coordination. Pseudo-coordination.
Quasi-coordination.

C 14.Dependent clauses (four types of nominal clauses).